mÍCIK wxl 07  rn¾ k< lene,af,a wdOdrfhkaa flaYsl k<h ;=<g 10 cm muK

È.e;s riÈh l`ola we;=<;a lrkak¡

ñkqï WmlrK ( ridhksl ;=<dj  óg¾ rE, u.ska riÈh lf`oa È. uek.kak¡
 ridhksl ;=,d wdOdrlh ;sria msysgu q l ;eîu ^f,j,a lsÍu&
mÍCIKh : flaYsl k<hl wNHka;r wrh fiùu ^ ridhksl ;=,dj i`oyd tys we;s ,Uh Ndú;d lrkak¡ f,j,a bial=remamq ilia
yd óg¾ rE, Ndú;fhka & lsÍfuka fuh l< yelsh¡
 ridhksl ;=,dfõ we;s o¾Ylh mßudKfha uOH f¾Ldj jgd
WmlrK ( ;kql NaOH" ;kql HNO3" wdiq; c,h" riÈh" óg¾ rE,"
iuñ;sl f,i foda,kh jk f;la ndyq fofla we;s l=vd
Trf,daiq ;eáh" ridhksl ;=,dj" mä fmÜÜh" rn¾ k<
bial=remamq fol ilia lrkak¡
lene,a,la
 flaYsl k<h ;=<g oeuQ riÈh lf`oys ialkaOh uek.kak¡
igyk(
;=,d ndyqj, Èf.a hï wiudklula we;akï tu.ska kshñ;
ialkaOh ,nd.; fkdyel¡ fuys§ jia;=j jï ;eáh u; ;nd tu
ialkaOh;a ^m1& ol=Kq ;eáh u; ;nd tu ialkaOh;a ^m2& ,nd
f.k"
M = ( m1  m2 )1/2 u.ska kshu ialkaOh ,nd.kak¡

ndyqj, fln`ÿ wiudklï ;snkq ;a th u.yrjd .ekSu msKsi"

jï ;eáfha jia;=j ;nd ol=Kq ;eáhg úh<s je,s oud ix;=,kh
lr.kak¡
bkamiqj jia;=j bj;alr jï ;eáhg je,s o ol=Kq ;eáhg mä o
oud kej; ix;=,kh lrkak¡ mäj, w.h u.ska jia;=fõ ksjerÈ
jdoh ( ialkaOh ,efí¡

jeo.;a

01¡ mä lsisúfgl w;ska w,a,kak tmd¡

flaYsl k<fha wrh 02¡ mä tlalsÍug fyda bj;a lsÍug fmr yeuúgu ;=,d oKav my;a
1
lrkak¡
 m 2
r   
  

fuys m - riÈh lf`oa ialkaOh

ρ - riÈh lf`oa >k;ajh
l - riÈh lf`oa È.

l%uh (
 flaYsl k<h ms<fs j<ska ;kql NaOH" ;kql HNO3" iy wdiq;
c,fhka msßisÿ lrkak¡ fuh fo;=ka j;djla
lrkak^mÍCIKd.drfha we;s wegjqu u.ska fuh isÿl< yel¡&'
 flaYsl k<h ;=<ska úh<s jd; Odrdjla hjd th úh<d.kak¡
mÍCIK wxl 08 HAAg = HBBg
HA = ( B / A) HB
fyhd¾ WmlrKh fuh y = m x wdldrfha fjhs¡
fyhd¾ WmlrKh Ndú;fhka >k;aj ixikaokh lsÍu¡ ^ñY%jk
øj i`oyd&
HB g bÈßfhka HA m%ia;drfha wKql%uKh  m = B / A
WmlrK - fyhd¾ WmlrKh" c,h" N+ñf;,a

mÍCIK wxl 09

jdoh U k,h
P
mrSlaIKh ( U k,hl Wmldrfhka ñY% fkdjk øj foll >k;aj
ixikaokh lsru
S

WmlrK ( U k,hla" óg¾ ndf.a rE,a folla" ,S l,ïm wdOdrl folla"

hB l=vd îlrhla" l=vd mqk,
S hla" c,h" N+ñf;,a
HB
hA
jdoh(
HA

x y
tlu ;sria uÜgul msysá ,ËHj,oS øjhl mSvkh tlu w.hla .kakd
neúka"
fmdÿ uÜgfï by,ska we;s c, l|kaj, Wi h0 yd hw o tajdfha >k;ajh
 ρA ρB s j,ska ρo yd ρw o kï"
ms<f


A" - A iy B ndyqj, we;s øj fofla >k;aj
hA " hB - rEmfha olajd we;s mßÈ o¾Yl j, isg øj l`okaj,g
we;s Wi¡

x,y - rEmfha olajd we;s mßÈ w,afmfk;a;s j, Wi

jdhqf.da,h
S mSvkh
P - fyhd¾ WmlrKh ;=< mSvkh

HA = x+ hA
HB = y+ hB hehs i<luq¡

X ,CIfha mSvkh  Px = P + HAAg

Y ,CIfha mSvkh  Py = P + HBBg
Px = Py = π
 mÍCIK wxl 10
  h0  0 g    hw  w g
wkqkdo k,h

 hw  0 h0
w mÍlAIKh ( wkqkdo k,h weiqfrka jd;h ;=, èjks m%fõ.h fiùu iy
k,fha wdka; fYdaOkh fiùu
fuh y = m x wdlrfha fõ'
fuys π - jdhqf.da,h
S mSvkh WmlrK - 40cm muK È.e;s úIalïNh 3cm muK jQ k<hla" tmuK Wi
we;s ùÿre irdjla" ixLHd;h okakd iriq,a 6la" wdOdrl 2la"
o óg¾ ndf.a rE,la" j’ksh¾ le,smrhla" lïmk fldÜghla
ho bosrf
s hka hw m%ia;drfha wkql%uKh m
w

l%uh ( jdoh - ixLHd;h f jQo ;rx. wdhduh  jQo èjks ;rx.hl m%fõ.h v
U k,h isriaj isgj
q d ndyq folg fjk fjku mrsudK iúlr kï"
.kak'
tla ndyqjl lgg mqk, S h ;nd k,fhka wvla muK msfrk f;la v = f  u.ska ,efí¡
c,h j ;alrkak' tla fl,jrla jeiQ k,hl uQ,l s h i`oyd
wfkla ndyqfõ lgg mqk, s h ;nd fmd,af ;,a fiñka j ;alrkak' l  e   (2)
fm,af;,a lf|a Wi 10 cm muK jk úg j;a lsru S kj;d øj fuys
uÜgu ksYap,jk f;la ;sfnkakg yrskk a '
f;,a lf|ys by< uÜgu ;a my< uÜgu;a c, lf|a by< uÜgu;a l – wkqkdo È.
oelafjk mdGdxl ,nd.kak. e - wdka; fYdaOkh fõ¡
;j ;j;a f;,a j;a lsrf
S uka kej; mdGxl ,nd .kak. (1) yd (2) ka
v  4 f l  e 
v 1
l     e
4 f

úfYaI lreKq ( fuh y = m x + c wdldrfha fjhs¡

v = 4 m iy
 ñY% fkjk øjj, >k ;aj ixikaokh lsru
S g U k<h fhdod.kS' e=-c
 U k,h iuÕ lrk mrSlaIK j,oS >k ;ajh jeä øjh m<uqfjka
k<h ;=,g oeñh hq;=h'^fya ;=j@& újD; wkqkdo k,h i`oyd


l  2e  (3)
2
(1) yd (3) ka
v  2 f l  2e 
v 1
l     2e
2 f
 fuho mÍCIK wxl 11
y = m x + c wdldrfha fjhs¡
èjksudkh
v=2m
mrSlaIKh ( èjksudk lïìfha f¾Çh >k;ajh fiùu
e = - c/2
WmlrK ( èjksudkh" óg¾ nd.fha rE," ixLHd;h okakd iriq,a 6 la"
igyk ( lvodis wdfrdayl" lïmk fldÜgh" lsf,da.%Eï nd.fha nr
lsysmhla
p
v neúka p ys w.h okafka kï  ys w.h fiúh yelsh¡
 jdoh
fuys P - jdhqf.da,h
S mSvkh
 - jd;fha >k;ajh
γ - 1¡4 ^jd;h i`oyd m%Odk úYsIaG;dm w;r wkqmd;h&

l%uh - ^ixjD; k,h i`oyd&

ùÿre irdj c,fhka mqrjd k,h iïmQ¾Kfhkau tys .s,, a kak¡

jeäu ixLHd;h iys; iriq, fldÜgfha .id lïmkh lr tys oe;s
k<fha újD; fl<jr iómfhka ;sria f,i isákfia w,a,d l%ufhka
by,g Tijd wkqkdo wjia:dj ,nd.kak¡
óg¾ rE, u`.ska l uek.kak¡
wfkl=;a iriq,a 5 i`oydo fuf,iskau wkqrEm wkqkdo È. ^l& ,nd.kak¡ èjksudk lïìh uQ,l s f,i lïmkh l,úg  = 2 l (1)
ldur WIaK;ajh iy jdhqf.da,h S mSvkh igyka lr .kak fuys - - ;rx. wdhduh
1/f bÈßfhka l m%ia;dr .;lr v iy e i`oyd w.hka ,nd .kak¡ l - èjksudkh uQ,l
s f,i lïmkh jk úg lïìfha
wdka;fYdaOkh iy k<fha úIalïNh w;r ióm iïnkaO;jhla ;sfío? os.
weÈ ;ka;=jla ;=, ia:djr ;S¾hla ;rx. i`oyd m%fõ.h
l%uh - ^újD; k,h i`oyd&

^fuys§ tla k<hla ;=, hka;ñka nyd,sh yels ;j;a k<hla wjYHh& T
k< fol tlla ;=, wfkl iïmQ¾Kfhkau we;súg th ;sriaj fïih u; v
iúlr jeäu ixLHd;h iys; iriq, lïmkh lr k<fha È. l%ufhka m1 ^2&
jeälr wkqkdo wjia:dj ,nd.kak¡ v  f (3)
fuf,iskau wksl=;a ixLHd; iys; iriq,a i`oydo wkqkdo È.j,a ,ndf.k u.ska ,efì¡
m%ia;drh weiqfrka v, e iy  .Kkh l< yelsh¡ fuys T ;ka;=fõ wd;;sh
f iriqf,a ixLHd;h
 ;rx. wdhduh
m1 lïìfha tall È.l ialkaOh ^f¾Çh >k;ajh' &
(1), (2), yd (3) ka mrSlaIK wxl 12
T
 f .2l W;a;, ldp
m1 mrSlaIKh ( W;a;, ldphl kdNsh ÿr fiùu'
1 T 1 WmlrK - W;a;, ldp" ;, o¾mKh" w,afmfk;s 2 la" wdOdrl 2 la" ldp
l . wdOdrlh
2 m1 f
1 Mg 1 jdoh ( ^a&
l .
2 m1 f

y = m x wdldrfha fjhs¡ v
u
1/f bÈßfha l m%ia ;drfha wkql%uKh
Mg1
m  ldp iQ;%h
m12 1 1 1
  fõ¡
Mg v u f
 m1 
4m 
2
fuys u  (+) , v  (-) , f→(-) ^kj ldáiSh ,l=Kq iïuq;shg wkqj&
l%uh 1 1 1
-  
 rEmfha olajd we;s mßÈ èjksudk lïìfha iqÿiq Ndrhla t,a,kak¡ v u f
 èjksudkfha ,S fia;= 2 tlsfklg b;d wdikakfha ;nkak¡
 fia;= 2 w;r lïì u; lvodis wdfrdayl ;nkak¡
  1 
1 1 1
 jeäu ixLHd;h iys; iriq, lïmkh lr th isria f,i 
èjksudkfha ,S mDIaGh u;^fia;= fol w;r& ;nkak¡^fya;= ?& v u f
 wkqkdo wjia:dj ,efnk ;=re fia;= w;r ÿr fjkia lrkak' fuh y =m x + c wdldrfha fjhs¡
 wkqkdo wjia:dfõoS fia;= w;r ÿr igyka lr .kak'
 1
wfkl=;a iriq,a i|ydo fuu l%uh wkq.ukh lrkak' c
 1/f bÈßfhka l m%ia;drh we`o tu.ska m/ .Kkh lrkak¡ f
1
f 
c
(a) l%uh - W;a;, ldph ldp wdOdrlh u; tys wCIh ;sria jk fia
iúlrkak¡
ldph bÈßfhka w,afmfk;a;la ;nd tys ;d;a;aúl m%;sìïnfha msysàu
fjk;a w,afmfk;a;la wdOdrfhka fidhkak¡
u iy v uek.kak¡
fuf,i úúO u w.hka i`oyd mdGdxl 6la ,nd.kak¡
1/u bosrf
s hka 1/v m%ia;dr we`o tu.ska f fidhkak¡
(b) l%uh -  bkamiqj wj,ïnfha os. fjkia lrñka tA tA os.g wod<
W;a;, ldph ;< o¾mKh u; rEmfha mrsos tys wCIh isriajk foda,k 50lg .;jk ld,h uekf.k wkqrEm foda,k
mrsos ;nkak¡ ld,dj¾; fidhd .kak.
ldphg by,ska rEmfha oelafjk mrsos w,afmfk;a;la ^jia;=j& ;nd  T2 yd l w;r m%ia;drh we| wkql%uKh Ndú;fhka g
tys m%;sìïnh th iu`. iumd; jk wjia:dj fidhkak¡ .Kkh lrkak
x iy y ÿrj,a uekf.k tu.ska f .Kkh lrkak¡ igyk (
ir, wj,ïnh foda,kh lsrsfS ïoS l=vd fldaKj,ska foda,kh l,
hq;=h'
mrSlaIK wxl 13 ir, wj,ïNfha os. fjkqjg kQf,ys os. ie,lSfuka iólrKh
ir, wj,ïnh
4 2 4 2
T2  l x f,i ,efí'fuys x ys os. l=ulao@ fuu
mrSlaIKh ( ir, wj,ïබhl wdOdrfhka .=re;ajc ;ajrKh fiùu' g g
iólrKh Ndú;fhka u.yefrk fodaIh l=ulao@
WmlrK ( ir, wj,ïබh" úrdu >álj" l=vd wOdrlhl iúl,
w,afmfk;a;la" óg¾ rE,
jdoh( mrSlaIK wxl 14
.=re;ajc ;ajrKh g o"
ir, wj,ïn os. l o" ia,skl
a sh
ir, wj,ïnfha foda,k ld,j¾;h T o kï"
mrSlaIKh ( ;rx. p,s;h wdo¾Ykhg ia,k
s l S .
a sh Nú;d lsru
l
T  2 wdo¾Y m%Yak (
g
1) ia,skl
a shla osf.a .uka lrk ;S¾hhla ;rx.hl yevh w|skk
a
4 2
T  2
l
g
fuh y = m x wdldrfha fõ'
4 2
T yd l w;r m%ia;drfha wkql%uKh m 
2

l%uh (
 óg¾ 2la muK os. kQ,lska wj,ïnh wp, ,ËHhl 2) ia,skl
a shla osf.a .uka lrk wkajdhdu ;rx.hl yevh w|skk
a '
t,a,kak.
 ir, wj,ïnfha os. f,i wp, ,ËHfha isg nÜgdf.a
flakø a hg ÿr i,lkak.
 wdOdrlfha iúlrk ,o w,afmfk;a; wj,ïnfha nÜgdg
bosrf
s hka ;nkak'
 úrdu Trf,daiqj wOdrfhka foda,k 50lg .; j, ld,h 3) ia,skl
a sfha tla fl<jrla oDVj w,a,d wfkla fl<jrska ;S¾hhla
uek .kak' iamkaohla hejQ úg isÿjk foa ksrlS aIKh lrkak'^iamkaoh oDV
 tuÕska tla foda,khlg .; jk ld,h .Kkh lrkak' fl<jf¾ .eà kej; mrdj¾;kh fõ'&
 4) ia,skl
a sfha tla fl,jrla ksoyfia lïmkh jk mrsos kQ,lska .eg
.id kQ, w,a,d f.k wksla fl<jrska hjk ;S¾hla ;rx.hg l=ula
isÿfõo ^mrdj¾;kh fkdfõ&
5) ;S¾hla iamkao 2la tlu l,dfõ wêia:dmkh l< úg o 1800 l
l,d fjkila we;=j wêia:dmkh l< úgo jkafka l=ulao^tlu
l,dfõ kï wia:H;aul ksfrdaOkhlao 1800 la l,d fjkila
we;súg kia:H;aul ksfrdaOkhlao we;sfõ'

mrSlaIK wxl 15

/<s;s gexlsh

mrSlaIKh ( /<s;s gexlsh uÕska ;rx.j, .=K wdo¾Ykh lsru

S
3& új¾;kh - új¾;kh yeoErSu
1& mrdj¾ ;kh - ir, odrhla /<s ;s gexlsh ;=, .s,j
a d tuÕska ;, ;rx.
rgdjla ,nd .kak' /<s;s gexlsh uOHfha odrhg hï fldaKhlska wdk; /<s;s gexlsfha we;s Wmdx. ;, ;rx. fmruqK bosrf
s ha thg iudka;rj
jk fia ndOlhla ;nkak' ;nd ndOl 2 la fia fhdo.; yel' 4 rEmh n,kak' újrfhys m<, yd
mrdj¾;s; ;rx. rgdj ksrl S aIKh lrkak^1 rEmh&'f.da,h S ;rx. ;rx. ixLHd;h wkqj új¾;k rgdfõ fjkiaùu ksrSlAIKh lrkak'
fmruqKla o fuf,iu mrdj¾;kh fõ^2 rEmh&'
4& ksfrdaOkh - fï i|yd ,ËHdldr m%Nj follska ksl=;ajk tlu
ixLHd;h iys; f.da,h S ;rx. fhdod .; yel' f.da,h S ;rx.
fmruqKqj, wêia:dmkh u.ska ,efnk ksfrdaOk rgd ksrl
S aIKh lrkak'

wdo¾Y m%Yak

1& /<s;s gexlsfha c, mDIaGh u; ;rx. we;s lsru

S g fhdod.kakd
Wml%uh l=ulao?

^l=vd fudagrhlg iDcQ odrhla fyda f.da,hla ^fuu /<s;s gexlsh

i|yd& iïnkaO lr th c, mDIaGhg hdka;ñka iam¾Y jk f,ig
r|jd fudagrfha fõ.h nd, lr odrh fyda f.da,h c, mDIaGhg
jeoSug i,iajkak&'

2& ;rx. ksrl

S aIKfhaoS n,anh fhoSfuka we;s jdish l=ulao?

2& j¾;kh - c, ;rx.j, fõ.h c,fha .eUqr u; r\d mj;S' tuksid ^;rx. fmruqKq c, mDIaGh u; ;djld,slj iEfok W;a;, ldp
fjkia .eUqr iys; c,h" c, ;rx. i|yd fjkia udOH f,i ie,lsh f,i ls%hd lrhs' fuu W;a;, ldp n,anfha wf,dalh my< we;s ù
yel' fï i|yd >klu ùÿre ;yvqjla /<s;s gexlsfha .s,j
a d ;, ;rx. iqÿ ;srh u; kdNS.; fõ'fufia kdNS.; ùfuka ;rx. fmruqKq
fmruqKq i|yd j¾;k rgdj ,nd .kak' jvd;a meyeos<j
s ksrl
S aIKh l< yel&'
3& gexlsh jfÜ bjqr wdk; lr lïì oe,la ;eîfï wjYH;djh ;=ulao?  P,Q yd R okakd m%;sfrdaO kï fkdokakd X m%;sfrdaOfha w.h
^bjqr fj;g tk ;rx. fmruqKq kej; mrj¾;kh ùu je<elaùu& fidhd .; yel'
 idudkHfhka P iy Q i|yd ia:djr m%;sfrdaOhka o R i|yd úp,H
4& f.da,h yd iDcq odrh uÕska we;s jkafka l=uk j¾.fha ;rx. o?;S¾hla m%;sfrdaOhlao ^m%;sfrdaOfmÜáhla& Ndú;d lrkq ,efí'
;rx. o? wkajdhdu ;rx. o? ^;S¾hla ;rx.&
RQ
X
P
mrSlaIK wxl 16

ùÜiagka fia;=j
wdo¾Y m%Yak
mrSlaIKh ( ùÜiagka fia;=j u.ska m%;sfrdaO ixikaokh lsÍu'
WmlrK ( w.hka okakd m%;sfrdaO 3" ueo ìxÿ .e,ajfkdaógrh" fkdokakd
m%;sfrdaO" welshqñf,agrh" iam¾Yl h;=r yd fmakq h;=r" iïnkaOl lïì
l%uh (
 rEm igyfka oelafjk mßÈ mßm:h wgjkak'
 P,Q,R m%;sfrdaO yd fkdokakd X m%;sfrdaO ABCD fia;=jg iïnkaO
lrkak'
 ueo ìkaÿ .e,ajfkdaógrh BD yryd iam¾Yl h;=rla o iuÕ
iïnkaO lrkak'
B
1) mßm:h i|yd welshqñf,agrhla Ndú;d lrkafka wehs?
^mßlaIKh isÿ lrk uq¿ ld,h ;=,§u mßm:h yryd ksh;
Odrdjla .,d hdu wjYH jk ksid&
2) mßm:fha K1 i|yd iam¾Yl h;=rla o K2 i|yd fmakq h;=rlao
Ndú;d lrkafka wehs?
K2 mßm:h fyd¢ka ixjD; ùu wjYH jk ksid
K1 .e,ajfkdaógrfha wdrlaIdj i|yd
3) .e,ajfkdaógrfha wdrlaIdj i|yd jvd;a iqÿiq wegjqula fhdackd
lrkak'

A C

 AC yryd welshqñf,agrh o iam¾Yl h;=rlao iïnkaO lrkak'

 BD w;r úNj neiaula$wka;rhla ke;s wjia:dfõ§ ueo ìkaÿ
.e,ajfkdañgrfha W;al%uKhla oelsh fkdyelsh'
P R
túg 
Q X
mrSlaIK wxl 17 mÍlaIKh i|yd iQodkïh kuq;a tlu ÈYdjg muKla W;al%uKh
fmkajhs kï kej; mßm:h mÍlaId lr n,kak'
óg¾ fia;=j

mrSlaIKh ( óg¾ fia;=j Ndú;fhka m%;sfrdaO ixikaokh lsÍu
WmlrK ( óg¾ fia;=j" okakd m%;sfrdaOh" fkdokakd m%;sfrdaOh" iam¾Yl
h;=r" ueo ìkaÿ .e,ajfkdaógrhla" m%;sfrdaO fmÜáhla" iïnkaOl lïì
ksjerÈ f,i iïnkaO lr we;s mßm:hl R i|yd iqÿiq w.hla fhdod
.e,ajfkdaógrfha Y=kH W;al%uKh fmkakï
q lrk f;la iam¾Yl h;=r
óg¾ fia;= lïìfha ;ekska ;ek ;nd mßlaId lr n,kak' W;al%uKh
Y=kH jk ,ËHfha§ m%;sfrdaO fmÜáh Wmm: lr jvd;a ksrjoH
ix;=,k È. ,nd .kak'

jdoh ( bkamiq R yd r m%;sfrdaO udre lr kej; mdGdxl ,nd .kak'

ix;=,k ,ËHh lïìfha ueo m%foaYfha jk mßÈ mdGdxl ,nd .kak'

m<uqj .e,ajfkdaógrfha wdrlaIdj i|yd úYd, m%;sfrdaOh iïnkaO lr

wdikak jYfhka ix;=,k ,ËHh ,nd f.k bkamiqj thg iudka;r.;j
iïnkaO lr we;s m%;sfrdaOh ¨yqj;a lsÍfuka .e,ajfkdaógrfhka mQ¾K
ixfõÈ;djla ,nd foa' fï wjia:fõ§ .e,ajfkdaógrh yryd b;d iq¿ fyda
Y=kH Odrdjla .ukalrhs'
^i¾mK h;=r lïìh Èf.a weof.k hefuka je<lsh hq;af;a tuÕska
lïìfha m%;sfrdaOh fjkia úh yels ksidh&

mrSlaIK wxl 18

úNj udkh
mrSlaIKh ( úNjudkh Ndú;fhka fldaIhka foll úoHq;a.dul n,
ixikaokh lsÍu'

WmlrK ( úNj udkh" welshqñf,agrh" veksfh,a fldaIh" f,la,dkaÉ

fldaIh" ueo ìkaÿ .e,ajfkdaógrh" i¾mK h;=rla" foux
óg¾ fia;=fõ tla ysveil R m%;sfrdaOhlao wfkfla fkdokakd h;=rla" fmakq h;=rla" úYd, m%;sfrdaOhla" iïnkaOl lïì"
m%;sfrdaOhlao ;sìh§ .e,ajfkdaógr W;al%uKh Y=kH jkafka iam¾Yl m%;sfrdaO fmÜáh
h;=r lïìfha tla fldkl isg L1 ÿrlsko
a msysá úg kï
jdoh(
R L1

r L2

l%uh (
rEmfha olajd we;s mßÈ úoHq;a Wmdx. ish,a, mßm:hg wuqKd w.%hka
fyd¢ka iïnkaOlr we;aoehs kej; jrla mÍlaId lr n,kak' óg¾
fia;=jg iïnkaO lr we;s iam¾Yl h;=r jid óg¾ fia;= lïnfha
fofldfkys iam¾Yl h;=r ;nd .e,ajfkdaógrfha W;al%uK osYdj
n,kak' wjia:d fofla§ W;al%uKh fomig isÿfõ kï mrsm:h
 E  k.l0
1 1 r 1
 . 
E1 yd E2 úoHq;a .dul n, we;s fldaI 2 la i|yd ix;=,k È.j,a L1 "L2 l l0 R l0
kï (ii) rEmfha fmfkk mßÈ mßm:h iñnkaO lr m%;sfrdaO fmÜáh
E1 L1
 Ndú;fhka R fjkia lrñka wkqrEm l È.j,a 6la ,nd .kak'
E2 L2
kL( R  r )
l%uh ( 1 rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ mßm:h iïnkaO lrkak'
VAB  kL E iy VAB  IR ^ix;=,k
R
i¾mK h;=r úNjudk lïìh fofl<jr iam¾Y lsÍfuka mßm:h ,ËHfha§&
ksjerÈ oehs mßlaId lrkak'
ER
1 jk rEmfha olajd we;s mrsos foux h;=r Ndú;d lrñka fldaI 2 VAB  IR   kL
i|yd ix;=,k È.j,a ,nd f.k úoHq;a .dul n, ixikaokh Rr
lrkak'
1  kr  1 k
mrSlaIKh ( fldaIhl wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh fiùu   
L  E R E
jdoh ( fuh y = m x + c wdldrfha fõ

m wkql%uKh
r 
c wka; (LKavh
wdo¾Y m%Yak

1. fldaIhl ú'.d'n mßlaId lsÍfï§ úNjudkh jvd iqÿiq jkafka

wehs?
^ix;=,k ,ËHfha§ mßm:h yryd Odrdjla fkd.,k ksid
fldaIfha w.% w;r ú'.d'n jvd ksjerÈj ,efí'&

2. wêl m%;sfrdOhla .e,ajfkdaógrfha wdrlaIdj i|yd Ndú;d

lrkafka wehs?
wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh r o úoHq;a .dul n,h E o jk fldaIhla ndysr ^.e,ajfkdaógrh yryd .,k Odrdj wju lrkq msKsi&
m%;sfrdaOhla R ;=<ska Odrdjla hjk úg^rEmh n,kak& tys w.% w;r úNj
wka;rh 3. mÍlaIKfha§ Wmdx. ish,a, ksjerÈj iïnkaO l<o ix;=,k
ER ,ËHhla ,nd .; fkdyels kï thg fya;=j l=ulao?
V ^welshqñf,agrfha ú'.d'n úoHq;a .dul n,h uksk fldaI j,g
Rr
jvd wvq ùu&
úNjudk lñìfha ix;=,k È. l kï
ER
 kl fuys k hkq tall È.lg úNj neiauhs'
Rr

m%;sfrdaOh bj;a lr fldaIh muKla we;s úg ix;=,k È. l 0 kï

mrSlaIK wxl 19  îlrh wdi% ; c,fhka mqrjd fïih u ; ;nkak'
 lïì o¾Ylh rn¾ uqÿ j,ska fïihg iú lr th isria f,i c,fha
mrSlaIKh ( flaYsl Woa.uk l%uh u.ska øjhl mDIaÀl wd;;sh fiùu .s,j
a d
^rEmh b & wdOdrlhl iúlrkak'
WmlrK ( flaYsl k,h" p, wKaùlaIh" îlrh" wdOdrlh" ;' HNO3" ;'  flaYsl Woa.ukh isÿ jq miq o¾Yl ;=v c, mDIaGfha hdka ;ñka
NaOH" wdi%; c,h" È. w,afmfk;a;" rn¾ uqÿ" biafik .efgk f,i ilia lrkak'
fïih  bkamiq wKaùlaIfha yria lïì c, lf|a udjlfha my< ,ËHhg
kdNs. ; lr mdGdxl igyka lr .kak'
 îlrh bj ;alr w,afmfk ;a ;s ;=fâ msysàfï mdGdxlh ,nd .kak'
jdoh (
 bkamiq flaYsl k,h bj ;g f.k fyd¢ka úh,d" thg riÈh l|la
we ;=,afldg ñka by ; mÍlaIKhl§ isÿ l< wdldrhg flaYsl
k,fha wrh ,nd .kak'

 îlrh ;=< we ;s c,fha WIAK ;ajh uek .kak'

úfYaI lreKq
o¾Yl ;=v ilik úg th flaYsl k,fhkq;a îlrfha ì;a;s j,sk; q a wE;aj
c,h ienE f,i ;sriaj we;s fldgfia§ ta yd hdka;ñka .eáh hq;=h'
mdGdxl .ekSfï§ isÿjk fodaI wju lsÍug flaYsl k,h ;=< c, uÜgu
îlrhg by,ska ;sìh hq;=h'
c,fha WIaK;ajh igyka lr .ekSu fuys§ jeo.;ah'^fya;=j?&

wdo¾Y m%YaK (
mDIaÀl wd;;sh T jk øjhl .s,j
a Q flaIsl k,hla Èf.a øjh h isria 1. flaYsl Woa.ukfhaÈ k,fha Wi m%udKj;a mßÈ l=vd jqjfyd;a
Wilg by< keÕ we;ehs is;uq' c,h W;=rd msgdr .,kafkao?
^rEmh b& ^c,l| ;j;a by< keÕ c,h ùÿre mDIaGh iuÕ idok fldaKh
jeä ù udjlfha jl%;dj wvqfõ'&
øjh;a ùÿrej;a w;r iam¾Y fldaKh θ iy flaYsl k,fha yrialv wrh r 2. úIaalïNh úYd, k,j, c,lf|A Wi wvq jkafka ukao?
o øjfha >k;ajh ρ o kï" 2T
r  r jeäjk úg h wvq fõ
2T hg
cos   hg 3. flaYsl k,fha by< fl<jr jid c,fha .s,j
a Q úg c, lf|a Wig
r
l=ula isÿfõo?
;jo c,h i|yd θ = 0 fya;=j meyeÈ,s lrkak'

hgr ^c,lf|a Wi wvqfõ' ysrjQ jd;h u.ska c, l| u; mSvkhla we;s

tu ksid T lrk neúka&
2
l%uh (
 flaYsl k,h yd îlrh m<uqj ;'NaOH o bkamiqj ;'HNO3 u.sko
a
wjidkfha wdi% ; c,fhka o msßisÿ lrkak'