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Power Quality PDF
Power Quality PDF
Elements of building
infrastructure
that can alleviate
or cure power
quality
lit problems
bl
before theyy affect
operations
For Today:
• A bit of theory
• Case studies
• Recommended practice
What is Poor Power Quality?
Thee real
ea cost oof poo
poor power
po e qua
quality
ty
is in lost productivity (downtime).
Equipment
q p is usually
y a secondary
y
consideration
Where Are Sensitive Loads?
M
Manufacturing
f t i Plant
Pl t
Resort Hotel
Where Are Sensitive Loads?
Offi Buildings
Office B ildi
Bakery
Sensitivity is Increasing
source: EPRI
Major Issues
• Harmonics
• Transients
— Internally caused
— Externally caused
source: EPRI
What Are Harmonics?
S
Source: EC&M
C& Practical
Guide to Power Dist for IT
Equipment
q p
3-φ, 4
In 3 4-W
W Circuits:
Normally,
y, the vector sum of three
balanced phase currents 120º out of
phase is zero.
p
3-φ, 4
In 3 4-W
W Circuits:
“Triplen” harmonics add in the neutral.
SMPS:
Source: EC&M
Potential Cause of PQ Problems
SMPS
draws current
In pulses
mode protection: φ
All-mode
All φ-φ,
φ, φ
φ-G,
G, φ
φ-N,
N, N-G
NG
Listed to UL 1449, Version 2
High Joule rating
Have filtering, fuses, indication
M
Must b
be well-grounded
ll d d
Other Causes of PQ Problems
• Shared circuits
• Too many outlets / uses per circuit
• Inadequate neutrals
• Poor or inadequate grounding
• Intermittent connections
• S d d equipment
Standard i and
d wiring
ii
• etc
etc.
What Can We Do About It?
ANSI/IEEE 1100
Recommended
Practices are needed
for power quality.
Elements of Power Quality Design
• System Grounding (earthing)
• Equipment Grounding (bonding)
• Neutral Sizing
• General Wiring
• E t Effort
Extra Eff t Steps
St
System Grounding
N d d for:
Needed f
• Establishing a voltage reference
• Dischargeg high
g transient voltages
g
(esp. lightning)
• S
Static Discharge
• Personnel Safety
To Meet Code
T M
To Meett A
Article
ti l 250
250-50(a)(2):
50( )(2)
Source: Ground
Testing, Inc.
System Grounding Example
Difficult Case: Mt.
Mt Washington,
Washington NH
Two 600 feet deep
p copper
pp rods placed
p in 8
inch diameter well casings
After:
No damages or disruptions in 5 years
since
i improved
i d grounding
di
Source:
Allegro Corp.
“Halo”
Halo Grounding
Interior “halo” g
ground for easy
y connections:
source: IEEE
Emerald Book
Isolate Sensitive Loads
source: IEEE
Emerald Book
Isolate Sensitive Loads
source: IEEE
Emerald Book
Safely Handling Harmonics
U d
Use double
bl size
i
neutral or one neutral
per phase
p p conductor
Safely Handling Harmonics
Safely Handling Harmonics
Use K-
K Rated transformers,
panelboards.
Case Study: M
M.I.T.
IT
Current Design Standards:
• Separate
p computer
p feeders,, panels,
p ,
and branch circuits
• 4 outlets
tl t per 20 amp. B
Branch
h circuit
i it
Case Study: M
M.I.T.
IT
Case Study: M
M.I.T.
IT
C
Current
tDDesign
i StStandards:
d d
• 10 ohms or less grounding resistance
• Double ((and sometimes triple)
p )
neutrals
• K-rated transformers
f
• Always a separate grounding
conductor
• Always copper conductors
M I T Basic Grounding Layout
M.I.T.
500 kcmil ring
ground
aroundd each
h
building
1000 kcmil
spine
Case Study: M
M.I.T.
IT
C t ffor all
Cost ll PQ improvements:
i t
Adds about 1 1/2% added to the overall
cost of construction, but….
Everything bonded to
building steel using 4/0
pp
copper
Case Study: 911 Center Retrofit
4/0 AWG ring ground completely
surrounds building
Inside copper
pp firewall
4/0 connects to “halo”
and grounding
electrode system
y
Use a full-sized
EGC and 200%
neutral, or
separate
neutrals
Don’t
D ’ rely
l on
conduit
Equipment Grounding
There should be ONE central point connecting
the neutral to the ONE exterior grounding
electrode
e ect ode syste
system
If possible:
separate panels
separate feeders
separate services
shielded
hi ld d isolation
i l ti trans.
t
UPS
Handle Harmonics
Interior:
• Always
y use a full size copper
pp
equipment grounding conductor
• U a 200% rated
Use t d neutral
t l
• Use harmonic rated panels
General Wiring
Interior:
• Limit receptacles to 3
3-6
6 per circuit
• Limit voltage drop to <3% or less
⎯ wire gage
g g
⎯ circuit length
• Check for ground loops
• Check for N-G bonds
General Wiring
Interior:
• Bolt-in circuit
breakers
• Twist-lock
Twist lock
plugs/receptacles
General Wiring
Use proper
connections
Double Nuts and Lockwashers
Star Pattern
General Wiring
Shielded isolation
transformer
or
K-rated transformer
((K-13 or higher)
g )
General Wiring
Harmonic rated
panels
System Grounding
Bentonite is the only
y
recommended
backfill
Be wary of anything
containing
t i i
graphite
Retest System Ground
Retest resistance of grounding electrode
system annually (or more often as
conditions dictate)
dictate).
Use fall
fall-of-potential
of potential
method if possible
Human Failures
People
p make changes
g to the electrical
system all the time
Before I go….
Free Educational Materials
(888) 480-
480 HARMONIC
www.copper.org
Case Histories
Recommendations
Bibliography
CD-ROM
Thanks for your attention.
D id Brender
David B d
db
dbrender@cda.copper.org
d @ d