Deflection (Using Simplified Method of IS 456:2000)

99.1 INTRODUCTION:
When a structural member like beam, slab etc. are loaded due to dead load or super imposed load,
they deflect in a particular pattern. The pattern is parabolic for applied uniformly distributed
loading, triangular for point loading or concentrated loading, trapezoidal for two concentrated
load acting at middle third of span or any convinient shape as per loading pattern. All the above
patterns are for simple support.
But in this chapter in depth study as mentioned in Annexure-C of IS 456 : 2000 will not be used;
instead simplified deflection check as specified in clause - 23.2 of IS 456 : 2000 will be used.
Note : Detailed analysis is done in the reference-13 i.e. Analysis and Design of T-beam Bridge
Over Rangiya Nala (Using Limit State Method))

9.2 DERIVATION OF DEFLECTION FOR UDL:9.2 DERIVATION OF DEF

Let’s take a rectangular beam of size b x D as width x depth. Also lets consider support as simple
support and length of beam as ‘l’m.

Let permissible bending stress be ‘  ’

bD2
Z = Elastic section modulus  I / ymax 
6
bD 3
I = second moment of area = moment of inertia 
12
Let ‘w’ be udl applied.
M  w 2 /8
M
We know that  
Z
bD2
 M  Z   w 2 /8
6
4
w b  D / 
2

3
For a beam loaded with udl,
5 w 4 
deflection      
384  EI 
Putting ‘w’ and ‘I’ value and simplifying
5  2 2
  C1
24 ED D
Where C1 = constant depending upon support condition for udl.
By going through extensive research and field servey, it’s found that, the deflection can be limited
to certain fraction of length to constant i.e. l / C2 in general.
 So 
C2
2
 C1 
D C2  D  C1C2
1
Let’s take C1C2 = constant 
K
 K
D
To account for steel fraction and non-homogeneous nature of concrete instead of taking l / D ,
l / d is taken into account by IS code and the value of ‘K’ is fixed.

9.3 IS 456:2000 CODE BOOK PROVISION FOR DEFLECTION CHECK (SIMPLIFIED

APPROACH) 9.3 6:2000 CODE BOOK PROVISION FOR
Indian standard code of practice has specified various span to depth ratio for calculation of
deflection in clause - 23.2 which is simplified approximate method. In depth studies can be found
in Annexure-C of IS 456:2000 which takes into account the value of long term creep also. The
simplified procedure is based on experimental results as well as analytical method. So it may be
termed as semi empirical procedure of deflection calculation.

9.3.1 The final deflection due to all possible type of loading due to creep, shrinkage and temperature
effect etc. should not be greater than span/250 which is measured from as last level of supports of
roofs.
9.3.2 The deflection including effect of temperature, creep and shrinkage occurring after erection of
partitions and the application of finishes should be restricted to span/350 or 20 mm whichever is
lesser.
9.3.3 The span to depth ratio should be limited to the following values in case of span up to 10m.
* Cantilever 7
* Simply supported 20
* Continuous 26
9.3.4 If the span length exceeds 10m, then the above values should be multiplied to 10/span incase of
absence of detailed analysis except for cantilever section; for which detailed analysis is
mandatory.
9.3.5 The values of section 9.3.3 should be multiplied with fig.-4 and fig.-5 of IS 456:2000 taking
tension and compression steel into account both the figures are reproduced here below.
 0.87 f y
[Note : The value of 0.58 fy is derived from  0.58 f y ]
1.5
9.3.6 In case of flanged beam, i.e. for T-beam or L-beam or I-section beam, the value given in section
9.3.3 will be further modified as per fig.-6 of IS 456 : 2000 after modification using section 9.3.4
and 9.3.5. The figure is reproduced here below. Also in this case the area will be taken ‘bfd’ for
modification while using section 9.3.4 and section 9.3.5.
9.3.7 In case of slabs spanning in two directions, shorter span will be considered for calculation of span
to effective depth ratio.
9.3.8 For two-way slabs of shorter span (upto 3.5m) and reinforced with mild steel bars along with
loading class upto 3 kN/m2, following values should be used. Also in case HYSD bars are used for
reinforcement, the values given below will be multiplied by 0.8.
* Simply supported slab 35
* Continuous slab 40
Example-9.1 :
A simply supported R.C.C. rectangular beam of b D size as 200 mm 300 mm is reinforced
with 3 - 16  bars and 2 -12  bars as compression and tension reinforcement. The steel are
required to resist the load applied is 563 mm2. The grade of concrete M25 and steel is Fe415.
Check deflection of the beam if length of beam is 5m and effective depth as 250 mm.
Soln. Given data : b = 200 mm, D = 300 mm, d = 250 mm

 Ast proved  3  162  603.18mm 2 ,  Ast required  563mm2
4

 Asc provided  2  122  226.20 mm2
4
603.18
% of tension steel  100  1.206%  Pt
200  250
226.20
% of compression steel  100  0.4524%  Pc
200  250
Modification factor for tension steel (k1)
  Ast req. 563
fs  0.58f y  0.58  415   224.67 N / mm2
 Ast prov. 603.18
From fig.4 of IS 456:2000
1.15  0.95
For p = 1.206% and fs = 224.67 N/mm2, 1.15    224.67  190   1.01132 1.0
240  190
Modification factor for compression steel (k2)
From fig.5 of IS 456:2000 (or fig.9.2 of this chapter), for Pc = 0.4524%, k2 = 1.13.
Basic span/d ratio = 20 [(for simply supported beam) cl - 23.2.1 (a) of IS 456 : 2000]
Modified span/d ratio  20  k1  k 2  20 1.0 1.13  22.6
5000
Our provided span/d ratio   20  22.6  safe 
250
Example-9.2 :
A doubly reinforced rectangular beam of bD size 250mm x 450mm is reinforced with 4-bars
of 16mm  on the tension side and 2-bars of 12mm  at the compression face. The effective
cover is 40mm. The span of the beam is 56m and the grade of concrete and steel are M25
and Fe415 respectively. (a) Check whether deflection criteria is satisfied as per IS codal
provision. (b) Check the deflection criteria if beam length 56m.
Soln. Given data : f ck  25 N / mm 2 and f y  415N / mm2
 
Ast  4  162  804.25mm 2 , Asc  2  12  226.20 mm 2
4 4
d = 450 – 40 = 410 mm, b = 250 mm
804.25 226.20
pt   100  0.7846% , pc   100  0.22%
250  410 250  410
Calculation of k1 :
804.25
f s  0.58  415   240.7 N / mm 2 
  Ast req.   Ast prov. 
804.25
Referring to fig.4 of IS 456 : 2000, k1 = 1.035
Calculation of k2 :
Referring to fig.5 of IS 456 : 2000, k2 = 1.08
Basic span to eff. depth ratio for simply supported beam = 20
Modified span/d  20 1.035 1.08  22.356
Remodified span/d  22.356 10 / 56  3.99 4 (for 56m long beam)
56000
(a) provided span/d   136.58  04  unsafe 
410
Hence the beam does not satisfy the deflection criteria.
6000
(b) provided span/d   14.63  22.356  safe 
410
Example-9.3 :
A simply supported slab spanning in one direction and reinforced with Fe415 grade steel
carries live load in form of udl. The length of slab is 3.5m and effective depth is 200 mm. It’s
reinforced with 10mm  bars @140 mm c/c aganst the required steel area as 544.18 mm2.
Use M20 concrete.
(a) check for deflection as per simplified procedure of IS 456:2000.
 (b) check for deflection if the slab is reinforced with 8mm  bars @ 300mm c/c at its top and
spanning in two directions having dimension 4.5m x 6m.
In both direction tension reinforcement is 10mm 140 mm c/c.
Soln. Given data : Length = 3.5m, d = 200 mm.

1000  102
( Ast ) prov.  4  561mm2 , ( Ast )req.  544.18mm2
140
561
%of steel  pt  100  0.28%
1000  200
Modification factor (k1)
544.18
f s  0.58  415   233.48 N / mm 2
561
Referring to fig.-4 of IS 456 : 2000 (page -38), k1 = 1.5
(a) basic span/d = 20, modified span/d = 30
provided span/d = 3500/200 = 17.50 < 30 (safe)

1000   82
4 167.55
(b) Asc   167.55mm2 , pc  100  0.084%
300 1000  200
From fig.5 of IS456 : 2000 (page-39), k2 = 1.025

1000  102
( Ast ) prov.  4  561mm2 (along short span)
140
Note : Always the reinforcement along short span will be considered in case of two way slab as
per IS 456 : 2000, cl - 24.1(1), page - 39.
Pt = 0.28%, from fig.-4 of IS 456 : 2000, k1 = 1.50

Basic span/d ratio for two way-simply supported slab = 35 x 0.8 = 28

Modified span/d ratio = 28 x 1.50 x 1.025 = 43.05
4500
Applied ( span / d ) short span   22.50  43.05( safe)
200
Example - 9.4 :
A flanged beam with bf = 1200 mm, Df = 90mm,
bw = 225mm and d = 400mm, required 980 mm2 reinforcement as tension reinforcement. It’s
reinforced with 4 - 20  bars at tension zone and 2-12  bars at compression zone. Check for
deflection using IS 456 : 2000 of Fe 415 steel and M20 concrete is used and length of beam is
8m.
Soln. Given data :
bw = 225mm, Df = 90mm, bw/bf = 225/1200 = 0.1875
bf = 1200mm, d = 400mm, l = 8m
(Ast)req. = 980 mm2, (Ast)prov. = 1256.637 mm2
(Asc)prov. = 226.19 mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2, fck = 20 N/mm2
1256.637
pt  100  0.262%
1200  400
226.19
pc  100  0.047%
1200  400
Note : For % of steel calculation, bfd is used instead of bwd as per cl-23.2.1(e) note.
980
f s  0.58  415   187.71N / mm 2
1256.637
From fig.-4 of IS 456:2000,
k1 = 1.95.
From fig.-5 of IS 456 : 2000,
k2 = 1.01
From fig.-6 of IS 456 : 2000,
for bw/bf = 0.1875, k3 = 0.80
Basic span/d = 20
Modified span/d = 20  1.95  1.01  0.80 = 31.512
Applied span/d = 8000/400 = 20 < 31.512 (safe)