2.4.1.

Strain Energy Contributions

The expression for the first variation of strain energy a,in terms of engineering
stress-strain relation is given by:

where R and A represent the radius of the blade and the cross-section area, respectively.

Moreover, a,E denote engineering stress and engineering strain, respectively. In their

salient work, Hodges and Dowell (Ref. I l ) have obtained the following strain

displacement equations:

where * denotes the first derivative with respect to x. Moreover, the following notation is

used:

with  representing the warp fùnction.

Noting that:
where E and G represent Young's modulus and shear modulus, and using (2.2.2), it can

be s h o w that (Ref. 11):

where the following intemal forces and moments are defined:

In equations (2.4).the following section integrals are used: