Thales (624 – 546 BCE) Anaximander (610 – 546 BCE) Anaximenes (585 – 528 BCE)

- Known for saying that all things came from

- Claimed the First Cause (from which all
- "the Boundless" is the origin of all that is air.
came) was water.
(where it evolved and dissolved) - Said that earth was formed from air by a
- Predicted the Solar Eclipse
- The first speculative astronomer and the first `felting process`
- His work inspired those who would come
geographer. - He is possibly a student of Anaximander.
to be known as the Pre-Socratic
- Considered as a metaphysician.
Philosophers.

630 BCE 600 BCE

Heraclitus (540 – 480 BCE) Parmenides (515 – 450 BCE) Anaxagoras (500 – 428 BCE)
- Constant change is the most basic characteristic. - Nature is built out of infinite number of particles.
- Says that all claims of change are illogical. - In the physical world, everything contains a portion of something else.
Pythagoras - Primary contribution lies in his apprehension of the formal unity of the world of experience.
- Founded Eleaticism – a view known as “monism” - Discovered the true causes of eclipses.
(570 – 490 BCE) - Fire is an essential material uniting
all things.
- Pythagorean Theorem

Leucippus (5th Century BCE) Empedocles (490 – 430 BCE) Democritus (460 – 370 BCE)
Zeno (490 – 430 BCE) - All matter is composed of Gorgias - Atomic theory
- Matter is made out of small
- Help in development of four main elements (fire, earth, (487 – 376 BCE) - Everything is made out of
particles.
logical and mathematical water and air). - Made important “atoms”, which are
- Was not able to give a “term”
rigour. - Two forces (Love and Strife) contributions to physically, but not
for this idea.
Protagoras (490 – 430 BCE) interact to bring together and rhetorical theory geometrically, indivisible.
- “Man is the measure of all to separate the four and practice.
things.” substances.

500 BCE
 End of Pre-Socratic
Philosophers
- Philosophers who
Socrates
rejected traditional
(470 – 399 BCE)
mythological explanations
- One of the most
for the phenomena they
known Greek
saw around them.
philosophers.
- Period before Socrates
- Socratic Method
Robert Boyle (1627 – 1691)
(Around 1500 CE)
- A rigid distinction was drawn between "alchemy" and "chemistry" for the first time
Alchemists first used
the term element in
reference to real
chemicals.
1500 CE 1600 CE
John Dalton (1766 – 1844)
- Law of Multiple
Proportions
States that
when elements combine,
they do so in the ratio of
small whole numbers
(assuming they have the
same type of
chemical bonds).
Plato (428 – 348 BCE) Aristotle (384 – 322 BCE)
Jabir Ibn-Hayyan (721-815 CE)
- Each of the four kinds of - Four elements could be
balanced in substances in an - Translated the practices and
matter is composed of
infinite number of ways. Aristotelian thinking of Greeks.
geometrical solids further
-There was no separate - Came up with preparation of
divisible into triangles.
'particles' for each material, it acids.
- Postulated that a fifth
was all one.
atomic type must exist.
300 BCE 700 CE
Antoine Lavoisier Joseph Proust
(1743 – 1794) (1754 – 1826)
- Universal 'corpuscular (Around 1720 CE) - Law of Definite Proportions
theory' of chemistry - Law of Conservation of
It states that a given chemical
- Corpucles – “certain Mass
compound always contains its
primitive and simple or It states that the mass of
component elements in fixed
perfectly unmingled bodies. the products in a chemical
ratio and does not depend on
- Boyle’s Law reaction must equal
its source and method of
the mass of the reactants.
preparation.
1700 CE
Joseph Gay-Lussac
(1778-1850) Dmitri Mendeleev
Amedeo Avogadro
(1834 – 1907)
- Elements are not (1776-1856)
necessarily made up of one - Published periodic
atom. table of elements
- Conceptualized the
- The Law of Combining according to their
mole
Volumes weights.
- Molecular mass
Ratio between - Use to correct
-Each element has a
the volumes of the reactant properties of already
different molar mass.
gases and the gaseous discovered elements.
products can be expressed
in simple whole numbers 1800 CE