CHAPTER

CONTENT

CONTENTS
Preview
2-1 Expressing past time: the simple past
2-2 Forms of the simple past: regular verbs
2-3 Forms of the simple past: be
2-4 Regular verbs: pronunciation of –ed endings
2-5 Spelling of –ing and –ed forms
2-6 The principal parts of a verb
2-7 Irregular verbs: a reference list
2-8 The simple past and the past progressive
2-9 Forms of the past progressive
2-10 Expressing past time: using time clauses
2-11 Expressing past habit: used to 1
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CHAPTER 2: PREVIEW

Alada rides the bus to work.

Yesterday it rained and her clothes got wet.
Today she is taking extra clothes to work.

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CHAPTER 2: PREVIEW

Alada rides the bus to work.

Yesterday it rained and her clothes got wet.
Today she is taking extra clothes to work.

PRESENT TENSE

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CHAPTER 2: PREVIEW

Alada rides the bus to work.

Yesterday it rained and her clothes got wet.
Today she is taking extra clothes to work.

PRESENT TENSE
PAST TENSE

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2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST

We graduated from college in 2007.

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2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST

THE SIMPLE PAST

(a) Our family ate lunch outside yesterday.

(b) Adrianna studied English for six hours

last Wednesday.

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2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST

THE SIMPLE PAST

(a) Our family ate lunch outside yesterday.

(b) Adrianna studied English for six hours

last Wednesday.
activities or situations
SIMPLE PAST began and ended in past
(yesterday, last night, in 2007)

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2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST

THE SIMPLE PAST

(c) They watched the movie last night.

(d) Alexandra answered the question yesterday.

watch + ed = watched
answer + ed = answered

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2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST

THE SIMPLE PAST

(e) We slept in tents at camp last summer.

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2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST

THE SIMPLE PAST

(e) We slept in tents at camp last summer.

(f) I understood most of the directions yesterday.

Irregular past:
sleep slept
understand understood
eat ate
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2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST

THE SIMPLE PAST

(g) I was a lifeguard last summer.

(h) They were in Belgium last month.

Simple past forms of be was and were

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2-2 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST: REGULAR VERBS

We started school last week.

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2-2 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST: REGULAR VERBS

STATEMENT I-You-She-He-It-We-They
started school last week.

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2-2 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST: REGULAR VERBS

STATEMENT I-You-She-He-It-We-They
started school last week.

NEGATIVE I-You-She-He-It-We-They
did not start school last week.

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2-2 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST: REGULAR VERBS

QUESTION Did I-you-she-he-it-we-they

start school last week?

SHORT Yes, I-you-she-he-it-we-they did.

ANSWER No, I-you-she-he-it-we-they didn’t.

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2-3 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST: BE

She was sick last Monday.

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2-3 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST: BE

STATEMENT I-She-He-It was home last week.

We-You-They were home last week.

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2-3 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST: BE

STATEMENT I-She-He-It was home last week.

We-You-They were home last week.

NEGATIVE I-She-He-It was not home last week.

We-You-They were not home last
week.

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2-3 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST: BE

QUESTION
Was I-she-he-it home last week?
Were we-you-they home last week?

SHORT Yes, I-she-he-it was.

ANSWER Yes, we-you-they were.
No, I-she-he-it- wasn’t.
No, we-you-they weren’t.

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2-1, 2-2, 2-3 Let’s Practice

They were at the movies last

night at 8:00. ?
is

NEGATIVE STATEMENT:
weren’t at the movies last night at 8:00.
They _______

ACCURATE, AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT:

They were
____ at the grocery store last night at 8:00.
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2-1, 2-2, 2-3 Let’s Practice CONTENT

This airplane was made

in 1625.?
1943 is

NEGATIVE STATEMENT:
wasn’t made in 1625.
This airplane ______

ACCURATE, AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT:

This airplane was

___ made in 1943.
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 CHAPTER
2-1, 2-2, 2-3 Let’s Practice CONTENT

Did Carla get a bad grade

on her test?
?
get

NEGATIVE STATEMENT:

didn’t get a bad grade on her test.

Carla ________

ACCURATE, AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT:

Carla ________
got an excellent grade on her test.
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2-4 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED CONTENT

ENDINGS

She talked to me for an hour.

talk/t/

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2-4 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED CONTENT

ENDINGS

(a) talked
k = talk/t/
stopped
pp = stop/t/
hissed = hiss/t/
watched = watch/t/
washed = wash/t/

voiceless sound + -ed /t/

examples: /k/, /p/

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2-4 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED CONTENT

ENDINGS

(a) talked = talk/t/

stopped = stop/t/
ss = hiss/t/
hissed
watched
ch = watch/t/
sh = wash/t/
washed

voiceless sound + -ed /t/

examples: /k/, /p/, /s/, /ch/, /sh/

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2-4 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED CONTENT

ENDINGS

ll = call/d/
(b) called
n = rain/d/
rained
lived = live/d/
robbed = rob/d/
stayed = stay/d/

voiced sound + -ed /d/

examples: /l/, /n/

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2-4 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED CONTENT

ENDINGS

(b) called = call/d/

rained = rain/d/
v = live/d/
lived
bb = rob/d/
robbed
stayed
y = stay/d/

voiced sound + -ed /d/

examples: /l/, /n/, /v/, /b/, all vowel sounds

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2-4 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED CONTENT

ENDINGS

t = wait / d/
e
(c) waited
d = need / d/
needed e

“t” or “d” + -ed

e
/ d/

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2-4 Let’s Practice

?
behave__ 1. /t/
2. /d/
e
3. / d/

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2-4 Let’s Practice

behave__
/d/ 1. /t/
2. /d/
e
3. / d/

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2-4 Let’s Practice

1. /t/
?
plant___
2. /d/
e
3. / d/

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2-4 Let’s Practice

1. /t/
plant___
e
/ d/
2. /d/
e
3. / d/

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2-5 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS

We are learning to speak English.

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2-5 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS

END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?

-e NO
smiling
(a) smile
smiled
hoped
hope
hoping

-ing form: drop -e, add -ing

-ed form: add -d

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2-5 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS

END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?

Two Consonants NO
helping
(b) help
helped
learned
learn
learning
Two consonants
add -ing
add -ed

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2-5 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS

END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?

Two Vowels NO
+ One Consonant

raining
(c) rain
rained
heated
heat
heating
Two vowels + one consonant
add -ing
add -ed
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2-5 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS

ONE-SYLLABLE VERBS
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
One Vowel YES
+ One Consonant
stopping
(d) stopped
stop
planned
plan
planning

Double the consonant and

add -ing
add -ed
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2-5 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS

TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
One Vowel NO
+ One Consonant
visiting
(e) visited
vis it
offered
offer
offering

First syllable stressed add -ing

add -ed
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2-5 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS

TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
One Vowel YES
+ One Consonant
(f) prefer preferring preferred
admit admitting admitted

Second syllable stressed, add -ing

double the consonant add -ed
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2-5 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS

END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?

-y NO

(g) play playing played

enjoy enjoying enjoyed

vowel + -y keep the -y

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2-5 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS

END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?

-y NO

(h) worry worrying worried

study studying studied

consonant + -y -y + -ing
-i + -ed
-y
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2-5 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS

END OF VERB
-ie

(i) die dying died

tie tying tied

-ie -y + -ing
add -d
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2-5 Let’s Practice

rain
-ING form raining
________
-ED form ________
rained

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CONTENT
2-5 Let’s Practice

study
-ING form studying
_________
-ED form _________
studied

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CONTENT
2-5 Let’s Practice

-ING form lying

_____
lie
-ED form _____
lied

Please don’t
lie to me!

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2-6 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB

They became friends.

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2-6 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB

SIMPLE FORM
Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs
finish see
hope sing
try go

Simple Form
No final –s, –ed, or –ing

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2-6 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB

SIMPLE PAST
Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs
finished saw
hoped sang
tried went

Simple Past
–ed for regular verbs

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2-6 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB

PAST PARTICIPLE
Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs
finished seen
hoped sung
tried gone
Past Participle
–ed for regular verbs
perfect tenses & passive

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2-6 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB

PRESENT PARTICIPLE
Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs
finishing seeing
hoping singing
trying going

Present Participle
–ing for all verbs
used with progressive tenses

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2-7 IRREGULAR VERBS: A REFERENCE LIST

Somebody spent all my money.

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2-7 IRREGULAR VERBS: A REFERENCE LIST

SIMPLE FORM: awake

SIMPLE PAST: awoke
PAST PARTICIPLE: awoken

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2-7 IRREGULAR VERBS: A REFERENCE LIST

SIMPLE FORM: forget

SIMPLE PAST: forgot
PAST PARTICIPLE: forgotten

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2-7 IRREGULAR VERBS: A REFERENCE LIST

SIMPLE FORM: shave

SIMPLE PAST: shaved
PAST PARTICIPLE: shaved/shaven

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2-7 IRREGULAR VERBS: A REFERENCE LIST

SIMPLE FORM: throw

SIMPLE PAST: threw
PAST PARTICIPLE: thrown

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2-7 Let’s Practice

SIMPLE FORM: give

SIMPLE PAST: gave
_____

given
PAST PARTICIPLE: _____

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2-7 Let’s Practice

SIMPLE FORM: sit

SIMPLE PAST: sat
___

PAST PARTICIPLE: sat

___

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2-7 Let’s Practice

SIMPLE FORM: think

SIMPLE PAST: thought
_______

thought
PAST PARTICIPLE: _______

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2-8 THE SIMPLE PAST AND THE PAST PROGRESSIVE

He ran to work yesterday.

He was running when the bus drove by.

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2-8 THE SIMPLE PAST AND THE PAST PROGRESSIVE

THE SIMPLE PAST

X

(a) Edgar ran to work yesterday.

(b) Pat drove to work this morning.

began and ended at particular

time in the past

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2-8 THE SIMPLE PAST AND THE PAST PROGRESSIVE

THE PAST PROGRESSIVE

X X

(c) Edgar was running when the bus drove by.

(d) They were eating when I got home.

in progress
was/were + -ing
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2-8 THE SIMPLE PAST AND THE PAST PROGRESSIVE

THE PAST PROGRESSIVE

X X

(e) When the bus drove by, Edgar was running.

(f) The bus drove by while Edgar was running.

when = at that time

while = during that time
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2-9 FORMS OF THE PAST PROGRESSIVE

He wasn’t studying.

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2-9 FORMS OF THE PAST PROGRESSIVE

STATEMENT I-She-He-It was talking.

You-We-They were talking.

NEGATIVE I-She-He-It was not talking.

wasn’t talking.
You-We-They were not talking.
weren’t talking.

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2-9 FORMS OF THE PAST PROGRESSIVE

QUESTION Was I-she-he-it talking?

Were you-we-they talking?

SHORT Yes, I-she-he-it was.

ANSWER No, I-she-he-it wasn’t.

Yes, you-we-they were.

No, you-we-they weren’t.

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2-9 Let’s Practice

walk

were walking
Yesterday, the camels ___________
in the desert.

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CONTENT
2-9 Let’s Practice

At 8:00, we began to work.

work
were working
At 8:30, we ____________.

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CONTENT
2-9 Let’s Practice

was looking at Mac.

Spot __________
look
wasn’t looking at Spot.
Mac _____________

Mac Spot

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 CHAPTER
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2-10 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES

Our son called while we were using

the computer.

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2-10 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES

time clause main clause

(a) After I exercised, I took a shower.

main clause time clause

(b) I took a shower after I exercised.

(a) time clause main clause

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2-10 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES

time clause main clause

(a) After I exercised, I took a shower.

main clause time clause

(b) I took a shower after I exercised.

(b) main clause time clause

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2-10 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES

(c) I took a shower after I exercised.

(d) Before I took a shower, I exercised.

after
before
until subject a time
+ =
as soon as and verb clause
while
when

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2-10 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES

(e) I exercised until I took a shower.

(f) As soon as I exercised, I took a shower.

until = to that time and no longer

as soon as = immediately after

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2-10 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES

(g) Mary came home while I was studying.

(h) When Mary came home, I was studying.

main clause + comma + time clause

time clause + comma + main clause

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2-10 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES

(i) When I rang the doorbell, it played music.

First: I rang the doorbell

Then: it played music

when allows simple past

in both clauses

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2-10 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES

(j) She was learning to ski while he was

playing golf.

two actions at the same time

past progressive okay in both

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CONTENT
2-10 Let’s Practice

attend
work

were working our children

While we ___________,

were attending school.

____________

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CONTENT
2-10 Let’s Practice

fall asleep

read

Lynn _________
fell asleep while she __________
was reading
a book.

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CONTENT
2-10 Let’s Practice

First: I went shopping.

Then: I put the food away.

I put the food away

I went shopping ________________.
After _____________,

I put the food away after ______________.

________________ I went shopping

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2-11 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO

He used to be a baby, but now he is

man with a family.

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2-11 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO

(a) I used to swim every afternoon.

Now I work in the afternoon.
(b) Fatima used to play piano, but now
she plays the violin.
(c) Jasmine used to laugh, but she
doesn’t anymore.
used to past situations
no longer exist
used to + simple form of a verb
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2-11 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO

(d) Did you used to swim every afternoon?

(OR Did you use to swim every afternoon?)

did + subject + used to

(OR did + subject + use to)

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2-11 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO

(e) I didn’t used to swim every day, but

now I swim every afternoon.
(f) Fatima never used to love school, but
now she loves it.

For negative ideas,

never is more common.

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2-11 Let’s Practice

Correct?
The children used to swam in the ocean.

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2-11 Let’s Practice

Correct? No
The
The children
children used
used to
to swam
swim in
inthe
theocean.
ocean.

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2-11 Let’s Practice

Correct?
Were you used to ask questions in school?

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2-11 Let’s Practice

Correct? No
Were
Did you used to ask questions in school?

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