Institute

Location :

Introduction :

 The building committee held a Nationwide Design Competition in 1846 and selected Renwick's
design by a unanimous vote. A cardboard model of Renwick's winning design survives and is on
display in the Castle. Renwick was assisted by Robert Mills, particularly in the internal
arrangement of the building.
 Initially intended to be built in white marble, then in yellow sandstone, the architect and
building committee finally settled on Seneca Red Sandstone from the Seneca Quarry in
Montgomery County, Maryland. The Redstone was substantially less expensive than granite or
marble, and while initially easy to work, was found to harden to a satisfactory degree on
exposure to the elements.
 Scholarly evidence indicates it is likely that slaves were employed at Seneca in quarrying stone
for the Castle, though no evidence has surfaced that slaves were involved in the actual Castle
construction.

Construction :

 The building committee selected Gilbert Cameron as the general contractor, and construction
began in 1847. The East Wing was completed in 1849 and occupied by Secretary Joseph Henry
and his family.
 The West Wing was completed later the same year.
 A structural collapse in 1850 of partly completed work raised questions of workmanship and
resulted in a change to fireproof construction.

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  The Castle's exterior was completed in 1852; Renwick's work was completed and he withdrew
from further participation. Cameron continued the interior work, which he completed in 1855.
 Despite the upgraded fireproof construction, a fire in 1865 caused extensive damage to the
upper floor of the building, destroying the correspondence of James Smithson, Henry's papers,
two hundred oil paintings of American Indians by John Mix Stanley, the Regent's Room and
the lecture hall, and the contents of the public libraries of Alexandria, Virginia and Beaufort,
South Carolina, confiscated by Union forces during the American Civil War.
 The ensuing renovation was undertaken by local Washington architect Adolf Cluss in 1865-67.
Further fireproofing work ensued in 1883, also by Cluss, who by this time had designed the
neighboring Arts and Industries Building.
 A third and fourth floor were added to the East Wing, and a third floor to the West Wing.
Electric lighting was installed in 1895.
 Around 1900 the wooden floor of the Great Hall was replaced with terrazzo and a Children's
Museum was installed near the south entrance.
 A tunnel connected to the Arts and Industries Building. A general renovation took place in 1968-
70 to install modern electrical systems, elevators and heating, ventilation and air conditioning
systems.
 The Enid A. Haupt Garden was dedicated in 1987, along with the Renwick Gate facing
Independence Avenue, built from Seneca red sandstone retrieved from the demolished D.C. Jail.

Design Features :

 James Renwick designed the Castle as the focal point of a picturesque landscape on the Mall,
using elements from Georg Moller's Denkmäler der deutschen Baukunst (Germany). Renwick
originally intended to detail the building with entirely American sculptural flora in the manner of
Benjamin Henry Latrobe's work at the United States Capital, but the final work used
conventional pattern-book designs.
 The building is completed in the Gothic Revival style with Romanesque motifs and elements
namely Turrets and Arches.
 This style was chosen to evoke the Collegiate Gothic in England and the ideas of knowledge and
wisdom. The facade is built with red sandstone from the Seneca quarry in Seneca, Maryland in
contrast to the granite, marble and yellow sandstone from the other major buildings in
Washington, D.C.

Building Features :

 The building comprises a central section, two extensions or ranges, and two wings. Four towers
contain occupiable space, while five smaller towers are primarily decorative, although some
contain stairs.
 As constructed, the central section contained the main entry and museum space (now the Great
Hall), with a basement beneath and a large lecture room above. Two galleries on the second
floor were used to display artifacts and art. This area is now the Visitor’s Information and
Associates’ Reception area. The East Range contained laboratory space on the first floor and

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 research space on the second. The East Wing contained storage space on the first floor and a
suite of rooms on the second as an apartment for the Secretary of the Smithsonian. This space is
currently used as administrative offices and archives. The West Range was one story and used as
a reading room. The West Wing, known as the chapel, was used as a library. The West Wing and
Range are now used as a quiet room for visitors to go.

 On the exterior, the principal tower on the south side is 91 feet (28 m) high and 37 feet (11 m)
square. On the north side there are two towers, the taller on 145 feet (44 m) tall. A campanile at
the northeast corner is 17 feet (5.2 m) square and 117 feet (36 m) tall.

 The plan allowed for expansion at either end, a major reason for the informal medievally-
inspired design, which would not suffer if asymmetrically developed.

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