CCTV Basic Training

CCTV System Components:

• CCTV Basic Components
• Camera and Lens
• Transmission & Monitoring
• Video Management
• Digital Video Concept
 Basic
How do we see things?
Light
Sensor
Light
Source

Foot Candle
(Lux) Foot Lambert
(Nits)
 Light Source Measurement
• Sensitivity, measured in foot candles or
lux indicates the minimum light level
required to get an acceptable video
picture.

• Minimum scene illumination indicates the

minimum light required at the scene to
get an acceptable video picture.
Illumination

Illumination is not a measure of “light strength”
strength” or
“light power”
power”. The measure of “light power”
power”, such as
how much light is radiated, for example by a 100W
bulb, is termed luminous flux and luminous intensity.

The unit of luminous flux is the lumen and the unit
of luminous intensity is the candela.

One candela of radiated light is approximately equal
to the light radiated by a common candle.

One lux is equal to one candela illuminating an
object at a (point to point) distance of one meter.
Camera and Lens
 The Light Sensor
CCD = Charge Coupled Device

The Chip is made up of “Light sensors”
sensors”

They react to the differences of light Intensity
and cause the changes in voltage
P HO T O S E NS O R
V E RT ICA L S HIFT RE G IS T E R (P IX E L )

0.7V
=100 IRE

0.3V
=40 IRE

1 Vp-p=140 IRE

O UT P UT
A M P L IFIE R
HO RIZO NT A L S HIFT RE G IS T E R

INTERLINE TRANSFER SYSTEM

 CCD Chip

LIGHT
INPUT ANALOG READOUT OUTPUT
CCD
STORAGE AMP
SAMPLING
REGISTER
REGISTER
AN ALOG VID EO OUT

DIG ITAL CLOCKING AND CONTROL

Advantage:

Small Size, Lower Production Costs, Robust physical Construction

Condition:

Sensitivity to light
The available CCD Chip in market

The Size of the CCD Chip is in Inches

Width to height ratio is 4:3 (16:9)

8,8mm 6,4mm 4,8mm 3,6mm

1/3” 3,6 1/4” 2,7

2/3” 6,6 1/2” 4,8

Attention! Be careful which size lens is chosen

for the camera.
 The light is gathered
100 %

B/W-Cameras collect the

B/W-
light also the invisible light
REL A TI VE RE SPO NS E

75%

HUMAN EYE
CCD CAME RA
so called IR light Infra red
50% spectrum

Color Cameras work only
25%
with corrected illumination

The best light is daylight
0%
400

BLUE
500

GREEN
600

YELLOW
700 800 900 WAVELENGTH (nm)

Not only is the amount of
MERCU RY MULTIVAPOR RED

UV
SODIUM VAPOR INFRARED
light
FLUORESCENT (DAYLIGHT)

TUNGSTEN LIGHT
important but also the type
of light

The closer the light source
is to actual sunlight, the
better the picture quality
will be
 Why aren't color cameras as
sensitive as BW cameras?

Camera-
electronics

CCD Chip IR-Light reduces the

Lens Quality of the Color signals
IR-Blocking filter Color filter and that is why it is filtered
 CCD Refreshing Operations

0.7V
=100 IRE

0.3V
=40 IRE

1 Vp-p=140 IRE

As CCD receive light, it builds up electric charge in each of its

its cells. The charge in each
cell must be refreshed or it will become saturated and produce no picture.

The process of refreshing is done line by line. Odd lines was refreshed
refreshed first before the
even lines. This method of refreshing is called Interlacing
Interlacing..

The refresh signal was sent line by line through transmission medium.
medium. The more the CCD
cells, the more the signal line, that is why the measurement for CCD cell resolution
is TV Line.
Line .

TV Line measurement only applied to Analog camera. IP cameras,
cameras, because they work in
different way, do not use TV Line as measurement, instead they use Pixel. Pixel.
The CCTV lens has four basic functions:
• Lens Format
• Focal Length Control
• Iris Control
• Back--Focus Control
Back
 Lens mounting setting
(C-mount vs. CS-mount)
Focal Point

C LENS:
of CS Lens
CS Lens
The one time industry standard lens
Focal Point
of C Lens with an imager focal point to flange
XX
C Lens
surface distance of 17.526mm

CS LENS:

A smaller lens used with 1/2" and
12.5
Flange Surface mm smaller cameras with an imager focal
17.526
mm point to flange surface distance of
12.5mm. CS-Mount CS-Mount
Lens Camera

CCD-Chip

Simply stated, the focal point of the lens is the
point where the lens focuses. The camera's
imager needs to be positioned at the focal
point of the C or CS lens to produce a focused
image.
Back Focus 12,497 mm
 Lens Format
A lens is designed to fill an imager (CCD) with light. (Lens
Function 1)
Each lens is formatted to a particular imager size (1/3”, 1/2”,
2/3”).
1/2" Format Lens

1/2" imager

Both imagers are

filled with light

1/3" Format Lens

1/3" imager
 Lens Format: Do and Don’t
Always use a lens format equal to or greater than the camera
imager format.

1/2" Format Lens

Both imagers are
1/3" imager filled with light

1/2" imager

Do NOT use lens formats smaller than the cameras imager

formats. This will NOT fill the imager with light.
1/3" Format Lens

Edges of
image will be
dark - no light

1/2" imager
 Focal Length: Surveillance

Surveillance / Monitoring
with an angle range of 1 to 8 mm (approx.)
(you will only see but not recognise a person or an object)
 Focal Length: Observation

Observation
with a range higher than 6 mm (approx.), you can recognise a person
person or an
object)
 Lens Basic Formula
LENS FOCAL LENGTH
(mm)

DISTANCE IN FEET *
IMAGER FORMAT
FIELD of VIEW
(mm) (Ft) *

Distance (ft)*
Lens (mm) = X Imager Format (mm)
Field of View (ft)*

2/3"
1/2”
1/3" 1/4”
6.6 mm

4.8 mm

3.7 mm

2.4 mm
3.2 mm
4.9 mm
8.8 mm 6.4 mm

*Feet (FT) or meters(M) could be used in calculations, provided that the same unit of measure is used throughout the formula.
 Camera/Lens Field of View
Common viewing angles and associated camera formats

Horiz.
View Reference Application 1/3 ” 1/2" 2/3”
80 degrees Ex. Wide Angle Elevators, wide viewing area < 2.8 mm < 3.7 mm < 6 mm
60 degrees Wide angle Small lobbies, check outs 4 mm 6 mm 8 mm
30 degrees Std. View Lobbies, general views 8 mm 12 mm 16 mm
15 degrees Telephoto Hallways, corridors > 12 mm > 16 mm > 25 mm
Variable Zoom Detailed, distant views 5.8-58 mm 7.7-75 mm 10-100 mm

General rule: the smaller the focal length number, the wider an area will be covered
 Focal Control
Fixed Focal Length Lens

Advantage
Disadvantage
Use

Price (approx.
Fixed focal
For projects like
€15.00 cheaper length tunnel, casino,
than Varifocal)

The planning is Outside

Physical size is applications, etc.
smaller more difficult –
not as flexible
About 30%
 Focal Control
Varifocal Length Lens

Advantage
Disadvantage
Use

Changes the
More expensive
For projects like
angle every (approx. €15.00 shops,
time, manual than Fixed industries,
zoom lenses) outside

Nearly a zoom
Physical size is applications, etc.
lens, but with a bigger
About 65%
smaller zoom
Not suited for all
ratio applications

Lower (zoom ratio)
assembling costs
 Focal Control
Zoom lens

Advantage
Disadvantage
Use

Changes the
Expensive
Special projects
angle every (approx.
Outside
time, usually € 250.00) applications
motorized Physical size is


About 5%

zoom ratio is biggest
high
Special
applications
needed
 Iris Mechanisms
A) No Iris
-Has a non adjustable iris, "fixed"
F-Stop, and can not adjust to
varying lighting conditions.
B) Manual Iris
-Has an adjustable iris. Level is
determined by the installer at
setup, at the camera location.
C) Motorized Iris
-Has an adjustable iris. Level is
determined by the operator, or
level controller.
D) Auto-Iris
-Has an adjustable iris. Level is
determined by the video content,
requiring connections to camera
signal levels. Automatic operation
is maintained within the lens.
E) Direct Drive Iris
-Has an adjustable iris. Level is
determined by the video content,
requiring camera to contain auto
iris control circuitry. Automatic
operation is maintained within the
camera.
 Iris Control
Auto Iris (DC)

Advantage
Disadvantage
Use

Not an ideal
More expensive
All projects and
position of the (approx. applications
camera €10.00)
About 75%

Strong back light
Physical size is

Changing light bigger than
conditions (dark manual iris
– light)
Unsightly cable

Connector is and connector
standardised
 Lens Aperture F-Stop
LIGHT TRANSMISSION BY LENS
decrease increase

f/300* f/64* f/5.6 f/4 f/2.8 f/1.4 f/1.0 f/0.8

(Typical f-Stop values)

-The larger the number, the smaller the opening, resulting in a change in light to the imager.

-*Higher f/stop values utilize spot filters to operate in brighter light conditions.

-Lenses are typically rated in an f/stop range; low - high (example: f/1.4-f/300)
Depth of Field Change
with aperture change

f 300
Daylight-
f 1.4
Small Evening-
Aperture Aperture
opening Fully
OPEN
 Aspherical Technology
An aspherical lens focuses the light passing through its centre and
the light passing through its edges on a single point. This results in
crisp, sharply focused images, and the effective useful relative lens
aperture is thereby increased by up to 2 aperture steps.

Compensation for Spherical Aberration

Image Place

Spherical lens

Image Plane

Aspherical Lens
 IR corrected lenses
Visible Light and Infra Red light do not focus at the same point on
CCD because of the difference of the wavelength.

Standard Lens used under IR light Day & Night Lens used under IR light
conditions with Day/Night camera: conditions with Day/Night camera:

IR Light Visible Light IR Light Focal IR Light

Focal Plane Plane

Visible Light Visible Light

Result: Blurry Image Result: Sharp Image

The Difference between Standard
Lens vs. IR corrected Lens

Day & Night

Lens

Day time Night time

Standard
Lens
Knowing your camera
1. Electronic Shutter
2. Automatic Gain Control

3. Auto White Balance

4. Back Light Compensation

5. Wide Dynamic Range

6. Lens Mounting Set

 Electronic Shutter Operations

Under normal operations the camera/imager
samples light and produces an image 60 times
a second (50 times for PAL/CCIR). The
electronic shutter allows the camera to
sample this light at faster rates providing a
stop action effect while viewing moving
objects.

Automatic Shutter operations allow the Slow shutter speed
camera to automatically change the shutter
rate in proportion to the amount of light seen
by the imager. The faster the shutter rate will
lower amount of light charge, effectively
reducing the light level output of the camera.
This allows manual iris lenses to be used in
varying light conditions.

Automatic Shutter operation should not be
used in conjunction with Auto-
Auto-Iris lenses. Fast shutter speed
 Automatic Gain Control (AGC)

AGC regulates the Voltage
Level (For lower light 0.7V
=100 IRE
conditions you can raise the 0.3V
=40 IRE
db level. The Higher the db
the more sensitive to low 1 Vp-p=140 IRE

light.

Camera circuitry used to increase the

sensitivity of the camera allowing it
to produce an image in low levels of
illumination.

When “ONON”” AGC will provide an image in reduce light levels. This will
also increase the signal noise levels and could be considered
objectionable. AGC can be switched off increasing the signal-
signal-to
to--noise
ratio but in turn reducing the sensitivity at low light levels.
 Auto White Balance
ATW Automatic Tracing White Balance
Auto white balance function follows the change of
light from the object. This mode is the feedback
system that automatically aligns the white balance.
( Operating Range 2,800。K ~ 8,000。K)

AWB(AWC)
The auto white balance function is provided with an
orange-cyan axis offset adjustment and 64 segment
photometric area designation. This mode perform
more faster action than ATW mode without
operating range.

MANUAL
Manual R and B adjustment possible. This mode is used for manual
adjustment of white balance.
 Back Light Compensation (BLC)

When the field of view contains a large brightly lit background and a smaller
dimly lit foreground object the normal response of the camera/lens
camera/lens is to reduce
the light level across both areas. This would cause the smaller foreground area
to be dark and undefinable.

With backlight compensation “ON ON”” camera circuitry will automatically adjust the
cameras shutter operation within the foreground area to provide a usable
picture in both areas.

Back light compensation Back light compensation

OFF ON
Normal

Wide Dynamic Range

Usage of latest DSP

technology ( SONY SS2-
SS2-
WD) improved extended
BLC dynamic feature provides
optimum picture
information where standard
cameras come up with
over-- and/or underexposed
over
picture areas

WDR
 Can you
Normal Mode
tell the difference?
Back Light Compensation

Wide Dynamic
Video Transmission
Maximum
Transmission Distance:
Coaxial : 500 m

Twisted pair : 1500 m

Fiber Optic : 20000

m
 Coaxial Cable Characteristics

Pure copper center conductor

Copper braid with at least 95% coverage

Stranded where excessive cable movement

• For optimum coax operation ALWAYS use a coax with a pure copper
center conductor with at least a 95% copper shield.

RG 59 : Maximum Distance, 200 m

RG 6 : Maximum Distance, 350 m
RG 11 : Maximum Distance, 500 m
 When to use Coaxial cable

Advantages:

Low cost

Simple to cable, simple handling

Point
Point--to
to--point connection

No maintenance required

No active amplifier required

Disadvantages:

Large space required due to wide diameter of cable

Signal interference from electro-

electro-magnetic sources

Limited range: up to 200 m depending on cable specification

Lightning protection expensive

Separate cable required for control

 Video Signal Termination

COAX 75 Ohm
Termination

Correct -
Good Termination
 Video Signal Termination
with Multiple ends

OR

INPUT

COAX 75 Ohm
Termination
OUTPUT

Correct -
Good Termination Video Distribution Amp
 Video Signal – No Termination
PHILIPS

Lack of termination causes the

video to not terminate at the last
monitor, but reflect off the input
and cause a ghosting effect on
the first monitor.

The unterminated signal may

overdrive the monitor and
wash-out the picture and/or
(NC)
cause distortion.
COAX
75 Ohm
Termination

INCORRECT
 Video Signal – Double Termination
PHILIPS

Double termination weakens the signal.

This will result in a faded picture. If the
signal strength is low, due to long cable
runs (etc.), the monitor could lose the
sync signal required to lock onto the
picture, causing the picture to vertically
roll.

75 Ohm
Terminations
COAX

INCORRECT
Twisted Cable Transmission
1 pair of Twisted cable
Transmitter

Receiver
1 pair of Twisted cable
 When to use Twisted pair
cable

Advantages:

Range up to 1500 m

More resistant to Electromagnetic interference compared to Coaxial
Coaxial

Uses existing cable infrastructure

Small space required due to narrow diameter of cable

Cost
Cost--effective for medium distances

Control data can be transmitted on the same line

Disadvantages:

Active elements (transmitter and receiver required)

Maintenance required (temperature-

(temperature-dependent)
 2 types of Twisted Pair Converters

Passive Twisted pair converter:
Transmitter

Use no power.

Maximum transmission is 300 m

Commonly used in short distance but high Electromagnetic interference
interference
environment, for example the Lift shaft.

Active Twisted pair converter:

Use power.

Maximum transmission is 1500 m

Commonly used for its longer range transmission and Electromagnetic
Electromagnetic
interference function.
Fiber Optic Transmission
12 VDC

SI EM ENS

POWER GRD 4 4
+ 12 VDC 3 3
VIDEO IN 2 2
VIDEO GRD1 1

Fiber Optic

CT F
- R
M- 2
3 0

2
GF5 4
0 8
- 8 C
A
CT F 21 4
1
- R
M
2
GF5 4
0 7
- 8 C
D

I NPUT :
2 3 0
VAC
- . 2
5 A5
0 /6 0
HZ

O UTPUT :
G
AC 2 0 A
VC- 5
0 /6 0
HZ - 3 A

O
P WE R

CARR
I ER

O
P WE R

SI EM ENS SIEMENS
 When to use Fiber Optic

Advantages:

Range up to 69 km

Immune to Electromagnetic interference.

Secure against tapping

Low pallet and fire load (weight)

No maintenance required

Multiple transmission of signals possible

Disadvantages:

Higher cost (material and handling)

Active elements (transmitter and receiver required)

Significant effort and expense involved with changes

in camera location

Special installation training required
 2 model of Fiber Optic Transmission

Multi mode Fiber Optic
Multimode

transmission model:
62.5/125

Maximum transmission is 4000 m micron

The Fiber is more expensive while
the Converter is cheaper compared to
50/125 micron
Single mode

Singlemode

9/125 micron

Single mode Fiber Optic transmission model:

Maximum transmission is 60000 m

The Fiber is cheaper while the converter is more expensive

compared to Multi mode

 TCP/IP Transmission
(LAN/WAN/Web)

Decoder

Controller
IP-Network

Encoder

Camera
 When to use TCP/IP transmission

Advantages:

Uses existing network structures and hardware

No range limit within the network

Internet integration possible

Disadvantages:

Hardware cost

Bandwidth restriction for image transmission speed

Bandwidth restriction for image transmission quality
 Typical format used in
TCP/IP transmission

Picture transmission formats:
formats: Higher Security, larger bandwidth
required.

Wavelet

MJPEG

Motion transmission formats:

formats : Lower security, smaller bandwidth
required.

MPEG
MPEG--1

MPEG
MPEG--2

MPEG
MPEG--4
Video Management
We have got the image captured
and safely transmitted to our
Control Room.
What we are going to
do with them?
 Video Management System

Based on the principle of Cost Saving and Efficiency, The Video
management must allow the guards to view as many cameras as possible
possible
with as few monitors as possible within the least investment as possible.

When viewing camera every operator must pick one function by sacrificing
sacrificing
another:
1. To view one camera at a time in cycles with clearer image
2. To view all cameras at the same time with less clear image
3. To record all cameras and view all later with clearer image.
 Video Switcher
1

Video Switcher allows the operator to view one camera at one time
time
in cycles with full image
 Multiplexer
1

16

Multiplexer allows the operator to view all cameras at the same time
with compressed image
 Matrix

16

Matrix is the same with Video Switcher, but it is programmable and

and the
size is usually bigger.
 Time Lapse VCR
1

16

For recording purpose, A VCR is connected to a multiplexer or video

video
switcher to view later. To save cost on recording media, the recording
recording
is usually set to Time lapse motion.
 DVR
LAN / WAN
ISDN
ADSL

Alarm button

DVR Screen

The advancement of Digital Technology creates a new equipment

which combined all the functions of multiplexer, video switcher, and
VCR in a single system called Digital Video Recorder (DVR).
 Video
NVR NVR
Video
Encoder Decoder

Video
Encoder NVR

Video
Encoder Video
Decoder
Video NVR
Encoder

Video
Encoder
NVR

Video
Encoder

TCP/IP

The integration of security system with the Information Technology

Technology
(IT) start a new generation of DVR called Network Video Recorder
(NVR).

NVR system transmit the Video signal in full TCP/IP. NVR possesses
possesses
all DVR capabilities plus the advantage of integration into IT advance
advance
advantages.
 IV. Digital Video Concept
1. Basic data communication: Dry contact, RS232, RS422, RS485, TCP/IP.
TCP/IP.
2. Protocols: Pelco-
Pelco-D, Pelco-
Pelco-P, Panasonic, TTY, VCL, Ultrak.
3. TCP/IP basic hardware: Switch, Router, Gateway.
4. Inside your Server: Bandwidth and Bottleneck.
5. Resolution vs. frame rate. CIF vs. ips
6. Digital Video formats: Wavelet, MJPEG, MPEG.
7. TCP/IP access through: LAN, WAN, Internet.
8. Integrated Security concept.
9. Integrated Security in application.
 Protocol

When we need to talk to another people, in order that both of us to
understand each other, both of us need to agree to use the same language
which both of us can understand.

When an electronic machine need to communicate with another machine,

mach ine, in
order for the data do not get lost in the way, both of the machines
machines need to
agree to use the same rule of communication. This rule is called Protocol.

The Protocol can consist of:

The level of voltage and current used.

The way to access the communication medium.

The format of the data used in the communication.

etc.
 Protocol

There are many Protocols created, based on the standard made by
International Standard Organization (ISO), 7 levels of protocol are defined,
they are:
1. Physical protocol : RS232, RS485, RS422, RJ45
2. Datalink protocol, which are divided into:

Medium Access Control : Ethernet, Token ring

Logical Link Control : Odd/even parity, CRC check
3. Network protocol : IP (Internet Protocol)
4. Transport protocol : TCP (Transport Control Protocol)
5. Session protocol : Simplex, Duplex, Half Duplex
6. Presentation protocol : Firewall
7. Application protocol : email, www, ftp

In order so that 2 machine can communicate, all 7 protocol ‘MUST BE THE

SAME’’.
SAME
 Physical Protocol: RS-232
TX TX

RX RX
GND GND

RS-232 is a Physical Protocol.

RS-

RS--232 communicate in full Duplex.
RS

2 devices connected with RS-
RS-232 must have common ground.

The basic connection consists of 3 wirings, TX, RX, and GND.

In the wiring the TX in one device goes to the RX of the other device.
device. The
opposite also the same.

Maximum distance of transmission is 12 m.
 Physical Protocol: RS-422
TX-A TX-A
TX-B TX-B
RX-A RX-A
RX-B RX-B

RS-422 is a Physical Protocol.

RS-

RS--422 communicate in Full Duplex
RS

2 devices communicate with RS-
RS-422 do not need to have common ground.

The basic connection consists of 4 wirings, TX-
TX-A, TX-
TX-B, RX-
RX-A, and RX-
RX-B.

In the wiring the TX-
TX-A and TX-
TX-B in one device goes to the RX-
RX-A and RX-
RX-B of
the other device. The opposite also the same.

Maximum distance of transmission is 1200 m.
 Physical Protocol: RS-485
A A
Termination
Termination
120 ohm 120 ohm
B B

RS-485 is a Physical Protocol.

RS-

RS--485 communicate in Half Duplex
RS

2 devices communicate with RS-
RS-485 do not need to have
common ground. It is possible to connect many devices with a
single RS-
RS-485.

The basic connection consists of 2 wirings, A and B.

In the wiring the A goes to A and B goes to B on the other device
device
and so on. At last and the beginning the devices must be
terminated with resistors 120 ohm.

Maximum distance of transmission is 1200 m.
 PTZ control high level protocols

Every brand produce usually produce their own High Level Protocols
Protocols to
control the PTZ driver.

These are several most common high level protocol we usually found
found in
market are:

Pelco
Pelco--D

Pelco
Pelco--P

Panasonic

VCL

Sensormatic

Diamond / KD6

Vicon

JVC

Typically all PTZ protocols use RS485 as their Physical Protocol.

Protocol.
 MJPEG vs. MPEG

MJPEG

Similar to a digital still picture camera. MJPEG consists on captured
captured picture
compressed frame by frame into JPEG format. Each individual picture
picture is a
compressed picture and all have guaranteed image quality.

MPEG

Simply described, MPEG basic principle is to compare 2 compressed

compressed image
and transmit the difference only. Using the first picture as reference
ref erence frame
and only sending the part of the following images that is differ from the
reference picture.
 MJPEG

Advantages:
1. Guaranteed image quality.

If bandwidth is reduced, image quality is maintained at the cost of
frame rate.

Image quality remains constant regardless of image complexity.

Clear on each individual images.
2. Less--computation
Less computation--intensive.

Many channels can be decoded and shown simultanously on a PC
monitor. Less cost spent on the encoding and decoding equipments.
equipments.

Faster and simpler to perform content searches and do image
manipulation.

Disadvantages:
1. Higher bandwidth consumption at frame rate > 5fps.
2. Higher storage requirement at frame rate > 5 fps.
 MPEG

Advantages:
1. Constant frame rate. Real time frame rate can be maintained

If bandwidth is reduced, frame rate is maintained at the cost of
image quality. Good for surveillance, not good for recording.
2. Lower bandwidth and storage consumption at > 5 fps.

Disadvantages:
1. Higher cost.

Complex compression. Requires more costly PC and equipments for
encoding and decoding. Fewer channels can be displayed
simultanously in a monitor.

Licensing restriction. No free viewers.
2. Lower reliability video.

If bandwidth goes down below a certain threshold, all video is lost.
lost.

Higher latency. Potential lagging problem when viewing live video
video
and PTZ control.

What you see is not always what you get. Designed for real-
real-time
viewing, but not good for recording and video analysis.
CIF - Resolution metric for Digital
System
 MPEG Video Compression

MPEG-1 (1993):
MPEG-

Averagely 1.5 Mbit/sec at CIF

Frame rate is locked at 25 frame per second (PAL).

MPEG-2 (1994):
MPEG-

Larger and higher quality picture. The best quality picture so far.
far.

Frame rate is locked at 25 frame per second (PAL)

MPEG-4 (2000)
MPEG-

Multi method of compressions.

MPEG--4 SP, MPEG-
MPEG MPEG-4 ASP,
and MPEG-
MPEG-4 AVC.

Variable frame rate possible.
 Single Picture-Compression –
is already included in today's Video Standards
The advancement of picture compression.

Singular standard Video standard newest Video standard

64 Kbit/Pic 20 Kbit/Pic 10 Kbit/Pic

http://de.wi kipedi a.org/wi ki/Verlustbehaftete_D atenkompression

 What Format should I choose?
1. Choose MJPEG if:

Picture quality is more important than Frame rate.

Bandwidth is not guaranteed (Shared Network).

Frame rate <5 frame per second is acceptable.

2. Choose MPEG-
MPEG-4 if:

Frame rate is more important than picture quality.

High Bandwidth is available.

Frame rate >10 frame per second is required.