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Ekid if aH &; OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yf

Ä Ekid if aH wmfwnfNird af &;? &yf&mG at;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf w&m;Oya'pk;d rd;k a&;
Ä trsK;d om; jyefvnf pnf;vk;H nDñw G af &;
Ä ckid rf monfh zGpUJ nf;ykH tajccHOya'opf jzpfay:vma&;
Ä jzpfay:vmonfh zGpUJ nf;ykH tajccHOya'opfEiS t hf nD acwfrD zGHU NzKd ;wk;d wufaom Ekid if aH wmfopfwpf&yf wnfaqmufa&;

pD;yGm;a&; OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yf

Ä pku d yf sK;d a&;udk tajccHí tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;u@rsm;udv k nf; bufpzHk GHU NzKd ;wd;k wufatmif wnfaqmufa&;
Ä aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;pepf yDjyifpmG jzpfay:vma&;
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Ä Ekid if aH wmfp;D yGm;a&; wpf&yfv;Hk udk zefw;D Edik rf pI rG ;f tm;onf Ekid if aH wmfEiS hf wkid ;f &if;om;jynfow
l \
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vlraI &; OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yf

Ä wpfrsK;d om;vk;H \ pdw"f mwfEiS hf tusiphf m&dwå jrifrh m;a&;
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 rsufESmzHk;aqmif;yg;
Ae[KKMqBa0 mtUveI qa AtwC
Mixed doubles
yDpDwpfvHk;ay:wGif Windows ESifh Linux
wdYk ukd jynfph <kH u,f0apaom pepfrsm;tjzpf toH;k
csEkdifapchJygonf/ rnfodkYrnfyHk taumif;qHk;
enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh pwif toHk;jyKEkdifrnfudk &Sif;
vif;pGm wifjyay;Ekdifygonf/
vGefchJaom ESpftenf;i,ftwGif;uyif
Linux onf Workstation ESifh Server rsm;
twGuf wpfrsdK;wpfbmomtjzpf oHk;Ekdifaom
Operating System taejzifh [efusyefus
tajccsvmchJonf/ xkdYtjyif uGefysLwmuRrf;
usifol Professional users rsm;u vHjk cHK pdwcf s
&pGm urÇmu h eG &f ufBuD;twGi;f 0ifa&muf toH;k jyK
14 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ek0d ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
Ekdifaom Platform wpfcktaejzifh Linux tm;
od em;vnfap&ef wifjyay;chJMuonf/ Micro-
soft operating systems uhJokdYyif Linux sys-
tem onfvnf; vHjk cHKa&; csdKU,Gi;f csuftcsdKUawmh
&Sad umif; &SEd idk yf gonf/ odYk aomf Suse, knoppix,
Red Hat ponfh hackers rsm;twGuf t"du
ypfrSwfrsm; r[kwfonfhtavsmuf virus udk
taotcsm tumtuG,fjyKrI &SdEkdifvdrfhrnf
r[kwfay/
tjcm;wpfzufrS Windows onfvnf;
multimedia rsm; yg0ifaerIaMumifh r&SdvQif
rjzpfaom system wpfct k jzpf wnf&adS echo
J nf/

txl;ojzifh video Editing ESifh DVD au-
thoring vkyfief;rsdK;rsm; jzpf\/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap
½Hk;vkyfief;utp image editing txd Windows
onf avmavmq,f tajctaetxd a&SUwef;rS
OD;aqmifaeEkdifaom tajctae&Sdvsufyifwnf;/ þ
odYk tusKd ;qufrsm;aMumifh Linux rS t&Sed rf nfrQ wuf
vmonfjzpfap Windows onfvnf; tm;&p&m
aumif;aom taetxm; tjynfht0 &Sdaejyefojzifh
professional users awmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf sys-
tems ESpfrsdK;vHk;udk toHk;jyKvsuf&SdMuonf/
xduk o Jh Ykd system ESprf sdK;vH;k txl;jyK&ef &nf&,
olrsm;twGuf uGefysLwm wpfvHk;wnf;jzifh Oper-
ating system ESpfckudk rnfuhJodkY taumif;qHk; enf;
vrf;jzifh toHk;jyKEkdifrnfqkdonfh taMumif;t&mrsm;
udk þaqmif;yg;wGif wifjyay;oGm;rnf jzpf\/
Windows File rsm;onf Linux environment
wpfcw k iG vf nf; aumif;pGm zwf,El idk o f jzifh rnfonfh
jyóemrQ jzpfvmEkdifp&mtaMumif; r&Sday/ Unix-
drived operating system rsm;onf ta&twGuf
rsm;jym;vSaom Windows file formats rSeforQudk
aumif;pGm em;vnfí vkyu f idk af y;Ekid yf gonf/ vdt k yf
vQif Microsoft Office uhJokdYaom Windows ap-
plications rsm;udk Linux atmufwi G f tjynfth 0yif
run ,lEkdif\/ odkYtwGuf wGJzufí ESpfckwif&Sdjcif;
onf jyóemr&Sdygay/
Linux and Windows together
Linux ESihf Windows ESpr
f sKd ;vH;k PC wpfv;kH ay:
wGif twlwuG toHk;csaom enf;vrf; av;? ig;?
ajcmufrsdK; &Sdygonf/ hard disk wpfckwnf;rSmyif
parallel installation vky,f al omenf;onf vlBudKuf
trsm;qHk; jzpf\/ boot manager tm; configur-
ing vkyf,ljcif;rSty tjcm; vkyfief;pOfrsm;onf
vG,fvG,fululjzifhyif jyKvkyfEkdifygonf/ odkY&mwGif
þaqmif&GufrItwGuf rdrd\ PC onf hard disk
space awmh vH k v H k a vmuf a vmuf &S d & ayrnf /
Microsoft Files rsm;twGuf 3 GB rS 4 GB txd
vdktyfonf/ Windows partitions ESifh Files rsm;
&SmazGjcif;twGuf jzpf\/
tckvkyf,lrnfhenf;wGif operating system
ESpfcktm; udk,fykdif partition wpfckpDjzifhxm;&Sd&ef
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ek0d ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
rsufESmzHk;aqmif;yg;
jzpfonf/ Red Hat 9 odYkr[kwf Suse 8 uho J Ydk vuf&dS
xkwaf 0NyD; Linux rsm;onf wnf&NdS yD;jzpfonfh Win-
dows wpfckckwGif boot option ESifhtwl wGJzufxm;
&SdEkdifonf/ Standard installation wpfcktwGuf
partition vkyfrxm;onfhyHkpHrsdK;wGif jzpfap? toHk;
rcs&ao;aom partition wpfckwGifjzpfap 3 GB rS
4 GB txd vGwfaeaom ae&m&Sdae&onf/
G f
tu,fí vHkvHkavmufavmuf ae&m&SdaevQif
installer rS tvdktavsmufqdkovkd Linux twGuf
Sensible partitioning scheme wpfckudk wnf
aqmufay;onf/ uRrf;usifaom Expert user rsm;
jzpfygu installer \ suggestions twdkif; vdktyf
oavmuf partition sizes udk twdtusyif vkyf,l
í&\/ atmifjrifpmG jzifh installation vky,f Nl yD;aemuf
screenshot-1 yHkygtwkdif; rdrdqE´&Sdaom operat-
ing system udk boot time wGif;&Sd menu rS a&G;cs,f
,lEdkifonf/ Linux boot loades onfvnf; boot
option ESifh kernel odkY parameters wkdYudk aocsmpGm
a&G;cs,fay;ygonf/
Optimal partitioning
Windows ESifh Linux udk ESpfrsdK;xnfhí pdwfcs
vufcs vG,fvG,fulul oHk;Ekdifygonf/ odkYaomf
optimal partitioning ac: jynfhpHkvHkavmufaom
partition vkyfxm;zkdYvdkygonf/ partition rnfrQ
15
 rsufESmzHk;aqmif;yg;
cGJ,lrnf/ partition wpfcktwGuf t&G,ftpm;
rnfrQpx D m;rnfukd BudKwif pOf;pm;vkyu f ikd &f ef ta&;
BuD;onf/
tqdkygtajctae tm;vHk;onf rdrd\ secu-
rity requirements tay:rlwnfygonf/ Linux
system directory (root) udk rdrdykdifqkdifaom par-
tition ay:wGif yrmP ñTefjyrIudk ]]^}} jzifh xm;&Sd
aMumif; od&rnf/ okYd ro S m system failure jzpfygu
jyef v nf j yKjyif r I w G i f recovery process ud k
vkyf,lEkdifrnfjzpf\/ Users programs rsm;onf
omreftm;jzifh ^usr ESihf ^opt directories rsm;xJwiG f
xm;avh&Sdonf/ okdYaomf personal files xm;onfh
^home ES i f h temporary Files rsm;rS m rl ^var.
atmufwGif odrf;qnf;xm;wwf\/ omreftm;jzifh
¤if;wkdYonf oD;jcm; partitions rsm;jzifh Folders
rsm; cGJcsxm;&ef rvdktyfay/ oD;jcm; swap parti-
tion rsdK;udk qdkvkdjcif;r[kwfyg/ ¤if;udpo ö nf >cif;
csufxm;&Sd aqmif&Guf,l&onf/ mail virus rsm;
okdYr[kwf spam rsm; ab;&efrS umuG,fvdkvQif rdrd
ykdif partition ay:wGif ^var jzifh jznfhpGufxm;&SdEkdif
\/ tvdktavsmuf aqmif&Gufay;aom automatic
16 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ek0d ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
partitioning wGif root, ^home, ^var ESifh swap
[lí tykdif;tuefYrsm;&Sd&rnfudk rSwf,lxm;NyD; jzpf
onf/ odyfruRrf;usifao;ol beginners ESifh Win-
dows oHk;aeusolrsm;twGuf system partition
( ^) wpfcE k iS hf swap partition wpfcw
k Ydkjzifh vHak vmuf
aom taetxm;&Sdygonf/
rdrtd oH;k jyKaom distribution udk tav;rxm;
bJ rdrdqE´twdkif; vkyfvdkygu Fdisk ESifh cfdisk
uhJokdY free partitioning utilities rsm; Linux wGif
yg0ifonf/ ¤if;wkdYonf powerful rjzpfvSaomfjim;
vnf; graphical interface ryg0ifaomaMumifh vl
opfwef;rsm;twGuf toHk;cs&ef vG,fulaom tools
rsm; r[kwfygay/ users topftrsm;pkonf dis-
tribution trS w f w H q d y f installer wd k i f ; wG i f
griphical partitioning tools ygvmonfukd ydBk udKuf
ESpfoufwwfMu\/ Oyrmtm;jzifh suse \ con-
figuration ESifh installation tool wkdYwGif toHk;jyK&
vG,faom partitioning program wpfck&Sdonf/
Linux udk install rvkyfrD Windows atmufwGif
partitioning vk y f í &ygonf / screen-shot-2
yHkygtwdkif; Powerquest ac: Partition Magic uhJ
okdY commercial ultility wpfckawmh 0,foHk;&yg
vdrfhrnf/
Partitioning using cfdisk
xdyfwef;pm&if;0if Linux partitioning tool
rSm screenshot-3 yHyk gtwdik ;f jrifawGY&onf/ cfdisk
yifjzpfonf/ ¤if;udk cfdisk [laom command ESifh
twl command line rS run ,l&aom utility jzpf\/
wpf c k c sif ; twG u f partitioning information
rsm;ESitfh wl hard dicks rsm;udk y½d*k &rfrS pm&if;wGif
ygonft h wdik ;f detect vky,
f o
l nf/ cfdisk udk key-
board rSmyif tNyD;tpD; xdef;csKyfrI jyKaponf/
cursor ESifh return keys rsm; tultnDjzifh func-
tion cvkwf trsdK;rsdK;udk a&G;cs,f,l&onf/ parti-
tions topfrsm;udk partition jyKvkyfrxm;onfh
hard disk areas rsm;wGijf zpfap toH;k jyKaeaom ex-
isting partitions rsm;udk delete vkyfNyD;jzpfap
tvG,fwulyif zefwD;,lEkdifonf/ toHk;jyKaeaom
existing partitions wpfckonf delete vkyfxm;NyD;
jzpfapvkv
d Qif cursor keys rsm;jzifh toH;k jyK a&G;cs,f
 rsufESmzHk;aqmif;yg;
,lum Delete command udk a&G;cs,fESdyf,l&ay
onf/
partition tqifw
h pfcu
k kd zefw;D ,l&mwGivf nf;
tvm;wl enf;vrf;jzifh zefwD;,l&onf/ xkdae&m
wGifrl Delete [lonfh command tpm; New
[lonfh command udk a&G;cs,f&efom uGmjcm;rI &Sd
onf/ tedrfhqHk;tqifh minimal installation
wpfcktwGuf Linux \ root ESifh swap partition
wpfckpDawmh vdktyfrnfjzpf\/ swap partition
topfwpfck zefwD;,l&ef primary udk a&G;cs,fí
new primary partition [k owfrSwf,l&onf/
swap partition \ t&G,t f pm;rsm;&Ekid af om RAM
yrmPtay:wGif wnfae\/ odkYaomf rnfokdYaom
vkyfaqmifrItwGufrqdk 512 MB xufawmh ydkrvdk
tyfonfrSm aocsmonf/ start sectors rsm;ESifh end
sectors rsm; odkYr[kwf qufET,faeonfh t&G,f
tpm;rsm;udk megabytes jzifh xnfhoGif;jcif;jzifh
tao;pdwf azmfjyMuonf/ pOD;qHk; setting onf
yxr partition twGuf start sector taejzifh tod
trSwfjyKonf/ swap partition twGuf trsdK;tpm;
jzifh Type 82 udk a&G;cs,f,lonf/
xkdenf;jzifhyif Linux root partition udk
zefwD;&mwGif toHk;jyKonf/ wpfzef primary par-
tition wpfcuk kd zefw;D &ef New ESihf Primary [lonfh
option rsm;udk toHk;csxm;\/ t&G,ftpm;yrmP
rSefrSm packages ta&twGuf rnfrQ install vkyf,l

KNOPPIX - THE UNIVERSAL SOLUTION

Linux distribution tm; rdrd hard disk wGif byte &Sd open source jzpfonf/ startap routine NyD;pD;NyD;aemuf
wpfckpmrQyif aep&m rvdktyfonfh function tjynfht0jzifh knoppix onf rdrd PC \ RAM xJwGif temporary parti-
run Ekdif install vkyfEkdif&ef enf;vrf;rsm;wGif Knoppix onf tion wpfck zefw;D xm;&Sr
d t
I ay: operating system jzifh files
taumif;qHk; enf;vrf;wpfck jzpfonf/ tm;vHk;udk generate vkyfEkdifa&;twGuf odrf;qnf;xm;
Linux jzifh vkyu f ikd af qmif&u G rf u
I kd yxrqH;k tawGYtBuHK ay;onf/ þuhJokdYaom udprö sdK;aMumifh rdrdtoHk;jyKaom PC
jzpfaeygu Kiaus Kropper \ Kroppix trnf&Sd mini- wGif RAM-128 MB &Sad eonho f nf[k qk&d jcif;jzpf\/ data
Linux distribution onf xkdufxkdufwefwef toHk;jyKEkdifyg file wpfcka&;&ef rvkdtyfrcsif; hard disk wGif a&;xm;&ef
vdrfhrnf/ Knoppix ISO image \ vuf&Sd version (boot- rvdkonfh oabmjzpfonf/
able CD wpfckudk run ,lEkdifonf ) wpfckonf xxx.
knoppix.net rS download vkyf,lEkdifapygonf/ 700 MB
txdBuD;rm;aom tajctaejzifh Download vkyf,l&rnf
jzpf \ / od k Y & mwG i f rd r d w G i f broadband r&S d v Qif a omf
vnf;aumif;? tMumBuD; download vkycf sed rf &&SEd idk v f Qiaf omf
vnf;aumif; CD wpfcsyfudk a':vm 80 cefYjzifh 0,f,l&yg
vdrfhrnf/ www. linuxemporium.co.uk okdY 0ifa&mufí
online pepfjzifhvnf; 0,f,l&&SdEkdifonf/
Knoppix udk CD ay:rS wkduf½kduf boot vkyfjcif;ESifh
run jcif;wkdYudk jyKvkyf&onf/ hard disk xJwGif toifhr&Sd
aevQif vkyaf qmif&ef taetxm;udk qdv k jdk cif;jzpf\/ Knop-
pix onf ta&;BuD;onfh Linux functions rSeforQwkdYudk
ay;rnfhtjyif hardware support twGuf n§dEdIif;ay;rIudk Knoppix onf hard disk twGif;okdY
vnf; jyKvkyaf y;onf/ tvdt k avsmufqo kd vkd detect vky, f l xnfhoGif;&ef rvdkawmhum CD ay:rS
um boot vkyif ef;pOftm; aESmifah ES;rIr&Sad pum drivers rsm;udk wkduf½dkuf run ,ljcif;onf mini-Linux \
wifay;jcif;jzpf\/ ¤if;wGif jynhfpHkvHkavmufaom Office pyg,f&S,f vkyfaqmifcsufwpfck jzpf\/
suite wpfcy k if yg0ifaeygao;onf/ Openoffice.org trnf

18 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ek0d ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f

 rsufESmzHk;aqmif;yg;
vdok nf[k qH;k jzwfcsuftay: &,lEidk o f nf/ tu,f
í rdrdonf Windows tajccH PC rS ajymif;,laom
vkyfief;pOfjzpfvQif Linux root partition wpfck
wnf;jzifh tvkyf vkyf,lrnfjzpfí default instal-
lation wpfcktwGuf 2 GB rS 3GB txd vdktyf
rnf/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap application BuD;BuD;rm;rm;
wpfcck Ek iS hf multimedia files rsm;pGmudk aeYpOfEiS t
hf rQ
vkyu f ikd f oH;k pGaJ e&vQif partition wpfco
k nf tenf;
qHk; 10 GB awmh&Sdoifhonf/
obm0tavsmuf partition vkyfrxm;onfh
vGwfaeaom hard disk space wpfckvHk;udk toHk;cs
jcif;twGuf option vnf; &Sdaeonf/ rooot par-
tition twGuf partition type 83 udk a&G;cs,f,l
&rnf/ partitioning udpNö yD;onfESifh wpfNydKifeuf
rdrd ajymif;vJrIrsm;twGuf save ESifh apply qdkonfh
functions rsm;udk oHk;&onf/ Linux tm; aemufrS
install vky, f cl o
Jh nhf operating system wpfct
k jzpf
&&SEd idk af &;twGuf partitions rsm;udk txufazmfjyyg
twdkif; vG,fulpGm aqmif&GufEkdifapygonf/
vuf&Sd partitions t&G,ftpm;udk avQmhcs&ef
&Syd gu tcrhJ utility parted (www. rpmseek. com)
okdYr[kwf commercial Windows programe
tajrmuftjrm;xJrS wpfckudk toHk;cs,lonfhyHkpHrsdK;
additional tool &Sdxm;&efvkdtyfygonf/

INSTALLING KNOPPIX ON A HARD DISK

Knoppix udk extra package wpfct k aejzifh tvd&k adS om vkyf,l&ygao;onf/ yxrtaejzifh mail (smail) , SSH
user rsm;twGuf hard disk wpfckay:wGif distribution (Secure shell) ESifh samba tygt0if rnfonfh aemufcH
udk install vkyí
f vnf; xm;&SEd idk yf gonf/ þokYd aqmif&u G &f ef network service jzifh vkyfukdifrnfjzpfaMumif; a&G;cs,f
twGuf CDE rS yif Knoppix udk pwifapum root ESifh azmfjy&onf/ xkdYaemuf Knoppix onf graphical mode
start wkdYtwGuf setup routine udk log on jzpfap&ef knx- okYd r[kwf text jzifh prnft
h aMumif;udk odxm;ap&rnf/ KDE
hdinstall [lí root shell terminal Window wpfckwGif desktop onf graphical mode udk toHk;jyKwwfonf/
½kdufoGif;,l&ygrnf/ ¤if;jzifh installation script udk con-
figuration twdi k ;f aqmif&u
G ,
f El idk yf gonf/ yxrtqifo h nf
knoppix udk install vkyf,lrnfh hard disk udk a&G;cs,f&ef
jzpfonf/
Windows rS rwlnDaom naming scheme wpfckudk
Linux u toHk;jyKonf/
Master hard disk on primary IDE port:hda
Slave hard disk on primary IDE port:hdb
Master hard disk on secondary IDE port:hdc
Slave hard disk on secondary iDE port:hdd.
txufygpm&if;rS toHk;jyK&ef disk udka&G;cs,fNyD;onf
ESifhknoppix cfdisk trnf&Sd partitioning program udk
pwif,lygonf/ ¤if;wkdUonf rnfonfhae&mwGif root rnf
onfhae&mwGif swap partion ,lí configured vkyf,ljcif; Terminal window wpfckrS script tygt0if
jzpf\/ xkYd aemuf tcsdet
f enf;i,fjzifh þodYk hard disk wGif running vkyfí rdrd hard disk twGif;odkY knoppix
OS files installer copies rsm;udk zefwD;xm;&SdNyD; jzpfoGm; ud k install vkyf,lEkdifonf/
ygonf/
tm;vH;k jynfph NkH yDqo
dk nhf tcsed w
f iG f knoppix rnfoYkd run
&rnfukd a&G;cs,fa&;twGuf configuration tenf;i,fawmh

20 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ek0d ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f

 rsufESmzHk;aqmif;yg;
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Linux users rsm;onf partitions rsm;udk ac- aMumif;aMumifh ,ckxd xGufrvmao;ay/
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,lEkdifygonf/ Windows-based utility Explore
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Windows users wkdYonfvnf; Linux ex 2 FS
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Ekdifrnfh hard disk space ESifh Linux partition
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display vkyfay;ygonf/ Linux partition ay:&Sd
data udk access vkyf&ef drag and drop pepfudk
vnf; toHk;csEkdifao;onf/ Explore 2 FS onf
Windows 95 rS Windows XP txd rnfonfh
tvkyu f rkd qdk vGwv
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2 FS installer udk http:// uraners.it. swin.edu.au/
~jn/linux/explore 2 FS.htm rS download Windows under Linux
vkyfEkdifonf/ Linux atmufwGif Windows application
rsm;udk toHk;csvdkolwkdif;onf emulator Wine udk
Windows data under linux arhxm;ír&Ekdifay/ Wine wGif ½IyfaxG;rI complex
Linux jzifh run xm;pOfrSmvnf; Windows tcsdKUESifh tjynfh0ay;aom immature tcsdKU &Sdae
partitions onf tcuftcJr&Sd access vkyfEkdifyg onf[k toHxGufaechJaomfvnf; Wine taejzifh
onf/ Linux udk installation jyKvkyfpOf umv trSew f u,f aqmif&u G v
f yk u
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rsm;udk tvdktavsmuf em;vnf oabmaygufNyD; wkdY\ hard disk wGif Windows udkxm;vkdMuonfh
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Line rSaeí partitions system &Sd data ESihf pro- oH;k vkad omaMumifjh zpf\/ tcsKd Uonf OS t&G,t f pm;
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tavsmuf qdkovkd Fat 16 ESifh Fat 32 partition ay:wGif wdkuf½kduf run ,lEkdifaMumif; screenshot-
rsm; wyfqifxm;NyD;jzpfí desktop icon jzifhvnf; 4 wGif jrifawGUEkdifonf/
vk y f x m;Ek d i f a o;onf / Windows version Wine \tultnDjzifh tvm;wl aqmif&Guf
ta[mif;rsm;rS Windows Me txdESifh Linux wdkY vkyu f ikd rf rI sdK;udk Windows emulator udk us,u f s,f
tMum; File ajymif;a&TUzvS,frIrSm rnfonfh tcuf jyefYjyefY jzefYa0ay;xm;\/ Windows environment
tcJrQ r&SdEkdifygay/ Window XP odkYr[kwf Win- wpfck\ API (Application Programming Inter-
dow NT/2000 wdkYwGif toHk;jyKavh&Sdaom NTFS face) avmufeD;eD; wlnDpGm &&Sdonf/ Wine onf
partition rsm;jzifh data exchange jyKvkyfvQifrl class system rS wpfqifh ac:,l&onfh system
jyóemwufEkdifygonf/ Linux taejzifh tqdkyg rStp ta&;BuD;aom OS functions rSeforQudk
jyóemudk ajz&Sif;ay;Ekdifonfh driver wpfckudk yhHydk;rIjyKxm;onf/ oabmw&m;t& Windows

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ek0d ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f 21

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application wpfckonf Linux atmufwGif run
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jyóem&SdvmvQif Wine rS Windows Libraries
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rsm;rsm;\ installation udk yHkrSefvkyfay;aeNyD; erlem
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rnfokdYyifjzpfap þokdY aqmif&Gufjcif;onf odyf
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toHk;jyK&onf/
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wine/home/<user>/wine/c/program/
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Wine udk toH;k jyK&rnf[k ñTe;f qd& k aomfvnf;
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ay/ version trsdK;rsdK; &Sdaeygao;onf/ vuf&Sd
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Wine package wpfckudk toHk;csum customise
vkyfay;apygonf/ rnfokdYyifqkdap aemufqHk;ay:
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vkyfudkifí ,aeYwkdif r&Ekdifao;ay/ drivers sys-
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ware specific software onf Linux atmufwGif
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ief;pOfrSmvnf; ½dk;½dk;&Sif;&Sif;av; jzpfygonf/ ver-
sion 2.01 onf Office 97, Office 2000, Office
XP ESifh Adobe Photoshop 7 txd Linux atmuf
wGif toHk;jyK&ef aqmif&Gufay;Ekdifonf/
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24 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ek0d ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
toH;k jyK&onf/ setup area \ main window wGif
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Microsoft Word 97, 2000, XP
Microsoft Excel 97, 2000, XP
Microsoft Outlook 97, 2000
Microsoft Powerpoint 97,2000, Xp
Lotus Notes R5
Microsoft Access 2000
Microsoft Vasic 2000
Intuit Quicken 2002
Wine installation
vuf&Sdxkwfa0NyD;onfh Wine wdkif;wGif emu-
lation yg&Sdonfh tpueOD;wGif install vkyfrxm;chJ
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dows wdYk tm; csdwq f uf toH;k jyKEkid af tmif BudK;yrf;aqmif&uG f
ay;aom pepfwpfck jzpfonf/ Lindows onf American
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dows emulator Wine \ tultnDjzifh Windows ESifh
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top designs ESifh Windows uhJodkYaom icon rsm; tygt0if
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26 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ek0d ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
Windows users rsm;twGuf Linux udk tvG,fwul
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"Path" = "/home/user/wine/c'
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"Type" = "cdrom"
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Temporary drive windows applications wpfck run ae&if;

Windows temporary directory onfvnf; jyóemwpfcck k BuHKawGU&vQif rlv Windows DLLs
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apygonf/ Temporary Windows drive rS linux directory odYk ul;ay;um configuration file twGi;f
temporary directory okdY qufoG,frIwpfckudk wGif specify vkyfay;onf/ Library (Wine odkY
t"dyÜm,f zGifhqdkonf/ Configuration file wGif r[kwf native Windows DLLs) \ rnfonfh yHkpH
entry vkyf,lyHkrSm trsdK;tpm;udk toH;k jyK,lrnf [lonfo h abmjzpf\/
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"Path" = "/tmp" tion onf virtual driver ay:wGif dependencies
"Type" = "hd"
account tjzpf ae&m,la&;wGif rnfonfhtcgwGif
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Basic Wine settings Windows application under Wine

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windows jzifh toHk;jyKaprnfudk specify vkyf&ef
wine sections rsm;udk edit vkyf&ygonf/ Real
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"Windows" = "C:/windows"
"System" = "C./Windowssystm"
"Temp" = "E"
"Path" = " C:/windows;C./
windowssystem;e:/;f:/"
"Profile" = "Windows Profiles Ad-
ministrator"
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rsm; jzpfaeapygvdrfhrnf/ orm;½kd;ustwkdif; Wine
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ay;ygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; wpfcgwpf&H taMumif;
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tvkyfvkyfEdkifaom Windows application ta&
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Adobe Acrobat Reader
Adobe photoshop 5.5
Internet Explorer 6
Microsoft Excel Viewer
Microsoft Frontpage Express
Microsoft Powerpoint Viewer
Microsoft Office 2000
Microsoft Wordpad
Nero 5.5x
Win Zip
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ration vkycf surf sm;pGm vky,
f al e&ygonf/ uRr;f usif
olrsm;twGufrl tqkdyg vkyfief;pOfudk tqifajypGm
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aMumif; wifjyvkduf&ygawmhonf/
[Ref: Personal Computer World ,April 20004]

28 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ek0d ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f

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k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ Niuwc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\ 35

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38 k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ Niuwc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\

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k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ Niuwc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\ 39

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tdrfeJY tvkyf&JU ay 500 ywfvnftwGif; bmBudK;rS qufoG,fp&mrvdkbJ tjyeftvSef
qufoG,fEdkifMuawmhr,f/ wpfckawmh&w dS ,f? uGe&f ufqikd &f m Hub wpfv;kH udak wmh
xm;&vdrrhf ,f/ tdrw f iG ;f uGe&f uf qufoG,fa&;qdkif&mypönf;awG[m HomeRF odkYr[kwf
Wi-Fi udk pHxm;NyD; xkwfvkyfMuwmaMumifh toHk;jyK&wm ydkrdkvG,fulvmovdk
pGrf;aqmifEdkif&nfawGvnf; ydkNyD;jrifhrm;vmw,f/ xkwfvkyfolawGu uGefysLwmESpfvHk;
qufoG,fNyD; tifwmeufudk wpfNydKifwnf;oHk;r,fqdk&if wpfem&Dudk a':vm 100 awmif
rusawmhbl;vdkY qdkygw,f/

46 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f

 BudK;rJhacwf BudK;rJhurÇm
txl;aqmif;yg;

udik af qmifaewJh w,fvzD ek ;f

awG[m w,fvDzkef;ouf
oufr[kwfMuawmhbl;/ tdrfrSmoHk;&if tdwfaqmifzkef;
taeeJY owfrSwfxm;wJhvdkif;aMu;udk ay;aqmif&rSm
jzpfNyD; vrf;rSmoHk;&ifawmh rdkbdkif;zke;f taeeJY q,fvl
vmaMu;udk ay;aqmif&rSmjzpfw,f/ Bluetooth BudK;rJh
enf;ynmeJY toHk;jyKEdkifwJh w,fvDzkef;awGvnf;
&Sad o;w,f/ tJ'zD ek ;f awGu a&'D,ekd nf;ynmeJY ESprf sK;d
oH;k Edik w
f ,f/ 'gaMumifh owif;tcsuftvufawGudk
zkef;eJYydkYEdkifovdk tifwmeufvnf; toHk;jyKvdkY&EdkifwJh
zkef;awGjzpfw,f/ zkef;awGrSm pum;ajymcGufawG?
BudK;rJhrdk'rfpepfawG yg0ifwmaMumifh vuf0g;wif
uGefysLwmawGeJY vufqGJuGefysLwmawGudkyg
qufoG,fvmEdkifw,f/

tD;ar;vfudk tcsdefra&G;oHk;EdkifzdkYqw
kd m jyóem
r[kwaf wmhb;l / Compaq iPAQ BlackBerry
udk oHk;EdkifolawGuawmh tNrJwrf; BudK;rJh
uGef&ufqufoG,fa&;udk &&SdEikd w f ,fvYkd qdwk ,f/ um;apmifah e&if;? tpnf;ta0;
xdkifae&if;? vufzuf&nfaomuf&if;? oli,fcsi;f awGeYJ pmzwf&if; tD;ar;vfawGukd
BudKufwht J csdefrSm jyefMunfhEdkifw,f/ ydkYcsifwJhpmawGudk pDvdkY&w,f/ a&SUausmfMunfh
vdkY&w,f/ aemufjyef&pfMunfhvdkY&w,f/ pmjyefvdkY&w,f/ aemufqHk;ay: IBM u
xkwfwJh vufywfem&D WatchPad 1.5 uvnf; txufuazmfjycJhwJh pGrf;aqmif
Edkif&nfawGudk ay;Edkifw,fvdkY qdkw,f/ tJ'Dvufywfem&D[m Bluetooth
enf;ynmudk toHk;jyKxm;wmaMumifh tjcm;uGeyf sLwmawGeYJ vnf; BudK;rJhqufoG,f
Edkifovdk pyDumeJY rdkufu½dkzkef;yg xnfhxm;wmaMumifh toHudkyg ul;Edkif ydkYEdkif
ao;w,f/ vHkNcHKa&;twGuf vufaAGtm½HkcHpepfudk toHk;jyKxm;wmaMumifh
oHk;pGJolawGtwGuf pdwfcs&wJhvHkNcHKrIudk ay;Edkifw,f/

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f 47

BudK;rJhacwf BudK;rJhurÇm
txl;aqmif;yg;

Smart pager vdkYac:wJh acwfay:qufoG,fa&;

ypönf;av;awG[m ao;ao;av;awGjzpfvmovdk
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txJrSmxnhfxm;wJh "mwfcJawGuvnf; oHk;&wm Mum&Snfcv H mw,f/ oH;k pGcJ
taeeJYvnf; oufomNyD; vlBudKufrsm;vmw,f/ 'DaxmifpkESpftwGif;rSm
ta&;ay:owif;awGudk tD;ar;vfuae ydkYEdkifwJhtqifhudka&mufawmhr,fvdkY
ynm&SifawGu arQmfvifhxm;Muw,f/ tjyeftvSefqufoG,fEdkifwJh
ay*smawGuawmh owif;tcsuftvufawGudkvufcHEdkifovdk aemufqHk;ay:
owif;? tm;upm;eJY pawmhaps;awGudk csufcsif;odatmif vkyfay;Edkifw,f/
ay*smawG wpfckeJYwpfckuawmh rwlnDEdkifbl;/ tcsKdUay*smawGqdk&if pawmh
aps;uGufeJY wdkuf½dkufcsdwfqufEdkifwmaMumifh ta&mif;t0,fawGawmif
vkyEf ikd w
f ,fvYkd qdw
k ,f/ av,mOfvufrw S f vSrf;rSmwJhtxd ay*smawGu
pGrf;aqmifay;vmEdkifNyD/

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eJYxkwfvkyfxm;wJh ypönf;wpfrsKd;udk vlawGeJY
rdwfqufay;vdkufw,f/ tJ'Dypönf;av;uawmh
em;Muyfav;yg/ BudK;rJhpepfudk toHk;jyKxm;wJh em;Muyfw,fvzD ek ;f pepfaMumifh
vufuikd fajymp&mrvdkawmhbl;/ BudK;rJhem;MuyfawG[m vuf0g;wifuGefysLwm
awGtjyif vufqGJuGefysLwmawGudkyg qufoG,fvmEdkifw,f/

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vmw,f/ Hot Spot qdkwmtifwmeufudk
trsm;jynfoloHk;Edkifatmif vlpnfum;wJh ae&mawGrSm pDpOfay;xm;wmudk
ac:qdjk cif;jzpfw,f/ Hot Spot udk tcrJh 0oHk;pGJEdkifwmawG&o dS vdk tcay;pepfeYJ
oH;k pG&J wmawGvnf; &SdEdkifw,f/ udk,fhrSm vufqGJuGefysLwm&Sd&if tifwmeufudk
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tjrefEIef;jrifh tifwmeuf qufoG,fvdkY&atmif 0efaqmifrIay;aeMuw,f/ Hot
Spot aygif; 1000 ausmfavmufudk Star-bucks aumfzDqdkifawGeJY North
American pwdk;qdkifBuD;awGrSm xm;ay;xm;NyD; BudK;rJhqufoG,fa&;udk
tjrefqHk;eJY toufomqHk;&&SdEdkifatmif aqmif&Gufay;aeaMumif; od&w,f/
aemufNyD; olwYkd qDrSm acwfpm;aewm wpfck&Sdao;w,f/ a0gacsmhuif;
(warchalking) vdkY olwdkYuawmh ac:Muw,f/ vufqGJ uGefysLwm
oHk;pGJolawG[m [dkw,fBuD;awG&JU{nfhcef;? yef;NcHeJY tjcm;
c&D;oGm;Xmeae&mawGrSm a0gacsmhuif;awGudk &&SdoHk;pGJEdkifMuNyD/ a0gacsmhuif;
qdkwm yHkrSmjyxm;wJhtwdkif; w,fvDzkef;½Hkvdk[mrsKd;av;awGudkac:wm/
w,fvDzkef;qufzdkYawmhr[kwfbl;/ tifwmeufeJY jynfoltaygif; tcrJh
csdwfqufoHk;Edkifatmif pDpOfay;xm;wJh½Hkav;awGyg/

48 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f

BudK;rJhacwf BudK;rJhurÇm
txl;aqmif;yg;
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ukeyf pön;f ydYkoal wG? vufvt
D a&mif;orm;awG
tm;vHk; vuf0g;wifuGefysLwmawGeJY jzpfukefMuNyD/ vkyfief;
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qdkwmawmh ajymzdkYawmif vdkr,frxifbl;/ vlemwif,mOfawGvnf;
yD'DatvdkYac:wJh vuf0g;wif uGeyf sLwmav;awGukd oH;k pGv J m
wmaMumifh aq;½Hkra&mufcifuwnf;u vlem&JU data awGudk
aq;½HkqD vSrf;ydkYay;xm;EdkifNyD/ q&m0efawGeJY olemjyKawGuvnf;
vlem&JUrSwfwrf;udk BudK&xm;wmaMumifh b,fudkydkY&r,f? bmawG
BudKjyifqifxm;&r,f? bmawG pDpOfxm;&r,fqdkwmawGutp
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rSwfyHkwifxm;wJhum;awGudk tvG,fwul ppfaq;EdkifwJhpepfaMumifh
um;eHygwfudk uGefysLwmxJ xnfhay;vdkufwmeJY &mZ0wfaMumif;eJY
uif;ruif; csufcsif;ppfaq;Edik af wmhrmS jzpfw,f/ ukeyf pön;f jzefYjzL;olawG
taeeJY ukefypönf;awG ay:rSmygwJh bm;ukwf (barcode) awGudk
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vkyfaqmifEdkifMuawmhrSm jzpfw,f/

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h ufo, G af &;pepfaMumifh vuf0g;wif
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G Ef ikd rf mS jzpfvYkd data awGukd ydYk Eikd w
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f ,f?
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&if ud, k hf pm;yGaJ y:
u vufqGJ uGef
ysLwmrSm tm;vHk;
t oifh jzpf ae
atmif vrf;uae
vSr;f NyD; pDrvH Ykd &ae
NyD/

50 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f

BudK;rJhacwf BudK;rJhurÇm
txl;aqmif;yg;

udk,fholi,fcsif;u aEG&moDrSm
[m0dkif&DuRef; oGm;NyD;
aea&mifatmufrSm tyef;oGm;ajzaew,f/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm
udk,fu csDum*dkESif;awmxJrSm cdkufcdkufwkefae&w,f/
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vIHcsifovm;/ csufcsif;ydkYcdkif;vdkY&w,f/ udik af ewJqh v
J zf ek ;f
odYk r[kwf yD'aD tav;uae 'pf*spfw,fuifr&meJYqufNyD;
½kyfyHk? "mwfyHkawGtm;vHk;udk
ydkYcdkif;vdkY&aeNyDav/ tD;ar;vf
address av;&SdwmeJY
azmfjycJhwJhvkyfief;awGudk
tm;vHk; tqifajyatmif
vkyfaqmifEdkifw,f/

oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom awmifwuf
orm;awG? avSpD;orm;awG?
av,mOfarmifawG? um;armif;ol awGeJY tjcm;
a&aMumif;vSnfhvnfoGm;vmaeolawG[m GPS
(Global Positioning System) vdkYac:wJh ae&ma'ojy ajryHkawG
ygwJh uGefysLwmav;awGudk udkifaqmifMuw,f/ tJ'D
GPS av;awG[m urÇmudk wpfaeY ESpfBudrfavmufywfaewJh
N*dK[fwk 24 vHk;uwpfqifh urÇmajray:uae tqufrjywf
data awGudk vufcH&&SdaerSmjzpfw,f/ GPS wpfv;kH [m wpfaeYudk
tenf;qHk; N*dK[fwk 3 vHk;uae 12 vHk;txd qufoG,fNyD; yx0D0ifqdkif&m
a'ojyyHkawGudk vufcHjyo &SmazGay;Edkifw,f/ tcsKdU GPS awGrSmqdk&if
tar&duefEdkifiHu NrdKUawG&JU tao;pdwfajryHkudk a&mifpHkazmfjyay;Edkifw,f/
ckqdk GPS &JU vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;awGudk vufudkifuGefysLwmav;awGrSmawmif
&&SdEdkifNyDvdkY od&w,f/ 'Dq,fpkESpfv,favmufa&muf&ifawmh armfawmf,mOf
25 oef;avmufrmS vrf;aMumif;jy GPS awGudkwyfNyD; xkwfvyk Ef ikd v f rd rhf ,fvYkd
ynm&Siaf wGu cefYreS ;f aeMuw,f/

52 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f

 BudK;rJhacwf BudK;rJhurÇm
txl;aqmif;yg;

q&mawGvnf; pmoifcef;
xJrSm tusKd;&Sd xda&mufapa&;
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acwfu pmzwfjyaevdkY&wJhacwfr[kwfbl;qdkwm
q&mwdkif; oabmaygufvmMuNyD/ b,frmS
bm&Sw d ,fqw kd m vrf;ñTefay;vdkuf½HkeJY ausmif;ol
ausmif;om;awGu q&mhxuf ajcvSrf; 100 avmuf
omEdkifw,fqdkwm tm;vHk;jrifvmMuNyD/ uGefysLwm
awG tm;vHk;udkifvmMur,fqdk&if ta0;xdef;
ud&d,mawGeJY ar;cGef;awGar;? tajzawG pdppfEdkifr,f/
uGefysLwmrSmygwJh teDatmufa&mifjcnfud&d,mawG
aMumifh b,fausmif;om;u b,fvdkwkHYjyefEdkifpGrf;
&Sdw,f/ &rSwfb,favmuf tqifhb,favmuf&Sdw,f
qdkwmawGutp csufcsif;wkHYjyefay;EdkifrSmjzpfvdkY
BudK;rJhacwfu ynma&;udk trsm;BuD;
ajymif;vJoGm;apEdkifw,f/

BudK;rJhacwfudk jyefvnfoHk;oyfMunfhjcif;

udk,fhtdwfaxmifxJrSm odkYr[kwf ausmydk;tdwfxJrSm ypönf;ud&d,mav;awGudkaqmif&if; ausmif;oGm; tvkyfoGm;wJh

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qufo, G Ef ikd ½f rkH Qru urÇmBuD;udk tdwfaxmifxJ xnfhxm;Edkifw,fvdkYajym&if b,folurS <um;ajymw,fvdkY
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uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f 53

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uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f 59

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60 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f

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76 k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ Niuwc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\

 k∑n\p¥øtaAeT∑eT∑

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k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ Niuwc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\ 77

 k∑n\p¥øtaAeT∑eT∑

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mg©zc\;”k^;k Aemrikn\Niuc\cMri˙ K¥m\;qa eta. l¨qa;et∑r´> m
pv\.suMNiuc\mOSiut´.
Âk∑yw
\ q¨m¥a; sarc\;ekak\ram˙a Am˙t\
pœnakiu e
Pr˙c\;mep;Niuc\eq;liu≥påp´"
s√\ 209 m˙a ri˙K´.påty\" Simonyi e
paent´. AÂkM‘pent´.
dåepmy\.lv\; “p^;K´.eqaN˙s\k 21 Arak A
Ka;mhutp
\ åB¨;" eSa.Pw
\ e
´ r;
N˙s\Âka miuk\kRiueSa.P\m˙a lup\enK´.“p^; t´.enra eta\l˙n\ e
pac\;l´ps\Piu≥påp´"
kiuy\piuc\kumπ%^ tv\eTac\rn\Siu“p^; enak\SuM;eSa.P\w´ts\Kukiu By\liuet∑;
Rutt
\ rk\”k^; lm\;K´T
∑ k
∑ K
\ p
.´ åty\" q¨≥ ml´Siut´.ATi e
pac\;l´Piu≥påp´" {l¨et∑
kiy
u p
\ c
ui e
\ c∑n≥´ tv\eTac\t.´ kum%
π ^
Ps\på ‘plupK
\ t
.´ '.´ l¨Am¥a;lk\KK
M t
.´ .´ ti;u tk\
ty\" elaelaSy\ psßv\;m¥a; Tut\ mOhalv\; eSa.Pw
\ S
´ t
ui a By\luh
i a
lup\ erac\;K¥Ë;m˙a mhut\eq;påB¨;"
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elaBm”k^;B´ Tin\;qim\;Niuc\t´. rv\m˙n\; em.Ta;“p^; lup\K´.Âkt´.Araet∑på"}
K¥k\n´≥ lup\eSac\m˙a
Ps\påty\" In- BaeÂkac\.eSa.P\w´et∑kiu eta\l˙n\
tentional software li≥u Amv\ep;Ta;på e
pac\;l´ps\Piu≥ liuAp\tal´" BaeÂkac\.

78 k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ Niuwc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\

 k∑n\p¥øtaAeT∑eT∑

eSa.P\w´et∑ha q¨tiu≥r´> ROp\eT∑;mOSiut´. Pv\.tc\;ep;Niuc\qlium¥oi; Word m˙a for- laK´r

. c\ Aqu;M ‘pq¨m¥a;ha q¨t≥ui pRig
u rm\
Ael;K¥in\ eAak\ma˙ p´ ‘pile´ nK¥ine\ tac\m˙ mat et∑kiu AliuAel¥ak\ ‘plup\ep; et∑kui q¨t≥uilK
ui ¥c\t.´ high-level disign
kÁn\eta\t≥ui ha kÁn\eta\t≥ui r>´ pœna tam¥oi; lup\eSac\ep;rmy\" A´d^liu Ps\laeAac\ Pn\t;^ ep;Nic
u e
\ ta.ma˙ Ps\på
rp\et∑kiu ePr˙c\;Niuc\Piu≥ d^eSa.P\w´et∑r´> programming tool kiu Pn\t;^ ep;rm˙a ty\" A´d^ziuc\;ha code line et∑
lupe\ p;Nic
u s
\ m
∑ ;\ Ala;Alaet∑kui Aqu;M K¥ Ps\påty\" ts\qt
^ s\tn\;”k^; er;rtaTk\ flow
Amt\Tt
u P
\ ≥ui stc\Kp
.´ åty\" Simonyi {eSa.P\w´ts\Kuha PowerPoint chart liu puMsMm¥oi;et∑ n´≥ Pn\t^;ep;Niuc\m˙a
r´> yuMÂkv\mOArSiurrc\ d^sin\eKÅmOkiu m˙aliu edit Alupk
\ ui l∑yk
\ ¨sa∑ lup\ Ps\påty\" A´d^ d^zuc
i ;\ m˙ts\Sc\. code
pRiugrm\ts\Kuer;“p^; ePr˙c\;rm˙a Ps\på eSac\Nc
ui r
\ m˙a Ps\påty\}hu Simonyi kiu Pn\t^;ep;Niuc\m˙a Ps\påty\" q¨≥Aliu
ty\" A´d^pRiugrm\kiu programmer k epaK´.påty\" Siuliutaketa. Ael¥ak\ Pn\t;^ Nic
u s
\ m
∑ ;\ n´≥ Pn\t;^ ep;lam˙a
era' user på tky\tm\; Pt\Niuc\ intuitive interface liu≥eKÅt´. Aliu Ps\påty\"
na;lv\Nc
ui r
\ påmy\" A´dl
^ p
ui Rig
u rm\m¥oi;er; Ael¥ak\ Apn\Al˙n\Sk\q∑y\ep;Niuc\ What-you-see-is what you get
“p^; sin\eKÅmOkiu t∑n\;l˙n\rm˙a Ps\ty\" rm˙akiu Siuliuta Ps\påty\" interface mc\enrtaha Kc\b¥a;ry¨Ncui \
Simonyi r´> AePkera By\liul´" Software development m˙a AeKKM påty\Siut´. interface kiu stc\t^T∑c\
Programming tool ts\Kukiu t^T∑c\ pœnarp\ts\Kukiu ePr˙c\;ep;Niuc\Piu≥ ep;q¨ts\eyak\Aenn´≥ Simonyi ha
Pn\t;^ rm˙apåp´" r˙c;\ lc\;rmy\" s∑m;\ eSac\ ’ki;sa;enpåty\" d^zc
ui ;\ pus
M t
M s\Kk
u ui Pn\t;^ lv\; yKusn
i e
\ KÅmONc
˙ .\ y˙√‘\ picr
\ n\ ATik
u \
Nic
u m
\ A
O a; ekac\;rmy\" eS.aP\w´ kiy
u t
\ c
ui \ Niuc\qliu code ts\Kukiulv\; t^T∑c\ep; tn\SuM;l¨ Ps\Niuc\enpåty\" dåepmy\.
k pRiugrm\et∑kiu er;qa;Niuc\rmy\" Niuc\t´. eSa.P\w´Ps\esPiu≥påp´" Simonyi Al∑n\r˙v\l¥a;t´. elYak\l˙m\;rmy\.
Excel m˙a eka\lMet∑kiu AliuAl¥ak\ ’ki;sa;enta" A´dåpåp´" q¨qa eAac\mc\ lm\;ts\Ku Ps\enpåty\" tK¥oi>keta.
mPs\Niuc\påB¨;liu≥ epaenÂkpåty\"
q¨tiu≥lv\; ’ki;sa;enpåty\" q¨tiu≥
eSa.P\w´er;qa;ram˙a r˙v\l¥a; ROp\eT∑;
eqa code m¥a;ki u  AliA
u el¥ka\ Pn\t;^
ep;Niuc\my\. kiuy\sa;‘p model m¥a;kiu
rriP
˙ ≥ui ’ki;sa;enpåty\" AÂkm\;P¥c\;Aa;
Pc\.qa eAac\mc\mO rri˙påeq;ty\"
luM;w meAac\mc\eq;påB¨;"
tK¥oi>klv\; q¨tiu≥m˙a er∑;K¥y\sra
lm\; mmc\eta.påB¨;liu≥lv\; SiuenÂk
påty\" tky\p´ m˙n\påty\" IBM,
Sun Microsoftsystem N˙c.\ AKa;sk\mO
lupc
\ n\;et∑' tk˚ql
ui e
\ t∑ma˙ lv\; ’ki;
sa;enÂkpåty\" Ala;t¨lp
u c
\ n\;et∑p´
Ps\påty\" Programming Alup\et∑
kiu r˙c;\ lc\;s∑an´≥ AliA
u el¥ak\ lupe
\ p;
Niuc\my\. nv\;lm\;et∑kiu ’ki;sa;enÂk
tapå" Simonyi r´> ’ki;pm\;mOASc\T
. i
eta. mri˙Âkeq;påB¨;"
{kÁn\eta\tiu≥ha eSa.P\w´et∑n´≥
\ T∑;t´. pœnarp\
pt\qk\“p^; m¥a;s∑aROpe
et∑kiu ePr˙c\;ep;Niuc\Piu≥ ’ki;sa;enpå
ty\}hu Simonyi r´> mit\eS∑Ps\q¨
Grady Booch k epaK´p . åty\" Si-
monyi tc\pK´.t´. nv\;lm\;Atiuc\;p´ d^

k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ Niuwc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\ 79

 k∑n\p¥øtaAeT∑eT∑

software language k programmer {d^en≥ programming lupc

\ n\;ha eSa.P\w´liuAp\q¨ Ap\N˙Mq¨m¥a;At∑k\
et∑ k i u s√\ ; sa;esm˙ a Ps\ p åty\ " sint
\ c
∑ ;\ t¨;ePa\tl
.´ p
u c
\ n\;r´> Sn\≥k¥c\Bk\ d^eSa.Pw
\ k
´ ui pc\Sc\P≥ui rn\ mPs\Nc
ui p
\ åB¨;"
tky\tm\; code et∑r´> ASc\.m˙ari˙t´. Ps\enpåty\' sint
\ c
∑ ;\ t¨;t´. lupc
\ n\;m˙a qiu≥mhut\ q¨tiu≥ep;liuk\rt´. lup\cn\;n´≥
Aeq;sit\ AK¥k\Alk\et∑kiu Tv\. sine
\ l;ts\pc
∑ r
.\ Pi≥u ra em”k^; Am¥a;”k^;kiu pt\qk\t´. {Aqipva} AepÅm˙a
s√\;sa;sramliuB´ eSa.P\w´ts\Kuha t¨;S∑Py\Tut\rpåty\" Program- By\ l i u tu M ≥ pn\ l amy\ S u i t aetac\
Baet∑lup\qc\.ql´' Baet∑kiu lup\r ming lup\cn\;m˙aeta. tn\Piu;ri˙t´.Ara na;lv\Nc
ui e\ ta.ma˙ mhutp
\ åB¨;" ttiy
ml´ Siutakiu s√\;sa;rm˙a Ps\påty\" rv\m˙n\;K¥k\k stc\rpåty\" “p^;m˙ AK¥k\k k∑np
\ ¥øtak VWnÂ\ ka;K¥k\m¥a;
eSa. P \ w ´ t s\ K u h a Java, C++ dåel;kiu em”k^;Tuliu≥ epaNiuc\t´. kiu m˙n\kn\s∑a lup\eSac\ep;Niuc\Piu≥rn\m˙a
qiu≥mhut\ AKa;ts\KuKuPc\. er;qa;Ta; m¥a;pa;l˙t´. data et∑ Tv\.rpåty\} eSa.Pw
\ e´ r;qa;q¨ pRig
u rm\maet∑k code
qv\Ps\es lup\eSac\ep;my\. eSa.P\w´ Simonyi r´> Amc\ma˙ eta. soft- et∑kiu tik¥s∑aer;rm˙a Ps\påty\"
ts\Ku Ps\laeAac\ s√\;sa;rm˙a Ps\på ware developer li≥u eKÅt´. eSa.Pw
\ e
´ r; eSa.Pw
\ k
´ m
u %
π m
^ ¥a;k q¨t≥uir>´ ‘picB
\ k\m¥a;
ty\" “p^;K´e. qa d^zc\Balketa. IBM qa;q¨et∑ha meAac\mc\Nc
u i e\ sPi≥u kMÂkmµa Tk\ By\elak\ Arv\Aeq∑;qa
k ec∑ ts\B^l^yM Akun\Ak¥KM“p^; k qt\mt
˙ \ep;Ta;“p^; Ps\enpåty\" ty\liu≥ epaenpåes bug-free pro-
rational software s√\;sa;ep;Niuc\eqa BaPs\l≥uilS
´ eui ta. q¨t≥uiha ts\‘picn
\ k\ gramming eKÅ wc\erak\eN˙ac\.y˙k\mO
eSa.P\w´ts\Kukiu rri˙Piu≥ ’ki;sa;K´.påty\" tv\; Alup\quM;Kukiu lup\rm˙a Ps\enliu≥ kc\;Nic
u t
\ .´ eSa.Pw
\ m
´ riN
˙ c
ui e\ q;t´. AK¥k\k
IBM Sit u a Booch N˙c.\ Aepåc\;Aqc\; påp´" A´dA
^ T´k Alupt
\ s\Kq
u a q¨t≥ui n≥´ rie
˙ npåty\" Bali≥u lS
´ e
ui ta. kÁn\eta\
tiu≥  suepåc\;“p^; unified modeling lan- qc\.eta\enpåty\" lup\Niuc\m˙a Ps\på ti≥u ha sk\mhutt
\ A
.´ t∑k\ Ps\påty\"
guage kiu t^T∑cK \ ´.t.e
´ nra Ps\påty\" ty\" pTmË;Su;M q¨t≥ui ha eSa.Pw
\ ´ sk\kui mtik¥Nic
u e\ q;tapåp´" Carnegie
{kÁn\eta\tiu≥ Alup\lup\t´.enram˙a liA
u p\qe
¨ t∑r>´ Am´tm\; ROpe
\ T∑;entt\ Mellon University k el.laSn\;ss\
laÂkv\.my\Siurc\……} Booch k t´. {liuAp\K¥k\}kiuna;lv\Ta;Piu≥ liupå K¥k\Ar pRig
u rm\mam¥a;ha code lic
u ;\ er
ePlapåty\" k∑np
\ ¥øtam¥a;r´> s∑m;\ Aa; ty\" eSa.Pw
\ l
´ A
ui p\qe¨ t∑keta. AamKM 1,000 m˙a m˙a;y∑c\;mO 100 m˙ 150 ATi
piuekac\;m∑n\laest´. nano-scale mi- lupc
\ n\; kÁm\;k¥c\qm
¨ ¥a; sarc\;kic
u m
\ ¥a;' ri˙ty\liu≥ SiuTa;påty\"
croprocessor lih
u am¥oi;kiu eTak\p“p^; elya√\puMsMer;S´∑q¨m¥a; sqPc\. Ps\på Simonyi k d^”k^;el;t´. tawn\
nv\;pva tiu;tk\mOkiu kiu;ka;epaSiu ty\" q¨t≥ui At∑k\ eSa.Pw
\ e
´ t∑ er;ep; et∑ken pRig
u rm\maet∑ l∑tq
\ a∑ ;esK¥c\
enKc\; Ps\påty\" A´dp
^ sßv;\ et∑At∑k\ rtapå" liA
u p\qe
¨ t∑k N˙se
\ påc\;m¥a;s∑a tapå" AT¨;qPc\.keta. ttiy
Tierak\t.´ eSa.Pw
\ ´ er;qa;t´. nv\;lm\; sueSac\;laK´.t´. {Aqipva}et∑kiu AK¥k\Ps\t.´ lines of code er;qa;rt´.
˙i m
qa r˙aeP∑et∑≥rK .´ y\Sr
ui c\ ASu;M qt\Sui eSa.P\w´er;qa;q¨k pTmË;s∑a rri˙ tawn\n≥´ pTmË;Su;M AK¥k\Ps\t.´ eSa.Pw
\ ´
tam¥oi; riN
˙ c
ui e
\ ta.ma˙ mhutp
\ åB¨;' A´lm
ui ¥oi; na;lv\Ta;Piu≥ ’ki;sa;rpåty\" lup\kiu liA
u p\qt
¨ ≥ui r>´ lupc
\ n\;qBawkiu qikÁm\;
AeKAenet∑kui Kc\b¥a;ti≥u et∑≥la mc\ lup\rmy\.Ara Ps\enpåty\" A´d^ esrn\ el.lart´A
. lupt
\ awn\et∑ken
larm˙a Ps\påty\} ts\nv\;Aa;Pc\. Alup\ha luM;wmPs\Niuc\B¨;Siut´. Alup\ l∑te\ mak\P≥ui nv\;lm\; r˙aesK¥c\tapåp´"
\ e´ t∑ha hardware et∑
eparrc\ eSa.Pw mhut\rc\etac\ AeqAK¥a As∑m\;kun\ Simonyik programming lup\ram˙a
n´≥ Am^liuk\enPiu≥ liuAp\påty\" yen≥ AquM;‘pNiuc\my\eta. mhut\påB¨;" pitn
u ;\ et∑p¥Mwq
´ liu ts^sn
^ ≥´ hip
u ¥M d^p¥Mlp
u r
\
kÁn\eta\tiu≥ er;entaet∑k mm^eq; duty
i AK¥k\keta. eSa.Pw
\ l
´ A
ui p\ t´. Alupe
\ t∑kui AliA
u el¥ak\lp
u N
\ c
ui P
\ ≥ui
påB¨;" q¨m¥a;kiu eSa.Pw
\ e
´ r;qa;q¨m¥a;k k∑n\ ’ki;sa;r˙aeP∑rm˙aApc\ AamKMlup\cn\;
p¥øtakna;lv\Nc
ui s ∑ ;\ eqa interface,
\ m kÁm\;k¥c\qm
¨ ¥a;' sarc\;kic
u m
\ ¥a;' elya√\
Unburying Intention algorithms m¥a;APs\ epac\;l´ep;rpå d^zc
ui ;\ er;S´q
∑ ¨ m¥a;k &c\;ti≥u k &c\;ti≥u r>´
my\" Simonyi k A´dl ^ p
u c
\ n\;kiu eSa.Pw
\ ´ lupc
\ n\;n´≥  pt\qk\t.´ AeÂkac\;Araet∑
Code et∑kiu By\liu Pn\t^;ql´'
er;qa;q¨m¥a;r´> pTmË;Su;M Alupt
\ s\Ku kiu ep;Ap\Ta;t´. Aqipva Att\pva
Design et∑n≥´ t¨påqla;" pTmSu;M
liu≥ ROmc\Ta;påty\" dåepmy\. yen≥ et∑kui ePa\pep;t´. programming
Simonyi k epapåty\" yen≥ er;qa;
AKåm˙aeta. d^lp
u c
\ n\;kiu Aa;nv\;s∑an´≥p´ interface ts\Ku t^T∑ce\ p;Piu≥kiu ’ki;sa;
Aqu;M ‘pent´. programming lupc
\ n\;et∑
lup\eSac\enÂktakiup´ et∑≥mc\enrpå entapå" dåm˙qa A´d^l¨et∑k mimitiu≥
m˙a Baet∑ liuAp\ K¥oi>y∑c\;eneq;ql´"
ty\" eSa.Pw
\ e
´ r;qa;q¨ ts\eyak\k lup\cn\;m˙a liuAp\eneq;rc\ m˙a;y∑c\;en
na;lv\Ta;rm˙a Ps\påty\"
eSa.P\w´ts\Kukiu er;qa;“p^;t´.AKåm˙a eq;rc\ pc\Sc\quM;s´∑liu≥ rNiuc\q∑a;m˙a

80 k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ Niuwc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\

 k∑n\p¥øtaAeT∑eT∑

Ps\påty\" pRiugrm\mar´> Ak¨Av^kiu kc\;sc\esrmy\' lk\mA

O tt\ kÁm\;k¥c\ At∑k\ ’ki;sa;Âkram˙a
Ps\epÅlat´.
ry¨Piu≥mliuB´ mimitiu≥r´> kÁm\;k¥c\mOkiu q¨kui lupK
\ c
ui ;\ rc\etac\ Kc\b¥a; liA
u p\t.´ language ts\Ku
Ps\påty\" A´dåkiu
Aqu;M K¥Nic
u P
\ ≥ui p´
Ps\påty\" pRig
u rm\mam¥a; tik¥mOna;kiu erak\lam˙a mhutp
\ åB¨;" lv\; open software Aqiuc\;Awiuc\;k
klv\; q¨tiu≥n´≥ mqk\Siuc\t´. d^tawn\ d^ blade et∑kiu tik¥s∑a lup\Niuc\Piu≥ sk\ en IBM r´>Ë;eSac\mOn´≥ Speech Man-
et∑k l∑t\kc\;q∑a;“p^Siutan´≥ ts\‘pic\ et∑kiu Kc\b¥a;k t^T∑c\Piu≥ liuAp\lapå agement Group AP´≥∑ wc\m¥a;k ti;u tk\
nk\ q¨t≥uiAt∑k\ q^;
Ka;el.k¥c\e. p;Ta; ty\" d^ll
ui p
u t
\
.´ Ps\s√\Tm
´ a˙ l¨et∑era eAac\ ’ki;sa;enÂkpåty\" UML
t´. lup\cn\;AepÅm˙a AaRuMs¨;siuk\lup\Niuc\ påwc\laqla;' hutt
\ y\' påpåty\" ha diagram puMm¥a;kiu Pn\t^;ep;t´.
m˙a
Ps\påty\" q¨tiu≥ AaRuMs¨;siuk\ lup\ sk\kiu tv\eSak\Pu≥i {l¨} liuAp\på system ts\Kqu a
Ps\påty\" mn\eng¥a
eSac\rmy\. q¨tiu≥r´> ADiklup\cn\;k ty\" Tin;\ qim;\ Pi≥u sk\kui kic
u t
\ y
∑ ‘\ p
pc\ m¥a;At∑k\ rv\r∑y\ Pn\t^;Ta;tapå"
program design p´
Ps\påty\" ep;Piu≥ liuAp\påty\" sk\et∑kera Programmer m¥a;k Java qi≥u mhut\
{tky\tm\; em;rmy\. em;K∑n\;k mm˙a;y∑c\;Niuc\B¨;la;" mp¥k\Niuc\eta.B¨; C++ language m¥a;
Pc\. code m¥a;kiu
d^eSa.P\w´et∑n´≥ kÁn\eta\tiu≥k Balup\ la;" AeqAK¥apåp´" p¥k\påty\" mer;qa;m^ mimt
i ≥ui d^ zic
u ;\ m¥a;qv\ eSa.Pw
\ ´
K¥c\tal´' Balup\K¥c\liu≥ ’ki;sa;enÂk eÂkak\sraekac\;eAac\kui p¥k\tt\på liuAp\q¨m¥a;f liuK¥c\eqa liuAp\K¥k\
tal´} Siut´. em;K∑n\;påp´hu Simonyi ty\" dåepmy\. Kc\b¥a;k p¥k\takiu m¥a;N˙c.\ kik
u v
\ m
^ O rim
˙ ri˙ qiesrn\ Âkv\R
. N
O c
ui \
k e
papåty\" {qiu≥m˙qa By\liu qiNc
ui t
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pn\
pc\Nc
ui p
\ åty\" A´lp
ui åp´" esrn\
Ps\påty\"
rv\ry
∑ K
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ui v\; lupN
\ c
ui p
\ åty\" l¨et∑ Simonyi r´> RO
mc\K¥k\N˙c.\ q¨f
AaRus
M ;¨ sik
u e
\ srmy\' kÁn\eta\t≥ui qila k TisramliupåB¨;" l¨kTiliuk\rc\ ku m π % ^ k i u stc\ tv\ e Sak\ r t´ .
my\' k¥n\;maer;At∑k\ sns\ts\Kukiu bug et∑ wc\q∑a;pålim\.my\" l¨et∑ Ba AeÂkac\;k d^liupå" Model m¥a;r´> puM
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˙ ;\
qk\t´.
pœnarp\et∑ By\liue
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my\" A´dået∑kiu pt\qk\e
Pr˙c\;ep;r ha Ban´≥t¨enml´" By\lup
i Mq
u ¤an\ ts\qa;tv\;
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u ≥´ p´ t¨enpålim.\ ep;Pi≥u p´
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lm\;et∑k d^
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Ps\l≥ui lS
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Pr˙c\;Piu≥ qk\“p^; Âkv\R
. p
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\ Sac\K¥k\ Piu≥ ’ki;pm\;enpåty\" A´d^ tools k
AK∑n\UpedAqs\ts\Kuklv\;
p™an\; ’ki;pm\;K¥k\T´m˙a påwc\enpå“p^t´." ”k^; line epåc\; 2 qn\;m˙ 3 qn\;påwc\t´.
lik ui åeta.' A´d^ma˙ Simonyi k
u “\ p^Sp ma;t´. software project r´> Bk\s Mu  tv\ ”k^;ma;t´. system ts\Kk
u ui Pt\Nc
ui m
\ a˙ på"
eTak\
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u v\; na;lv\
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p“p^; edit tion eKÅ k¥y\
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paK´.påty\"
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u s
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u m
\ y\. nv\;lm\;m¥a;kiu r˙aÂkM Jackpot li≥u code name ep;Ta;t´.
lupl
\ ≥ui rpåty\' pRig
u rm\makiu
pn\eKÅen enpåty\" d^ project ha Asp¥oi;Kåsp´ ri˙påeq;
sra mlieu ta.B;¨ " Generator ha {Ae
KKMAa;
Pc\.eta. eSa.P\w´ts\Ku ty\" eq;eq;cy\cy\el;p´ ri˙påeq;
computer NOn\;Atiuc\;p´ l¨qa;tiu≥Tk\ kiu er;rtaha Al∑n\ROp\eT∑;l˙t´. ty\" Sun r´> Tut\lup\my\. psßv\;
ASepåc\; B^l ^ yMn≥´ lupq
\ a∑ ;Nic
u p
\ åty\"
pœnarp\kiu kiuc\t∑y\rtapå" AKu sarc\;T´ pårit
˙ A
.´ Sc\T
. i merak\eq;på
tik¥mOklv\; d^Nn
O ;\ Atic
u ;\ påp´" Kc\b¥a; eta. pij
u qa Ae
KAenk Si;u wå;laen B¨;" dåepmy\. Booch N˙c\. Simonyi
r´> ‘p
pc\ e
pac\;l´mOkiulv\; rNiuc\på påty\" Application ts\Kukiu er;en tiu≥ N˙s\eyak\keta. sit\Aa;Tk\qn\
ty\"} k¥Atiuc\; er;rrc\ code line epåc\; enÂkpåty\" BaeÂkac\.l´Siueta.
qn\;K¥^“p^; er;enrpåty\" A´lui er;Pi≥u nv\;pvalup\cn\;kiu modelling k

86 k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ Niuwc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\

 k∑n\p¥øtaAeT∑eT∑

ha pi“u p^;ADipaπ y\r'˙i
Ps\Nc

ui e\
Krit
˙ .´ At∑k\
p´
Ps\påty\" l¨et∑k qn\;epåc\;
m¥a;s∑aeqa Aram¥a;kiu lk\n´≥ ‘plup\
entaTk\sarc\ AKukisßk piu“p^;Am˙a;
nv\;Nic
u p\ åty\" l¨k m˙a;tt\påty\"
Am˙a;el;ts\Ku ”k^;ma;t´A
. ra”k^;ts\Ku
lu;M kiu p¥k\s;^ q∑a;esNic
u p
\ åty\" eSa.Pw
\ ´
n´≥ pt\qk\“p^; kÁn\eta\tiu≥ ’ki;sa;
lup\eSac\t´.Arak A´dåpåp´" Atik¥
SuM; e
paSiuNiuc\påty\" {eSa.Pw
\ ´ha
qip\kiu ‘p
pc\e
pac\;l´liu≥ l∑y\påty\"
dåepmy\. ep;lamy\. rld\keta.
”k^;ma;påty\" yen≥ Am¥a;lk\KT
M a;
t´. tiu;tk\mOSiuta enac\ts\K¥in\m˙a
t∑n;\ Aa;ep;en“p^
Ps\ent´A
. t∑ke
\ Âkac\. guage kiu ’ki;sa;rn\ sit\Aa;
pc\;Tn\ kÁn\eta\tiu≥ rri˙lamy\.han´≥ NOic\;y˙√\

påp´" en
Kc\;' Sun kumπ%^r´> sit\wc\tsa;ri˙mO Âkv\.liuk\rc\ Bam˙ mhut\eta.påB¨;}

By\AK¥in\' By\kalm˙a ROp\eT∑; sqv\tiu≥qa d^kisßm˙a ”k^;T∑a;laent´. hu Simonyi k e
papåty\" “p^; q¨

t´. code et∑kui model m¥a;ken lup\ Asiuc\AK´ts\Ku
Ps\eÂkac\; rv\VWn\;la k {moore r´> Upedqn´≥ pt\qk\“p^;

ep;r˙c\;ep;Niuc\m˙al´" Intentional soft- enpåty\" hardware qma;et∑ lup\NiucK

\ .t
´ aet∑

ware k AKuAK¥in\ma˙ Tut\lp

u \erac\;K¥ sin\eKÅmOk ”k^;ma;l˙påty\" qiu≥ kiu Âkv\p
. å" AKu eSa.Pw
\ e´ t∑r>´ Al˙vk
.\ ui

Nic
u
\ Kc\; mrie
˙ q;eqa\lv\; titk
i ¥k¥pc\ eqa\lv\; eAac\
mc\mOkiu rri˙Niuc\m˙ak erak\lapå“p^}

eÂkvaenpå“p^" Rational kiu IBM eta. er˙ac\ml´e

∑ ta.påB¨;" BaeÂkac\l
. ´ Ë;m¥oi; (Aiuc\t^ An\;tit\)
k  wy\
Kc\;' Unified Modeling Lan- Siueta. q¨t≥ui y¨SK¥k\ m˙n;\ SK¥k\m¥a;

88 k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ Niuwc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\

 k∑n\p¥øtaAeT∑eT∑

ˆa%\rv\tum˙qv\ z^wkmµ
Ps\s√\tuqiu≥

The Ultimate goal for program- em.Ta;liuk\påty\" Bugs Sit

u .´ pi;u mWa; Ë;eSac\ quetqn‘penq¨m¥a;kiuqa
ming: Software that heals itselt. et∑k z^wkmµ
Ps\s√\m˙a biological e
pac\;l´esK´t
. a
Ps\påty\" tk˚ql
ui \
Sy\sN
u s
˙ e
\ påc\;m¥a;s∑apc\ k∑np
\ ¥øta system AK¥in\m˙n\ laerak\eN˙ac\.y˙k\ Am¥a;m˙a el.lamOe
pac\;l´qliu psßv\;
Aa; ts\enratv\;t∑c\ susv\;Ta; el. ri˙qliup´ eSa.P\w´et∑m˙alv\; wc\ Tut\lup\erac\;K¥q¨m¥a;klv\; e
pac\;
eqa Aqiˆa%\”k^; centralisted in- erak\eN˙ac\.y˙k\tt\påty\" d^eta. l´laK´p
. åty\" IBM N˙c.\ Oracle
telligences A
Ps\ qt\m˙tT
\ a;K´.på bugs et∑r´>rn\k kc\;ew;Piu≥ eSa.P\w´ kumπ%^N˙s\KusluM;k psßv\;Aqs\m¥a;
ty\" sM‘pTa;taketa. l¨qa;tiu≥r´> et∑kl
ui v\; eSac\rk
∑ e
\ p;rn\ liA
u p\la Tut\lup\lapåty\" Web servers
Ë;eN˙ak\pma
Ps\påty\" qiu≥epmy\. påty\" enak\“p^; z^wkmµ
Ps\s√\m˙ari˙t´. liuham¥oi;A
pc\ database program
mÂkaeq;m^k quetq^Am¥a;k ts\m¥oi; gu%\qt†iet∑lv\; ri˙Piu≥ liuAp\påty\" Aqs\m¥a;lv\; Tut\lup\lapåty\"
e
palaÂk
pn\påty\" tc\sa;e
paSiumO Reduntency N˙c\. regeneration Siut´. A´d^ database program Aqs\kui self-
kiu e
pac\;l´ e
paSiulaK´.Âkpåty\" eqSuM;
Kc\;N˙c\.
pn\lv\em∑;P∑a;
Kc\;tiu≥p´ healing li≥u eKÅt∑cp\ åty\" d^ska;lu;M
Artificial intelligence m˙qv\ Arti-
Ps\påty\" påwc\t´.Apiuc\;el;et∑ha ha bioligical organism m˙a Aqu;M ‘pt´.
ficial biology qi≥u e
pac\;l´e
paSiÂu kq¨ ts\Kl
u ;Mu kiu (KNÎakiy
u ”\ k^;) mTiKk
ui e
\ sB´ ska;luM;p´
Ps\påty\" qBawken
et∑ ts\en≥t
Ka; m¥a;
pa;lapåty\" eqNiuc\s∑m\;ri˙rpåmy\" Anakiu k¥k\esty\" kuqep;ty\l≥ui
Bug-free eSa.P\w´et∑ AeÂkac\;kiu d^ e
pac\;l´q∑a;t´. Ay¨ASha ADipπay\rpåty\" q¨≥AliuAel¥ak\
kuqep;ty\liu≥ Siuliutapå" 2001
KuNs
˙ \ IBM r´> Ë;s^;ts\Ë;
Ps\t´. Paul
Horn k White paper Siut.´ satm\;
ts\esac\ er;K´.påty\" l¨Am¥a;k
lv\; Pt\ROK´.påty\" q¨k A´dm
^ ˙a
autonomic computing Siut´. Aet∑;
AeKÅts\ K u k i u tc\
pTa;påty\ "
quetqn‘penq¨Aa;luM;kiulv\; Pit\
eKÅTa;påty\" System ts\Kum˙a

pœnaet∑ AKk\AK´et∑kiu ’kitc\
t∑k\SNiuc\“p^;
pn\lv\kuqep;Niuc\t´.
system desing ts\Ku r˙aeP∑Pn\t;^ Piu≥p´

Ps\påty\"
Autonomic computing r´> ADik
AK¥k\keta. network et∑' compu-
ter system et∑kiu AKulk\ri˙Aa;
Pc\.
l¨qa;tiu≥r´> Aqiˆa%\N˙c\. l¨et∑påwc\mO
li u A p\ e nreqa Aram¥a;ki u Ali u
Ael¥ak\ lv\pt\es“p^; p¥k\q∑a;lYc\

pn\lv\
pc\Sc\ep;Nic
u s
\ m
∑ ;\ mOet∑ Tv\e
. p;
rn\pc\
Ps\påty\" Upma server et∑
ha rMPn\rMKåSiuqliu eK¥aem∑≥s∑a Alup\
lup\Niuc\rn\ reboot lup\ep;rqlium¥oi;
kisßet∑
Ps\påty\" d^liu Ba
Ps\liu≥

90 k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ Niuwc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\

 k∑n\p¥øtaAeT∑eT∑

Ps\rtt\ql´Siueta. eSa.P\w´et∑ha david Evans k SiuK´.påty\" q¨ k ’kitc\m˙n\;SNiuc\“p^;
pc\Sc\Piu≥rn\ AÂkM

bug et∑r>´ eN˙ac\y
. k
˙ m
\ e
O Âkac\. memory lv\; z^wkmµ
Ps\s√\ Aet∑;påt´. pro- ep;lapålim.m
\ y\" dåepmy\. d^ nv\;m˙a
leaks m˙t\ˆa%\t∑c\ yiuPit\mOm¥a;
Ps\es gramming method enak\kiu liuk\en lv\; programmer et∑k
Ps\Niuc\t´.
eqaeÂkac\.
Ps\påty\" d^kisßkiu IBM t´l
. t
¨ s\Ë;
Ps\påty\" {dåha
pœna
pœnarp\et∑kiu ’kitc\Kn\≥m˙n\;Ta;Piu≥
m˙ Steve White k e
paK´.påty\" rp\m¥a;kiu K¥√\;kp\te
.´ nram˙a lu;M wk´
∑ pa; liuAp\påty\" enak\ d^
pœnaet∑
q¨ha IBM m˙a autonomic comput-
Ka;na;t´. nv\;ts\nv\;
Ps\påty\}
Ps\mlaeAac\ kak∑y\ep;Ta;my\.
ing quetqnlup\cn\;m˙a Ë;eSac\enq¨ Evans k eTak\
pK´p. åty\" yen≥ code et∑kui Pn\t;^ er;qa;Ta;rpåmy\"

Ps\påty\" {pRig
u rm\ts\Kh
u a lv\pt\ pRi u g rm\ e t∑ er;t´ . n v\ ; k {m¥√\ ;
Ps\epÅlamy\. eSa.Pw
\ t
´ s\KT
u k
´ A
ps\
Piu≥At∑k\ memory et∑kiu piuj piuj eÂkac\;nv\;} (linear)
Ps\påty\" AnaASaet∑kui Dr.Frankensttein
AquM;‘ppåty\' dåeÂkac\. enak\SuM; ts\eÂkac\;“p^;m˙ ts\eÂkac\; er;rpå k q¨≥r´> l¨eqkiu Aqk\
pn\q∑c\;Ta;
eta. tuM≥kn´ rp\q∑a;påty\'
pn\“p^; ty\" “p^;eta. enak\ts\eÂkac\;k t´. l¨wc\sa;AeÂkac\; ’kitc\Kn\≥m˙n\;
pRiugrm\kiu src\eta.
pn\“p^; Alup\lup\ “p^;K´.t´.AeÂkac\;epÅm˙a m˙^ tv\enpå lu p \ e Sac\ T a;qli u lu p \ e Sac\ r m˙ a

pn\påty\}hu q¨ pc\ e
paK´p
. åeq; ty\" ty\" Anv\;n´≥Am¥a; bug et∑k PRiu
Ps\påty\"
elaelaSy\kalm˙eta. k∑n\p¥øta Pr´
Ps\eAac\ wc\erak\eN˙ac\.y˙k\la l¨ KNÎakiuy\k´.qiu≥ eragåpiu;wc\la
m¥a;k mimitiu≥ et∑≥’kMrt´.
pœnam¥a; lim\.my\l≥ui lv\; AamKMTa;enpåty\" lYc\ qBawAel¥ak\ tiuk\P¥k\Tut\
kiu mimikiuy\tiuc\p´ na;lv\Piu≥ liuAp\ z^wkmµ
Ps\s√\m˙alv\;
Ps\p¥k\
Ps\s√\n´≥ ps\tt\t´. qBawAtiuc\; kÁn\eta\tiu≥
enpåty\" System m¥a;kiu reboot qa r˙c\qn\enpåty\" p¥k\mOts\Kumri˙ ha eSa.Pw
\ t
´ s\Kk
u ui ’kitc\et∑;STa;

pn\lup\ep;rpåmy\" {qiu≥rat∑c\ auto- lYc\ qk\rc
˙ m
\ h
O a m
Ps\Nc
ui p
\ åB¨;' tawn\ mO mri˙B´
Ps\epÅlamy\. AKk\AK´
mic computing
Ps\epÅlaK´.“p^Siurc\ ts\Kuha mTm\;eSac\Niuc\K´.rc\ k¥n\t´.
pœnarp\et∑kiu ePa\Tut\
pc\Sc\ep;
eta. l∑y\k¨s∑a
Pc\. q¨≥AliuAel¥ak\ Asit\Apiuc\;et∑halv\; p¥k\s^;rta Niuc\my\. eSa.P\w´rri˙Piu≥ By\elak\m¥a;
pc\ reboot lup\q∑a;m˙a
Ps\påty\}hu påp´" dåeÂkac\. sit\K¥rt´. eSa.P\w´ n^;kp\enpå“p^l´"
Sk\e
paK´.påty\" ts\Kuha q^;
Ka;ts\Kus^  rp\tv\Niuc\t´. {kÁn\eta\lup\eSac\Âkv\.' ’ki;sa;
Anagt\kalm˙aeta. d^zw
^ kmµ
Ps\ Apiuc\;et∑ påwc\Piu≥ liupåty\" dåm˙qa Âkv\.Piu≥ S´∑eSac\Aa;ekac\;l˙epmy\.
s√\Siut´. ska;tn\Sa”k^; ”k^;siu;lWm\; påwc\t´.Asit\Apiuc\; eta\eta\m¥a;m¥a; ’kitc\m˙n\;STa;mO mri˙B´
Ps\epÅla
miu;eneta.m˙apå" AsË;s∑a pRiugrm\ts\Ku k Alupm
\ lupN
\ c
ui e
\ qa\lv\; eSa.Pw
\ k
´ my\. AKk\AK´kiu e
Pr˙c\;ep;Niuc\my\.
kiu er;qa;t´.enram˙akiup´ nv\;sns\ha eta. rp\na;mq∑a;B´ Sk\lk\ lup\ eSa.P\w´kiu mer;qa;Niuce
\ q;påB¨;}hu
e
pac\;q∑a;eta.ma˙ på" eSa.Pw
\ k
´ q¨≥ha eSac\enNiuc\m˙a
Ps\påty\" Tom DeMarco k e
paK´p
. åty\"
q¨p´ bugs m¥a; r˙aeP∑“p^;
pc\Sc\“p^; yen≥AK¥in\m˙apc\ Microsoft r´> eSa.P\w´N˙c\. pt\qk\“p^; Aet∑≥A’kM
eSa.P\w´r´> k¥n\;maer;kiu Tin\;q∑a;Niuc\ Windows XP operating system ha qk\tm\;r˙v\Âkaq¨ts\Ë;
Ps\“p^; Al-
eta.ma˙ på" catch-all fixes li≥u eKÅSit
u .´
pœna
Ps\t´.Apiuc\;kiu AliuAel¥ak\ tantic Systems Guild m˙a el.k¥c\.
automatic rebooting kiulv\; lup\ r˙aeP∑“p^;
pn\lv\‘p
pc\ep;t´.lup\cn\;kiu er;N˙c\. AÂkMep;ts\Ë;
Ps\påty\"
eSac\ep;q∑a;eta.m˙apå" qiu≥epmy\. stc\ePa\
penpå“p^" z^wkmµ
Ps\s√\Aet∑; q¨kpc\ Sk\j {qti‘prm˙ak d^liub¥
dået∑Aa;luM;ha programming kiu påp´" Riu;sc\;l˙t´. nv\;lm\;el;påp´" eSa. P \ w ´ h a By\ e ta. m ˙ break
K¥√\;kp\ eSac\r∑k\ep;t´. nv\;lm\; m¨l configuration r´> models et∑kui m
Ps\B;¨ " Flaw rit
˙ ap´ rip
˙ åty\" d^eta.
Aqs\m¥a; liuAp\enË;m˙a
Ps\påty\" qim\;sv\;ep;Ta;t´. nv\;påp´" Bugs eSa.P\w´ ts\Kuha kiuy\.hakiuy\ Am˙a;
A´dårri˙Piu≥ ’kisa;ÂkrË;m˙apå" et∑k wc\erak\ eN˙ac\.y˙k\t´.AKåm˙a
pc\Sc\P≥ui rn\ma˙ pRig
u rm\ts\Kk
u ui stc\er;
{Programming kiu Amin\≥ep;VWn\ program k m¨lAe
KAenAtiuc\; s√\k mpåwc\eqaAram¥a;kiu pRiugrm\
Âka;mO As^As√\m¥a;SiutaTk\ global
pn\lv\Ta;rie˙ p;Nic
u p
\ åty\" Compiler kiuy\tiuc\k Pn\t^;ep;Niuc\my\. nv\;lm\;
system kiÂu kv\“. p^; el.la“p^; By\lh
ui a liu≥eKÅt´. l¨et∑qa na;lv\Nc
ui \ t´. kiu r˙aPiu≥p´
Ps\påty\" dåha kÁn\eta\
et∑ liA
u p\ql´St
ui akiu na;lv\Ta;“p^; Baqaska;kiu sk\k qiri˙na;lv\ tiu≥ lup\rmy\. lup\cn\;påp´}
enak\ma˙ programming n´≥pt\qk\“p^; Ni u c \ e Aac\ ‘plu p \ e p;t´ . A raet∑ k {ts\en≥eta. kÁn\eta\tiu≥ lup\
dœnA
mc\ts\Ku riP
˙ ≥ui liA
u p\enpå“p^}hu \ ˙ty\Siurc\ errors et∑kui
ekac\;m∑nl i m
eSac\Nuc \ a˙ på"}

k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ Niuwc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\ 91

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DSL \ t"d y Ü m ,f
DSL onf vuf&SdokH;aeonfh w,fvDzkef;vkdif;ay:wGif
owif;tcsuftvufa'wm ykYd ,El idk o f nfeh nf;ynmjzpfonf/
CO (Central Office) ESifh okH;pGJol (Subscriber) tMum;
High Speed Data Rate &&Sdaponfh Local Loop Access
Technology jzpfonf/ okH;pGJolrsm;onf Voice ESifh Data
ukd wpfNydKifeufwnf; Access vkyfEkdifonf/ Voice ukd ykHrSef
Voice Frequency Band twGif;rSoGm;apNyD; Data ukd High
Frequency Band rS oGm;aponf/
CO (Central Office) rSonf tdrf^½kH;cef;rsm;xd Voice
ESifh Data ukd ykdY,lEkdifonfhtwGuf Last Mile Technology
[kvnf; wifpm;ac:Muonf/
ykHrSef wkduf½kdufiSm;okH;pGJonfhvkdif; (Leased Line)xuf
ukefusp&dwfoufomNyD; ISDN (Integrated Service Digi-
tal Network)xufvnf; jrefEIef; (Speed) jrifhaomaMumifh
a&yef;pm; vlBudKufrsm;vmonfhenf;ynmjzpfonf/
POTS 0efaqmifrI &&SdNyD;olrsm;twGuf okH;pGJolbuf
tjcrf; (Customer Premise)wGif Bridge okYd r[kwf Router
wyfqif&efomvko d nf/ CO bufjcrf;wGif DSLAM (Digi-
tal Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer) wyfqif&rnf/
DSLAM onf New Edge Network toGif&SdNyD; wpfzuf
wGif CO &Sd w,fvDzkef;uGef&ufESifh csdwfqufxm;NyD; tjcm;
wpfzufwiG f ISP ESifh qufoG,fxm;onf/ þokdYjzifh okH;pGJol
rsm;onf w,fvDzkef;ajymqkd½kHwifr[kwfbJ wpfcsdefwnf;
Data ykdY,l vkyfEkdifonf/
DSL \ toGifvu©Pmrsm;
(u)tcsdefESifhwpfajy;nD qufoG,frI&Sd
(Continuous Connection)
Copper Line ay:rS tNrJwrf; High Speed Data ykdY,l
Ekdifjcif;udkqkdonf/ oifh DSL Connection onf tNrJwrf;
On jzpfaernf/ Dial-up Modem cHo;Hk ouJo h Ydk Dial vSníhf
csdwq f uf (Connection) &ef apmif&h onft
h csderf ukeaf wmhbJ
uGefysLwmay:&Sd icon rsm;udk Click vkyf½kHESifh Online csdwf
qufEkdifrnfjzpfonf/
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
(c) tjrefqkH;csdwfquf (Fast Access)
New Edge DSL enf;ynmrS oif\ Data ykdY,lEIef;udk
1.1 Mbps txd pGrf;aqmifay;rnfjzpfonf/ 28.8 kbps
Modem xuf 35 q jrefonf/ oif\pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
udk ykdrkdxda&mufpGm aqmif&GufEkdifNyD; tcsdefESifhaiGukd oufom
aponf/ DSL Modem jzifh e-mail, Graphic, Web page
ESihf Software rsm;udk vsifjrefpmG Download jyKvkyEf idk o f nf/
oif\pD;yGm;a&;aMumfjimrsm;udk Website ay: wifxm;jcif;
jzifh oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom azmufonfta[mif;ESifh topf
wkdYudkyg od&Sdaponf/
(*) us,fjyefYonfh Bandwidth (Dedicated Bandwidth)
aumfykda&;&Sif;BuD;rsm;onf High Speed jzifh Internet
Access &&ef T-1 okYd r[kwf Frame Relay 0efaqmifrr I sm;udk
iSm;&rf;okH;pGJ&mwGif p&dwfBuD;rm;onf/ DSL enf;ynmukd
okH;vQif T-1 0efaqmifrIp&dwfxuf rsm;pGmoufomrnf/
rnfonfh pD;yGm;a&;tzGUJ tpnf;rqkd tifwmeufukd tcsdejf ynfh
csdwfqufEkdifjcif; (Full Time Connection to the Internet)
tm;jzifh xkdtzGJUtpnf;\ vkyfief;vnfywfaqmif&GufrIrsm;ü
ododomom tusKd;aus;Zl;&&Sdonf/
Analog qd k o nf r S m
Analog odkUr[kwf analog signal onf
wpfqufwnf;aom vdIif;trsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/
4if;onf toHay:rlwnfí tedrfh? tjrifh? twuftus
&dSonf/ yHkwGif jyxm;onfYtwdkif; tv,f0if½dk;rSpí
wufoGm;um atmufodkYwpfzef usoGm;NyD; tv,f
0if½dk;odkU jyefxdawGUaom taetxm;onf vdIif;wpfck
jzpfonf/ tDvufx½Gefepfbmom&yfjzifh a&;&vQif
¤if;onf vdIif;wpfck (one cycle or one frequency)
jzpfonf/ toH\ twdk;? tus,fay:rlwnfí
vdIif;wdkYonf tedrfh? tjrifh? tpdwf? tusJ ponf
yHkoP²mef ajymif;vJaeMuonf/ ¤if;wdkUwGif qlnHoH?
aESmihf,SufoH ponfwdkUuvnf; a&m>yrf;aeMuonf/
4if;wdkYudk zwf&ef tcuftcJ rsm;pGm &dScJhonf/
93
 uGefysLwmtaxGaxG
(C) 'pf*spfw,fppfppfjzpfjcif;
Data ukd Voice Line ay:wifí Digital rS Analog?
xkdrS 'pf*spfw,fokdY ajymif;vJjcif; (Conversion) rvkyo f nfh
twGuf Bandwidth qk;H ½I;H rIr&Sad cs/ T-1 tqif&h adS om Broad-
band csdwfqufrIjyKvkyfvkdvQif txl;'DZkdif;jyKvkyfxm;onfh
aub,fvfukd tokH;jyK&rnf/ okdYaomf DSL enf;ynmwGif
rvkday/
(i) toHESifh owif;tcsuftvufukd
wpfNydKifeufwnf; o,faqmif
tifwmeufrS rdrduGefysLwmokdY (Downstream Speed)
512 kbps rS 1.544 Mbps txd Download jyKvkyfEkdifonf/
rdrduGefysLwmrS tifwmeufokdY (Upstream) 128 kbps txd
Upload jyKvkyfEkdifonf/
tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;
- rdrtd rd w
f iG f vuf&w
dS yfqifxm;onfh w,fvzD ek ;f vkid ;f jzifh
pum;ajymqkdEkdifjcif;? wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif tifwmeuf
MunhfEkdifjcif;/
- vuf&SdokH;pGJaeonfh Analog Cable Modem (Dial-up
Modem)rsm;xuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm jrefEIef;&&Sdjcif;/
- tifwmeufESifh tNrJwrf; csdwfqufEkdifjcif; (Connec-
tion to the Internet is always on)
- owfrSwfxm;onfh Bandwidth &&Sdjcif;
- vkHNcHKrI&Sdonfh csdwfqufrIjzpfjcif;
- wyfqifrIp&dwfenf;yg;jcif;? tuGmta0;owfrSwfcsuf
&SdonfrSvGJí aps;BuD;onfh Infrastructure rsm; wyfqif
p&mrvkdjcif;/
- vuf&Sdwyfqifxm;onfh Copper Wire Infrastructure
ukd qufvuftoHk;jyKEkdifjcif;/
- ukrÜPDBuD;^i,fr[l 0efaqmifrIwef;wl&Sdjcif;/
- pHowfrSwfxm;onfh pufypönf;rsm;ukdom tokH;jyKjcif;/
(Oyrm Splitter, DSL Modem ESifh PC card)
- tjcm; Broadband 0efaqmifrIjzpfonfh ATM (Asyn-
chronous Transfer Mode) ESiv hf nf; csw
d q
f uf tok;H jyK
Ekdifjcif;/
- e-Mail ESifh zkdifrQa0okH;pGJjcif; (File Sharing)wkdYtwGuf
ykHaoowfrSwfEIef;jzifh csdwfquf (access)Ekdifjcif;/
94 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
Digital qd k o nf r S m
Digital signal \ yHkpHonf analog signal ESifY
qefUusifbufjzpfonf/ ¤if;wGif tedrfhtjrifh?
twuftus? twdrfteufr&dS/ wenf;tm;jzifh
EdIif;,SOf&vQif vdIif; ]twuf} onf tcsufjywdkYudk
zGifYay;jcif;ESifY ]tus}onf tcsufjywdkUudk
]ydwf}xm;jcif;ESifh oP²mefwlonf/ uGefysLwm
toHk;tEHI;jzifYa&;&vQif ¤if;wdkYonf 'dGudef;pepfrsm;
jzpfMuonf/ trSeftm;jzifY tDvufx½Gef;epf ]pD;0ifjcif;}
ESifh ]rpD;0ifEdkifjcif;} omjzpfMuí udef;*Pef;tm;jzifh
yrmjyK&vQif vQyfpD;0ifjcif;udk ( 1 ) wpfjzifh
udk,fpm;jyKí vQyfrpD;0ifEdkifjcif;udk ( 0 ) oknjzifh
udk,fpm;jyKxm;onf/ ¤if;wdkUudk zwfjcif;?
odrf;qnf;jcif;jyK&onfrSm vG,fulí ½dk;pif;vSonf/
digital pepfwGif tcsuftvufwdkY aysmufqHk;jcif;ESifh
taESmuft,Suf½dSjcif;wdkUrS uif;a0;onf/
DSL trsKd;tpm;rsm; (Type of DSL)
* ADSL (Asymmetric DSL)
* SDSL (Symmetric DSL)
* IDSL - ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Net-
work) DSL
* HDSL - High bit rate DSL
* HDSL 2 - High bit rate DSL 2
* VDSL - Very high speed DSL
* Glite - DSL . Lite - Splitterless DSL or Universal
DSL
* RADSL - Rate Adaptive DSL
(u)ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
Asymmetric qkdonfhtwkdif; owif;tcsuftvuf,l
EIef; (Downstream Speed) ESifh ykdYEIef; (Upstream Speed)
rwlnDyg/ Downstream Speed onf Upstream Speed
 uGefysLwmtaxGaxG
xufykdí jrefonf/ Upstream Speed onf 128 kbs rS
384 kbps om&&SdEkdifNyD; Downstream Speed onf 768
Mbps xdyif &&SdEkdifonf/ xkdYaMumifh ADSL udk owif;
tcsuftvufrsm;rsm; Online Download jyKvkyfonfh
Application rsm;wGif t"du tokH;rsm;onf/
- Upstream ykHrSef 640 kbps &Sdonf/
- Downstream ykHrSef 8 Mbps txd&&SdEkdifNyD; 56K
Modem xuf 125 qjrefonf/
(*) IDSL - ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network
DSL)
wpfcsKdU ok;H pGo
J rl sm;onf CO (Central Office)rS tvGef
a0;uGmaomae&mwGif&Sdonf/ xkdokH;pGJolrsm;okdY ADSL ESifh
SDSL 0efaqmifrr I sm;ra&muf&EdS idk af y/ xko
d w
l YdktwGuf IDSL
u pGrf;aqmifay;Ekdifonf/ IDSL onf CO rS ay 36ç000
uGma0;aom okH;pGJolrsm;txd wlnDonfh 128 kbps (Up-
stream/ Downstream) EIef;jzifh 0efaqmifrIay;Ekdifonf/

vufawGU&&SdEkdifaomEIef; (C) HDSL (High bit rate DSL)

jrefEIef; tuGmta0; 0kdif,mt&G,ftpm; HDSL onf ISDN \ nDtpfukdtjzpf ay:aygufvm
(Speed) (Distance) (Wire Size) onfh enf;ynmjzpfonf/ w,fvzD ek ;f ukrP Ü rD sm;onf vuf&dS
6 Mbps 12,000 ft 24 awg (0.5 mm) aMu;eDvkdif; (Copper Line)ay:rS wpfqifhcH (Repeater)
6 Mbps 9,000 ft 24 awg (0.5 mm) rvkt d yfbJ T-1 (1.544 Mbps) jrefEeI ;f 0efaqmifraI y;Ekid o
f nf/
1.5 Mbps 18,000 ft 24 awg (0.5 mm) okdYaomf ykHrSef DSL 0efaqmifrItwGuf 0kdif,mwpfpkH (One
1.5 Mbps 15,000 ft 26 awg (0.4 mm) Copper Pair) omvkdaomfvnf; HDSL twGuf 0kdif,mESpfpkH
(Two Pairs Of Wire) vkdtyfonfhtwGuf p&dwf ykdrkdukefus
ADSL ukd Local Loop ykHpHjzifh wyfqifxm;rIrSm atmufyg rnfjzpfonf/
ykHtwkdif;jzpfygonf/
(i) HDSL 2 (High bit rate DSL 2)
DSL enf;ynm\ toGifopf (New Version) jzpfNyD;
High Speed DSL [k todrsm;onf/ ykdY,lEIef;wlnDonfh
enf;ynm (Symmetric Technology)jzpfNyD; a[mif;EGrf;ae
onfh HDSL enf;ynmESihf vuf&dS T-1/ E-1 vkid ;f rsm;ae&mwGif
tpm;xk;d tok;H jyK&ef &nf&,
G x
f m;onf/ 0kid ,
f mwpfpHk (Single
Pair of Copper Wire)ukdom tokH;jyKNyD; tuGmta0; ay
12ç000 txd 1.5 Mbps EIef; &&SdEkdifonf/ toH? owif;
tcsuftvufESifh AD'D,dk0efaqmifrIwkdYtwGuf tokH;jyKonf/
ATM, Frame-relay ESifh yk*v ¾ du T-1 enf;ynmwkdYESifhvnf;
wGJokH;Ekdifonf/
(c) SDSL (Symmetrical Digital Subscriber Line)
Symmetric qkdonfhtwkdif; Downstream Speed ESifh (p) VDSL (Very high speed DSL)
Upstream Speed wlnDonf/ ykdYEIef;? ,lEIef;wlnDonfh vuf&Sd w,fvDzkef;vkdif;ay:rS tvGefjrefonfh owif;
Application rsm;twGuf 'DZkdif;jyKvkyfxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ tcsuftvuf (Very high speed data)ukd ykdY,lEkdifonf/
tedrqhf ;Hk 192 kbps rS tjrifq
h ;Hk 1.1 Mbps txd &&SEd idk o
f nf/ CO rS okH;pGJolMum; tuGmta0;enf;av jrefEIef;jrifhjrifh&av
wlnDaomobm0 (Symmetrical Nature)&Sdonfh pD;yGm;a&; jzpfonf/
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;twGuf vGefpGmtokH;wnfhonfh enf;ynm jrefEIef; (Speed) tuGmta0; (Distance)
jzpfonf/ 51 Mbps to 55 Mbps ay 1000 okdY rDwm 300
10 Mbps ay 3000 okdY rDwm 900

96 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f

 uGefysLwmtaxGaxG
CO \ zefrQif yifrqufaMumif;okYd qufo, G xf m;onfh
ONUS (Optical Network Units)rsm;ESiv
hf nf; csw
d qf ufEidk f
onf/
- Interactive TV, VOD (Video On Demand) ESihf HDTV
(High Definition TV) ponfh 0efaqmifrIrsm;udkvnf;
ay;Ekdifonf/
(q) G . Lite - DSL . Lite
tjynfjynfqkdif&m qufoG,fa&;yl;aygif;tzGJU (ITU-T)
rS G 992.2 trnfjzifh pHowfrw S x
f m;aomfvnf; G.Lite [kom
vlodrsm;onf/ Downstream tjrifhqkH; 1.5 Mbps xd &&Sd
aomfvnf; xkdYxufenf;onfhEIef;ukdom tokH;rsm;Muonf/
ok;H pGo
J rl sm;bufjcrf; (Customer Premise)wGif Splitter rvkd
onfhtwGuf wyfqifp&dwf oufomaponf/
(Z) RADSL (Rate Adaptive DSL)
jrefEIef; ykHao owfrSwfxm;onfh vuf&Sd ADSL quf
oG,frIudk EIef;twkd;^tavQmh ajymif;vJokH;pGJEkdifatmif jyKvkyf
ay;onf/ qkdvkdonfrSm Copper vkdif;\ t&nftaoG;ay:
vkdufí ykdYvTwfEIef; (Transmission Speed)ukd Modem rS
tvkdtavsmuf twkd;^tavQmh (Adjust) jyKvkyfay;onf/
Copper vkdif;&Snf vsifjrefEIef;onf tenf;i,fom&rnf/
CO rS rDwm 400 uGma0;í ykHaojrefEIef; 8 Mbps, ADSL
wyfqifokH;pGJolrsm;twGuf tokH;wnfhonf/ urÇmwpf0ef;
¤if;\ ok;H pGo
J l 100 &mckid Ef eI ;f eD;yg;cefYukd RADSL 0efaqmif
rIay;Ekdifonf/
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
6/ vuf&Sd w,fvDzkef;uGef&uf (Existing Telephone
Network)
rlvuwnf;u w,fvzD ek ;f uGe&f ufudk pum;oH (Voice)
0efaqmifrIay;Ekdif&ef &nf&G,fí wnfaqmufcJhMuonf/ 0ef
aqmifrt I &nftaoG; QOS (Quality of Service) jr§iw hf if&ef
ESifh vkdif;tiftm; (Traffic Capacity) wkd;wufrsm;jym;&ef
twGuf zefrQifaub,fvfukd tokH;jyKvmMuonf/ þokdYjzifh
CO tcsif;csif; qufoG,fonfhuGef&ufrsm; wnfaqmuf
p&dwfukd oufomaponf/ okdYaomf a'oEÅ&uGef&uf (Lo-
cal Access Network)jzpfí CO ESifh okH;pGJoltMum; csdwf
qufrIonf txufygaqmif&GufrIESifh ywfoufrIr&Sday/
DSL onf a'oEÅ&uGef&ufenf;ynm (Local Access
Network Technology)jzpfonf/ Copper vki d ;f \ &Snv f sm;
pGm qufo, G &f rIukd Remote Terminal rsm;ok;H &ef avQmhcsMu
NyD; 0efaqmifrIt&nftaoG; jr§ifhwifcJhMuonf/ Local Loop
enf;ynmjzpfonfhtwGuf tuGmta0;uefYowfcsuf (Dis-
tance Limitation) &Sdonf/ omrefw,fvDzkef;0efaqmifrI
vkyif ef;wGif tuGmta0;&Snv f sm;vGe;f aomvkid ;f rsm;udk Load-
ing Coil rsm; wyfqiftokH;jyKum t&nftaoG;jr§ifhwifcJhMu
onf/ DSL pepfwiG f Bridge-tap ESihf Loading Coil wkYdonf
t"dutwm;tqD; (DSL Killer)rsm;jzpf&m xkt d cuftcJrsm;
udk ausmfvTm;Ekdifaom enf;vrf;rsm;udk pDrH&rnfjzpfayonf/
Modulation qdkonfrSm
Modulation qdkonfrSm toHvdIif;wpfck (digital
or analog) udk ta0; wpfae&modkY ydkYaqmif&eftwGuf
o,faqmifay;rnfh vdIif; (carrier signal) tay:odkY
wifaqmifay;onfh enf;vrf;udk qdkvdkonf/ xdkuJhodkY
wifaqmifay;vdkuf&mwGif tajymif;tvJ wpfpHkwpfck
jyKvkyf&onf/ ¤if;onf modulation jzpfonf/
xdkajymif;vJNyD;aom signal wdkYudk rl&if; signal
jzpfatmif jyefí ajymif;vJay;&jcif;udk demodulation [k
qdkMuygonf/ tvG,fulqHk;aompepftjzpf a&;om;&vQif
digital enf;jzifY zGJUpnf;xm;aom bits wdkUudk modulator
rS audio tjzpfajymif;vJí phone (network) odkY wifay;
vdkufonf/ ¤if; audio udk demodulator u bits tjzpf
jyefajymif;ay;onf/ ¤if;ud&d,monf MODEM jzpfí
MOdulator/ DEModulator jzpfonf/
97
 uGefysLwmtaxGaxG
DSL \ tajccHoabmw&m;
PSTN (Public Switch Telephone Network) ESifh
Local Access Network wkdYudk BudrfEIef; Frequency 3400
HZ tjrifqh ;Hk &So
d nft
h oH (Voice) 0efaqmifrt
I wGuo
f m 'DZidk ;f
xkwfcJhMuonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh w,fvDzkef; Dial-up Mo-
dem, Fax Modem ESihf Private Line Modem wkYd rS w,fvD
zkef;vkdif;ay:wGif ykdY,lvkyf&ef tokH;jyKonfh BudrfEIef;wmcGif
Frequency onf 0 HZ rS 3400 HZ tMum;&Sdonf/
3400 HZ band twGif; 56 kbps a'wm ykdY,lEIef;om
tjrifq h ;Hk &&SEd idk o
f nf/ xkYd aMumifh ,if; Copper vkid ;f ay:rSmyif
jrefEeI ;f jrifh a'wmykYdEidk &f ef DSL enf;ynmu rnfoYdkprG ;f aqmif
rnfenf;[laomar;cGef; jzpfay:vmonf/ tajzrSm ½kd;&Sif;yg
onf/ toH\ upper limit 3400 HZ ukd arhxm;vdkufNyD;
DSL enf;ynmonf 3400 HZ txufjrifhaomBudrfEIef;wm
cGirf sm;jzpfonfh T-1 okYd r[kwf E-1 uJo h Ydk Frequency wmcGif
us,f (Broadband Frequency Range) ukd tokH;jyKonf/
orm;½k;d us w,fvzD ek ;f 0efaqmifrv I yk if ef; POTS (Plain
Old Telephone Service)\ xkwfvTifhrIvrf;ñTef (Trans-
mission Guide Line)rsm;udk rokH;bJ tb,faMumifh tvGef
jrifhonfh Frequency ukd a&G;cs,fokH;aeMuygoenf;/
tajz (3) ckjzifh &Sif;jyygrnf/
(1) Signal \ yrmPavsmhoGm;jcif; (Attenuation) pwif
xkwfvTifhvkdufonfh Signal onf Copper vkdif;ay:rS
wpfqifh ok;H pGo J ol Ydk a&muf&odS nfth cg 0kid , f m\ ½kyyf idk ;f
qkdif&m twm;tqD;rsm;aMumifh rlvyrmPxuf avsmh
enf;jcif;/
(2) Bridge-tap vkdif;vsm;&SnfrI tuefYtowfr&Sd? ta&
twGuf uefYowfrIr&SdbJ vkdif;cGJcsdwfqufrIaMumifhjzpf
onf/ xkdYaMumifh Loop tykdrsm;udk jzpfapNyD; okH;pGJonfh
Signal ukd qkH;½IH;rItrsm;qkH;jzpfaponf/
(3) toHa&mjcif; (Cross-Talk) aub,fvw f pfacsmif;wnf;
wGif pkpnf;wnf&adS om 0kid , f m ESppf o Hk nf wpfprHk wS pfpoHk Ydk
vQyfnd§KUrIoabmt& toHa&mum taESmifht,Suf (In-
terference) jzpfjcif;/
(u) Signal yrmPavsmhoGm;jcif;ESifh
tuGmta0; uefYowfcsu suf
Frequency jrifhonfh Signal onf edrfhonfh Signal
jrefjrefa&muf&EdS idk o
f vkd yrmPavsmhenf;jcif;vnf;rsm;onf/
98 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
xkdYaMumifh frequency jrifhonfh Signal onf c&D;wkdwkdom
a&mufEkdifonf/
Signal yrmPavsme h nf;jcif; (Attenuation) rjzpfap&ef
ck c H r I e nf ; onf h Copper 0k d i f , mok d Y tok H ; jyK&rnf /
R = ϕ1/ Α nDrQjcif;twki d ;f t0{&d,m (Cross Section Area)
BuD;onfh wpfenf;qkdvQif BudK;tvkH;wkwfonfh Copper
0kdif,mu ckcHrIenf;onf/ okdYrSom Signal tm; avsmhenf;
jcif;tenf;i,fjzifh a0;a0;okYd a&mufatmif ykYd Eidk rf nfjzpfonf/
Copper 0kdif,m xlxlokH;pGJvQif 0efaqmifrIay;onfh tzGJU
tpnf;bufrS p&dwf ykdukefusrnfjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh 0ef
aqmifr\ I vkt d yfonfh t&nftaoG;ESiu hf u
kd n
f o
D nfh ao;Ekid f
orQao;onfh Copper 0kdif,mukdom okH;pGJMuonf/
(c) Bridge-tap
Bridge-tap rsm;pGm&Sdjcif;onf tqkH;owfrxm;aom
Loop rsm;udk wnfaqmufxm;onfESifhwlonf/ xkdYaMumifh
Loop tykdrsm;jzpfay:apNyD; &Snfvsm;onfh Copper vkdif;ay:
wGif okH;pGJonfh Frequency \ vdIif;tvsm; λ/4 t&Snfwkdif;
wGif tjrifhrm;qkH; Signal qkH;½IH;rI jzpfay:aponf/
Frequency ESifh vdIif;tvsm; (wave length)wkdYonf
ajymif;jyef qufoG,frIr&Sdjcif;aMumifh vdIif;tvsm;wkdonfh
Bridge-tap u wmcGiu f s,u f s,o f ;Hk onfh 0efaqmifrI (Wide
band Service) wGif Signal yrmPukd ykí d ,kwaf vsmah ponf/
Loop trsm;pkonf tenf;qkH; Bridge-tap wpfckyg0if
onf/ Bridged-tap rsm;av qkd;usKd;rsm;avjzpfonf/ Low
Frequency 0efaqmifrIwGif Bridge-tap rsm;vmaomfvnf;
Attenuation qdkonfrSm
Attenuation qdkonfrSm tcsuftvufwdkUudkay;ydkU
o,faqmifaepOf ¤if;wdkU\ pGrf;tifonf avsmYenf;vm
wwfjcif;yifjzpfonf/ Analog pepfwGifjzpfap? digital
pepfwGifjzpfap ¤if;pGrf;&nfwdkYonf wpfjznf;jznf;
arS;rdSef usqif;vmwwfonf/ ¤if;twGuf signal
tcsufjypGrf;&nfwdkYudk jyefvnfjrifhwufaumif;rGefap&ef
signal repeaters pepfrsm;udk toHk;jyKvm&onf/
tcsKyftm;jzifY qdk&vQif xdkodkUaom tcsuftvufwdkY
avsmYenf;rI r&dSap&ef xDSL odkUr[kwf
cable MODEM pepfwdkUudk toHk;jyKvm&jcif;yif
jzpfonf/
 uGefysLwmtaxGaxG
0efaqmifrtI &nftaoG;udk rxdcu dk af y/ okYd jzpfí DSL uko
d ;Hk
vQif tNydKifvkdif;cGJrsm; csdwfxm;ygu tqifrajyEkdifay/
(*) Cross-Talk
aub,fvw f pfacsmif;xJwiG &f adS om 0kid ,
f mwpfpHk (a pair
of wire) xJokdY vdIif;oxm;onfh (Modulated Signal)
jzwfapvQif ¤if;ESifh eD;uyfpGm&Sdaeonfh tjcm;0kdif,mpkHrsm;okdY
vnf; vQyfnKd§ Uoabmt& Signal uyfNid ysHUESYH aponf/ þuJh
okdY vQyfppfoHvdkufpGrf;tiful;oGm;jcif; (Coupling of Elec-
tromagnetic Energy) ukd Cross Talk [k ac:onf/
Line Coding Technique
Line Coding Technique 4 rsKd;&Sdonf/
(u) yxrwpfrsK;d rSm CAP (Carrierless Amplitude Modu-
lation/ Phase Modulation) jzpf o nf / þenf ;
ynmonf o,fvidI ;f (Carrier) rygonfh QAM (Qua-
drature Amplitude Modulation) jzpfonf/ Passive
Network Terminal \ Upstream twGuf QPsk
(Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) enf;ynmudk okH;
onf/ rmwDyvufpf (Multiplex) vkyf&mwGif TDMA
(Time Division Multiple Access) enf;ynmukd
okH;onf/ FDM (Frequency Division Multiplex)
enf;ynmudk vkH;0 rokH;ay/
100 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
(c) DMT (Discrete Multitone)
Multi Carrier pepfjzpfNyD; Modulation ESifh Demodu-
lation vkyf&mwGif Carrier wpfckpD\ yrmPudk Fou-
rier Series jzifh azmfxm;onf/ DMT onf Upstream
twGuf FDM enf;ynmudk okH;xm;onf/
(*) DWMT - DWMT onf DMT ESifhqifwlNyD; TDMA
enf;ynmudk tokH;jyKonf/
(C) SLC (Simple Line Code)
Four-Level Baseband Signalling \ toGifwpfrsKd;
jzpfNyD; Baseband Signal ukd ppf(Filter)í Receiver wGif
odrf;ay;onf/ Passive Network Terminal rsm;twGuf
TDMA pepfukdokH;NyD; FDM pepfukdvnf; tokH;jyKEkdifonf/
okdY&mwGif DSL wGif CAP ESifh DMT wkYd om tok;H rsm;onf/
CAP onf QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)
ESifh tenf;i,fom jcm;em;csuf&Sdonf/
txufygykw H iG f jyxm;onft
h wkid ;f orm;½k;d us w,fvD
zkef;0efaqmifrI POTS ukd 0-4 KHZ Band twGif; ae&mcs
xm;NyD; Upstream Data ESifh Downstream Data [lí Fre-
quency Spectrum (3) ykdif; cGJxm;onf/ ADSL (Asym-
metric DSL) onf Upstream ukd 640 kbps ESifh Down-
stream ukd 8 Mbps &&Sdatmif &nf&G,fxm;onf/ Fre-
quency ay: rSDckdjyKaeonfh Channel rsm;udk wif;jynfhusyf
jynfh tokH;csEkdif&ef DMT ukd okH;pGJ&ef tqkdjyKvmMuonf/
tqkdyg Modulation enf;ynmonf owif;tcsuftvuf
Data ukd o,faqmifrnfh Transmit Channel wpfckudk
Subchannel rsm;tjzpf cGJxkwfvkdufonf/ Subchannel rS
 uGefysLwmtaxGaxG
oDtdk&Dt& DSL services wdkU\ aqmif½GufEdkifrI
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) ESifhywfoufí vkyfief;
trsdK;tpm;rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; cGJjcm;xm;onf/ ¤if;wdkY
onf oDtdk&Dt& aqmif½GufEdkifcsufrsm;tay: rlwnfí jcm;
em;rIrsm; &dSMuonf/
ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
R-ADSL Rate-Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line
HDSL High Bit-Rate Digital Subscriber Line
VDSL Very High Bit-Rate Digital Subscriber
Line
SDSL Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line
DSL services rsm;\ aqmif&GufEdkifrI pGrf;&nfonf (½Hk; rS
tdrf ponf) tuGmta0;tay:ESifYvnf; ywfouf aeonf/
Z,m;wGif bandwidth ESiYf wGzJ ufí tuGmta0;wdUk udk azmfjy
xm;onf/ ta0;odYk a&mufav tcsuftvufwYkd yUkd vTwo f nfh
t&dSefEIef; edrfhusav jzpfonf/
xGuv f monfukd Continuous Signal tjzpfajymif;í ykYd vw
T f
onf/ Receiver rS 0ifvmonfh Analog Signal ukd 'pf*spf
w,f Signal toGifajymif;í Decoder xJokdY xnfhonf/
DMT \ Code rsm;onf pepf\ pGrf;aqmifrIt&nftaoG;
udk aumif;aponf/
- ANSI (American National Standard Institute), ETSI
(European Telecommunication Standard Institute),
ITU - T pepfrsm;ESifh tokH;jyKEkdifonf/
- (256) QAM Subcarrier ukd tokH;rsm;NyD; qlnHonfh
ywf0ef;usifüyif tokH;jyKEkdifonf/
DSL tajccHonfh 0efaqmifrI
omref Dial-up Modem rsm;cHí vuf&w
dS ,fvzD ek ;f vkid ;f
ay:rS owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd ykdY,l&mwGif aES;onfhEIef;
102 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
(Low Speed)om &&SdEkdifonf/ jrefEIef;jrifh ykdY,lvkyfEkdif&ef
Telephone Switch ukd ausmfí wkduf½dkufuGef&uf (Dedi-
cated Network) toGifoabmrsKd; wyfqifvdkMuonf/
þuJhokdYawG;ac:onfh tajccHoabmw&m;onf DSL
enf;ynmay:aygufaponfh taMumif;w&m;rsm;jzpfonf/
DSL enf;ynmonf Local Loop Access Technology
jzpfNyD; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk jrefEIef;jrifh ykdY,l&ef
Repeater rvkday/ jrefEIef;jrifh DSL 0efaqmifrIay;Edkif&ef
DSL enf;ynmokH;uGef&ufESifh avsmfnDonfh pufypönf;rsKd;pkH
vkdtyfonf/
DSL enf;ynmwGif t"dutm;jzifh Equipment ESpfrsKd;
&Sdonf/ yxrwpfrsKd;rSm okH;pGJolbufjcrf; (Customer
Premise) wGif wyfqifxm;&SNd yD; 'kw,
d wpfrsKd;rSm CO (Cen-
tral Office)wGif wyfqif&rnfjzpfonf/
okH;pGJolbufjcrf; (Customer Premise) wGif DSL
Modem, Gate way, NIC (Network Interface Card), Split-
ter ESifh Filter wkdYudk wyfqif&rnf/
- CO (Central Office) wGif DSLAM (Digital Sub-
scriber Line Access Multiplexer) wyfqifxm;&SdNyD; DSL
0efaqmifrI\tqkH;onf okH;pGJolwkdY\ aetdrf okdYr[kwf
ta0;xde;f jzefYjzL;a&;½k;H cGJ (Remote Office)jzpfonf/ aemuf
vmrnfh DSLAM rsKd;qufopfrsm;wGif ATM Switching
pepfrsm; xnfo h iG ;f wyfqifxm;rnfjzpfonf/ DSLAM onf
DSL enf;ynm\ t"du (Corner Stone) jzpfonf/ ok;H pGo J l
rsm;\ DSL Loop rsm;rS owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd pkpnf;
í tjcm;uGe&f ufrsm;ESihf csw d q
f uf&ef DSLAM rS yifr (back
bone) uGef&uftoGif tvkyfvkyfay;onf/ DSLAM onf
Packet qJvfESifh DSL vkdif;rsm;udk 10 Base T, 100 Base T
ESifh 1/E1 pkpnf;ay;onfh circuit-based application wkYd wiG f
backhaul 0efaqmifrItjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/
tokH;csykH
(u) E-Commerce - DSL \ jrefEIef;jzifh tDvufx&Gef;epf
aiGpm&if;vTJajymif; (Electronic Transaction) jyKvkyf
Ekdifjcif;aMumifh tcsdefukefoufomaponf/
(c) LAN Access From Home - DSL enf;ynmpGr;f yum;
jzifh tvkyform;rsm;onf rdrdwkdY\ aumfykda&;&Sif;
uGe&f ufxo J Ydk rdrad etdrrf S 0ifa&mufcsw
d q
f ufEidk Nf yD; xkwf
vkyfrIESifh pDrHcefYcGJa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk Dial-up Modem
 uGefysLwmtaxGaxG

Download Time For Typical File

File Type Dial-up Dial-up ISDN DSL DSL
20 sec video
Clip (8 MB) 28.8 kbps modem 56 kbps modem 128 kbps 384 kbps 1.5 Mbps
37 Min 18 Min 8 Min, 30 sec 2 Min, 43 sec 43 sec
Entire Netscape 60 Min 26 Min 8 Min, 40 sec 2 Min, 12 sec -
4.0 browser (25 MB)

tokH;jyKaqmif&Gufjcif;xuf ykdrkdoGufvufpGm vkyfukdif
Ekdifonf/
(*) Multimedia - ykdY,lEIef; jrefaomaMumifh Graphic 'DZkdif;
okdY OD;wnfonfh Web Application rsm;twGuf oDcsif;
ESifh azsmfajza&;tpDtpOfrsm;udk ul;,l (Download)
vkdolrsm;twGuf pGrf;&nfxufjrufaom owif;tcsuf
tvufykHpHrsKd;pkHudk ykdY,l&mwGif okH;Ekdifonf/
DSL services wdkU\ vufawGU pGrf;aqmifEdkifrIrsm;
azmfjyxm;aom Z,m;wGif 33.6 modem onf
tcsuftvufwdkYudk wpfpuúefUvQif 33,600 bits EIef;jzifh
ydkUvTwfEdkifonfjzpf&m ¤if;onf wpfpuúefYvQif
pmvHk;aygif; 4200 ydkUvTwfEdkifonf[k qdk&ygrnf/ Cable
udk toHk;jyKí tcsuftvufydkYvTwfaom modem wdkYwGif
¤if;ydkYvTwfonfY EIef;onf vufcH&,lEdkifonfh EIef;\
xuf0ufrQ jzpfonf/ ydkUvTwfonfhEIef;ESifY vufcH&,lonfh
EIef;wdkY wpfpuúefYvQif thousand of bits jzifh
jyxm;onf/ twdkaumuftm;jzifY kbps jzpfonf/
DSL services wdkYonf w,fvDzkef;BudK; (cable wire) udk
toHk;jyKí Internet udkvnf; tNrJ csdwfqufxm;EdkifNyD;
w,fvDzkef;udkvnf; toHk;jyKEdkifonfh pGrf;tm;jrifY
0efaqmifrIjzpfMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf broad-band
qufoG,frI trsdK;tpm;rsm;jzpfMuí ,cktcg ADSL
onf tqiftajyqHk; DSL services tjzpf
toHk;jyKaeMuNyDjzpfonf/
(C) Web Server-DSL onf rdrdukd,fykdif Web Server
aqmufvo dk rl sm;twGuf vkaH vmufonfh (Ample Band-
width) ay;Ekdifonf/ Multimedia rsm;pGm yg0ifonfh
website rsm;twGuf tcuftcJr&Sd vkyfukdifEkdifonf/
(i) ta0;oifynma&;pepf (Distance Learning) DSL
enf;ynmonf AD', D u dk dk tcsdeEf iS w hf pfajy;nD ay:Ekid jf cif;
aMumifh ta0;oifynma&;pepfESifh aumfykda&;&Sif;\
avhusifhoifMum;a&;tpDtpOfrsm;twGuf p&dwfenf;
pGrf;&nfjrifhrm;onfh enf;ynmjzpfonf/
(p) OnLine Gaming (tGev f idk ;f *dr;f upm;Ekid )f tifwmeufoYdk
csdwfqufNyD; *drf;upm;Ekdifojzifh *drf;puf okdYr[kwf CD
rsm;ESihf jrefEeI ;f jrif*h rd ;f upm;&onft h wkid ;f pdwv
f yI &f mS ;rI
rsm; cHpm;&aponf/
tm;omcsuf
- toH (voice) 0efaqmifrIokH;aepOfwGif tifwmeufukd
vnf; MunfhEkdifonf/
- orm;½kd;us Modem rsm;\ jrefEIef;xuf tqaygif;
rsm;pGmomonf/
- w,fvDzkef;vkdif;&SdNyD;olrsm;twGuf vkdif;topfxyfqGJ&ef
rvkday/
- DSL 0efaqmifrIay;onfh ukrÜPDrsm;rS okH;pGJolrsm;tm;
Modem ukd axmufyhHonf/
tm;enf;csuf
- CO ESifheD;onfh okH;pGJolrsm;onf ydkrkd aumif;rGefaom 0ef
aqmifrIukd &&Sdonf/
- tifwmeufrS qGJ,lEIef;onf tifwmeufokdY ykdYonfhEIef;
xuf ykdíjrefonf/
- DSL 0efaqmifrIudk ae&mwkdif;ray;Ekdifacs/
atmifjynfah usmf

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f 103

 uGefysLwmtaxGaxG
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Printer
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OR OUR NFORMATION
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yxrOD;pGm rdrdtaejzifh rdrd&nfrSef;aom trsdK;tpm;yHkpHudk qHk;jzwf

,l&rnf/ Standard inkjet [k qdkaomfvnf; "mwfyHkt&nftaoG;eD;yg;
Personal Printer wpfvHk;udk 0,f,lawmh toHk;jyKEkdifí wefzdk;tm;jzifh enf;yg;aom printer rsdK;udkvnf; &Ekdifonf/
rnfqdkygu ,aeYacwfwGif ,cifuuhJodkY a&G; "mwfyHk t&nftaoG; jynfh0pGm xkwfay;Ekdifonfh printer rsdK;vnf;&So d nf/
cs,fp&m abmifusOf;rI r&SEd idk af wmhay/ yHpk H trsdK; Text-heavy jobs rsm; toH;k rsm;vSaom DTP vkyi f ef;oH;k monochrome
rsdK; taetxm; trsdK;rsdK;wdkYjzifh aps;uGufwGif laser rsdK;vnf; 0,f,l&Ekdifonf/ odkYr[kwf pmvHk;pmom; acsmarGUum
jynfhESufvsuf&SdaeNyDjzpfonf/ aps;EIef;rsm;rSm a&mifpHk*&yfzpfyHkpHrsm; xkwf,lEkdifrnfh color laser trsdK;tpm;rsm;vnf;
vnf; a':vmaiG 100 avmufrS a':vm 1000 a&G;cs,fEkdifp&m trsm;BuD;&Sd\/
txuf wefzdk;rsm;txd &Sdvm&ayonf/ Stan- 'kwd,taejzifh dedicated printer ESifh MFP tqifhESpfrsdK;tMum;
dard Printer rsKd ;udk 0,frnfvm;? "mwfyx kH w k v
f Ydk rnfonfhtqifhudk a&G;cs,frnfqkdonfu ta&;BuD;onf/ wzef rdrd
&onfh photo printer rsdK;udk 0,frnfvm; odkY printer onf uGey f sLwmwpfv;kH wnf;twGurf u rsm;jym;aom uGeyf sLwm
wnf;r[kwf pG,fpHkoHk; multifunction printer rsm;jzifh uGef&uf pepfcsdwfum oHk;pGJvdkjcif;&Sd r&Sdvnf; xyfrHpOf;pm;Ekdif
ud0k ,frnfvm; [laom cGjJ cm; awG;awm a&G;cs,f onf/ xkdae&mrSmyif toHk;jyKrnfh uGef&ufpepfudk BudK;rhJpepf odkYr[kwf
,l&rnfh tajctaersm;&SdvmchJonf/ wpfzef BudK;jzifq
h ufo, G rf nfph epf[íl &nf&,G af qmif&uG Ef idk af prnfh tqifrh sdK;rsm;
enf;ynmykdif;t& ink jet odkYr[kwf laser ESifh txd e,fy,fus,fjyefYvsuf &Sdygonf/
mono chrome okYd r[kwf color
[lí a&G;cs,fp&m taetxm;
rsm; ygvmjyef\/
Personal printer [k
trnfwyfxm;aomfvnf; trSef
wu,fyif wpfu, dk af & oH;k rnf
vm;? ½Hk;vkyfief; tqifhavmuf
toHk;jyKvkdonfvm;? network
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ñTef;qdkEkdifayonf/

108 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f


xkduhJodkY pOf;pm;qHk;jzwf&ef tcsuftvuf
rsm;pGmudk a0zefykdif;jzwfEkdif&eftwGuf vuf&Sd
aps;uGufwGif &SdNyD;jzpfaom printer trsdK;rsdK;
taMumif;udk cif;usif; &Si;f jy&ef vkt
d yfaeygvdrhf
rnf/
INKJET
Personal printer [k tqkdjyK½HkrQomjzpf
aom toHk;jyKolrsm;taejzifh inkjet rsm;onf
½H;k vkyif ef;twGujf zpfap? tdrw f iG ;f oH;k udptö wGuf
jzpfap oifhavsmfaom tajctae&Sdygonf/ þ
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tajctaersKd ;vnf; &&Srd nfjzpf\/ aps;uGuw
&SdaeNyD;jzpfonfh inkjet rsm;udk avhvmoHk;oyf
Munhfrnfqkdygu sub categories awmfawmf
rsm;rsm; cGJjcm;,lEkdifygonf/ pm&GufxGufEIef;
aES;auG;onfh tdrfoHk; trsdK;tpm;rsm;onf
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toifhEIef;xm;&Sdonfh trsdK;tpm;rsm;rSm a':vm
100 rS a':vm 300 txd&Sd\/ Laser-speed
avmuf eD;eD;&onfh business inkjet rsm;rSmrl
a':vm 300 wefrS a':vm 1000 txuftxd
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Inkjet rsm;twGuf 0,f,lEkdif&ef aiGaMu;
yrmPonf odyfcufcJrI&SdMurnf r[kwfay/
Laser rsm;xuf tqifhqifhwkdif;wGif aps;EIef;
oufomaeygonf/ tqifq h &dk mü toH;k jyKaom
puúLt&G,ftpm;tqifhESifh a&mifpHktqifhudk
qdkvdkjcif;jzpfygonf/ odkYtwGuf inkjet rsm;
onf wefz;dk tvdu k f rdrv
d t kd yfaomt&nftaoG;
&Ekdifygonf/ ¤if;rS xkwfvkyfay;Ekdifrnfh speed
onf y if wef z d k ; BuD ; BuD ; printer rsm;onf
vHkavmufaom speed jzifh vkyfudkifay;Edkif\/
Inkjet rsm;onf ukrP Ü D wpfcw k nf;rS xkwf
vkyo f nfw h idk f resolution taejzifjh zpfap speed
taejzifh wefzkd;tvkduf model trsdK;rsdK;udk
xkwfvkyf a&mif;cswwfonf/ xkdYtjyif puúL
t&G,t f pm;tvku d vf nf; wefz;dk uGmjcm;csurf sm;
&Sdum xkwfvkyfxm;wwfonf/ Text t&nf
taoG; graphic t&nftaoG;rsm;onf laser
uGefysLwmtaxGaxG
rnfonfh printer trsKd ;tpm;udk 0,f&ef &nf&,
G rf nfenf;
atmufyg ppfaq;avhvm&ef tñTef;onf rdrdtwGuf rSefuefaom
vrf;ñTefrIudk trsm;qHk; taxmuftul jyKay;Ekdifygvdrfhrnf/
ink jet od k Y r [k w f inkjet-based Multifunction Printer tm;
0,f , l & ef tajccH t aMumif ; jycsuf r sm;
Ä a&mifpHkjzifh print vkyfrnf/
Ä high-quality text rsm; graphics rsm;ESifh speed EIef;xm;rsm;xuf high-
quality photo udk ydkOD;pm;ay;vkdonf/
Ä rlv&if;ESD;&rnfhaiGudk t"dupOf;pm;NyD;? a&&Snfukefusp&dwfESifh tjrefEIef;xm;
ukd omref OD;pm;ay;avmufom pOf;pm;vdkonf/
monochrome laser ES i f h monochrome laser-based multifunction
printer tm; 0,f , l & ef tajccH t aMumif ; jycsuf r sm;
Ä a&mifpHkyHkESdyfa&; aqmif&Guf&ef vkdtyfrnf r[kwfay/
f iG f Ä High-quality text onf t"du jzpfonf/
Ä Speed udkvnf; vkdtyfonf/
Ä rlv&if;ESD;aiGxuf a&&Snfukefusp&dwfudk OD;pm;ay; wGufcsufvkdonf/
Ä vkyfief;obm0 tawmftoifh rsm;jym;Ekdifonf/
Color Laser Printer tm;0,f , l & ef tajccH t aMumif ; jycsuf r sm;
Ä a&mifpHk yHkESdyf,lvkdonf/
Ä high-quality photos rsm;xuf high-quality text ESifh graphic udk OD;pm;ay;
&rnfh tajctae &Sdaeonf/
Ä photo quality xuf speed onf t"dupOf;pm;p&m vkyfief; jzpfonf/
Ä vkyfief;obm0 tawmftoifhrsm;jym;Ekdifonf/
Ä rlv&if;ESD;aiG a':vm 700 xufrenf; &if;ESD;rIjyK Ekdifonf/
Multifunction printer tm; 0,f , l & ef tajccH t aMumif ; jycsuf r sm;
Ä color laser wpfckuhJokdY oHk;&ef tajctae r&Sday/
Ä scanning twGufjzpfap? copying twGufjzpfap? fax ay;ydkY vufcH&ef
twGufjzpfap? &Hzef&Hcg wGJí toHk;jyKvkdonf/
Ä ae&m tawmftoifh ay;Ekdifonf/
Ä scanner wpfckudk printer tjyif xyfrHjznfhwif; toHk;jyKEkdifrnfh tiftm;
&Sdonf/
Photo printer tm; 0,f , l & ef tajccH taMumif ; jycsuf r sm;
Ä Photo quality wwfEkdifoavmuf tjynfht0 vdktyfonf/
Ä memmory card rSvnf; print xkwf,lvkdonf/
Ä camera rSvnf; print xkwf,lvdkonf/
Network connection &,l & ef tajccH taMumif ; jycsuf r sm;
Ä PCs wpfvHk;xufru wGJzuftoHk;jyKvkdonf/
Ä toHk;jyKaomyDpDrsm;teuf wpfvHk;vHk;twGuf rjzpfrae printer vkdaernf/
Ä rlvuyif network wyfqifNyD; jzpfojzifh wqufwnf; printer udkyg
csdwfquf,lvdkonf/
Ä network wyfqif&eftwGuf a':vm 100 xufru oHk;pGJEkdifonf/
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f 109

Ink Jets
rsm;rS xGufoavmuf tajctaersdK; r&Sdonf
rSefaomfjim;vnf; ¤if;wkdYavmufeD;eD; quality
&Sad om inkjet rsm;udv
k nf; 0,f,&l &SEd idk yf gonf/
tenf;i,fumG jcm;csurf mS toH;k jyKaom puúLay:
wGif rlwnfí rifp? rifersm; &Sdaewwfjcif;yif
jzpf\/ odkYaomf omrefMunhf½I½Hkavmufjzifh
awGYEkdifrnf r[kwfay/
Inkjets rsm;udk 0,f,ltoHk;jyKawmhrnf
qkdygu ta&;tBuD;qHk; tcsufrSm ¤if;wGif
toHk;jyK&rnfh ink cartridge rsm;taetxm;udk
ppfaq;&efyif jzpfonf/ Tricolor cartridge
wpfckwGif&Sdaom aq;a&mifwpfck ukefcrf;oGm;
tar&duefEidk if &H dS aps;uGuf &S,,
f mwGif
&Sad eaom printers rsm; tajctae
110
uGefysLwmtaxGaxG
onfESifh usef&Sdaom ta&mifESpfa&mifvnf; vTifh
ypf&onfh tajctaersdK; &Sdonf/ xkdYtjyif tri-
color cartrige ESifh black cartridge wdkYrS rnf
onfh cartridge rqdk level ukeo f mG ;onf jzpfyg
u topfjznfhwif;,lrI rjyKvkyfrcsif; printing
process udk vkyfray;awmhay? rnfodkYyifjzpfap
inkjet rsm;twGuf tqdkyg consumable ink
cartridge rsm;\ wef z d k ; onf tBud r f B ud r f
vJvS,foHk;&avav ukefusp&dwf rsm;avav
jzpfonf/ ¤if;wkdYtwGuf refill pepfrsm;jzifh
toH;k jyKEkid of nf[k qdEk idk af omfvnf;? tcsdKU ink-
jet onf refill ESifh toHk;jyK&ef tqifrajyrIrsm;
&Sdaewwfonf/ odkYaomf ink catridge rsm;udk
oufqikd &f m model trsdK;tpm;tvdu k f tjcm;ukrP Ü w D pfcck rk S xkwv
f yk Nf yD;
compatible tñTef;rsm;udk Munfhum 0,f,ltoHk;jyKEkdifMuygvdrfhrnf/
aemufqHk; owdcsyf&eftcsufrSm model tvkduf xkwfvkyfonfh
ukrP Ü rD S ñTe;f qkad vh&adS om resolution udk r,Hpk m;&efyifjzpf\/ xkYd aemuf
rSwfom;&eftcsufrSm Inkjet model wdkif;onf network connections
jzifh toHk;jyKí &csifrS&Ekdifrnfjzpfonf/ Product tvkduf network in-
stallation cGifhjyKonf[k ajymjyxm;ygu &Ekdifrnfr[kwfay/ okdYaomf HP
rSxkwfaom inkjet wkdif;onf network connection udkcGifhjyKxm;\/
MONOCHROME LASERS
tu,fí rdrt d aejzifh text vkyif ef; rsm;pGmvkyu
f ikd &f ef &Syd gu mono-
chrome laser printer udk a&G;cs,f0,f,l&ef toifhavsmfqHk;jzpfonf/
rdrv
d yk if ef;wGif ta&mifv;kH 0roH;k [k qkv
d mygu >cif;csufr&Sd oH;k oifo h nf/
tu,fí &Hzef&Hcg oHk;p&m&Sdvmwwfygu ¤if;udk primary printer tjzpf
xm;&Sd&ef taumif;qHk;jzpf\/ Monochrome laser rsm;onf inkjet
rsm;xuf tjrefEIef; ydkaumif;í text quality ydkí oefYonf/ a&&Snf
toHk;jyK&mwGif vkyfief;yrmPrsm;avav inkjet rsm;xuf wGufajcudkuf
avavjzpfonf/ Printing speed rSm 15 ppm rS20 ppm txd &Ekdif\/
tvGeftzdk;EIef; csdKomygonfqkdaom laser rsm;yif wefzkd;tm;jzifh a':vm
600 txuf &Sad ewwfygonf/ ¤if;trsdK;tpm;rsm;xJwiG f LED ESifh LCD
printers rsm;udkvnf; xnfhoGif; ajymqkd&rnfjzpf\/ ¤if;onf laser
rsm;uhJokdYyif tvkyfvkyfay;onf/ odkYaomf toHk;csaom Light source rSm
enf;ynm uGmjcm;aeygonf/
tu,fí printing vkyif ef;wGif print vkycf idk ;f rnfqydk gu wpfrsuEf mS
twGuf usoifhEIef;xm;rSm inkjet printing monochrome paper rsm;
xuf oufomrnfjzpf\/ odkY&mwGif laser printer wdkif;\ aps;EIef;onf
inkjet printer rsm;xuf aps;BuD;aewwfonf/ pwif&if;ESD;&aiG ykdrsm;
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
 uGefysLwmtaxGaxG
aomfvnf; a&&Snfrsm;rsm;pmpm; toHk;jyKvmygu Laser rsm;u ydí k wGuf Color Laser printer wGif four-pass ESifh
acsudkufonfh oabmyifjzpfonf/ single-pass [lí ESpfrsdK; ESpfpm; &Sdonf/ Four-
xkwfvkyfolrsm; ñTef;qkdaom resolution rsm;rSm inkjet rsm;uhJodkYyif pass printer onf pm&G u f w pf & G u f t wG u f
twdtus r&&SdEkdifay/ Enhancement wpfckckaMumifh effective output wpfa&mif ½kdufay;Ekdifojzifh av;Budrf jzwf,l&
rsm;rSm avsmhenf;aewwfonf/ xkdYaMumihf printers awmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif onf/ Single-pass printer qko d nfrmS wpfBudrf
edge enhancement xnfhay;xm;onf[k azmfjyyg&Sdwwfygonf/ Print wnf; jzwf½HkrQjzifh av;a&mifvHk; wpfNydKifeuf
speed ESifh ywfoufí xkxnf&Sdaom for-
mated output, graphics ESifh photo wdkYonf
printer udk armif;ESifaom uGefysLwm\ pro-
cessor t&nfaoG;ESihf printer wGiyf g&Sv
d maom
processor wdkY\ t&nftaoG;rsm;ay: rlwnf
ygonf/ Internal memory yrmP yg&Sdaomf
vnf; xkwfvkyfay;rI speed uGmjcm;Ekdifonf/
acwfrDaom printer rsm;onf memory
yrmPvHak vmufpmG yg&Sv d mwwfouho J Ykd vkt
d yf
ygu xyfrHí memory upgrade vkyf,lcGifh
twGuf pDpOfyg&Svd mwwfonf/ Monochrome
laser wdkif;onf network connection twGuf
toifh oHk;Ekdif&ef tpDtpOfrsm; ygvmNyD; jzpf
onf/

Color Laser
speed onf t"dur[kwf? vSvS yy
oyfoyf&yf&yfEiS hf a&mifpkH print rsm;udk tvk&d o dS l Color Lasers
jzpfygu color laser printer udkom a&G;cs,f&
rnfjzpf\/ Color laser printer rsm;\ wefzdk;
rsm;rSm a':vm 700 rS a':vm 1000 txd &Sd
onf/ Monochrome laser rsm;ESifh 'inkjet'
rsm;xuf pOf;pOf;pm;pm; 0,f,l&onfh wefzkd;
rsm;jzpf\/ Color laser rsm;\ wdk;wufrI
owif;rS 0rf;omp&mtaMumif;udprö Sm "mwfyHk
om;twdik ;f xkwaf y;Ekid Nf yD jzpfaMumif;yif jzpf\/
odYk aomf xkxnfBuD;rm;vGe;f ojzifh pm;yGaJ y:wGif
wifxm;ygu ae&m,lvGef;aeapygvdrfhrnf/
rnfonfh color laser printer rsm;rqkd
t&nftaoG;aumif;rGev f aS om excellent out-
put rsm;&&SdEkdifMuygonf/ pm&Gufwpf&Gufudk
printing p&dwfudk wGufcsufMunhfrnf qkdygu
a&mifpHkxkwf,lvQif inkjet toHk;jyK&aom EIef;xm;xuf avsmhenf;pGmjzifh ½dkufxnfhay;vkdufonf/ odkYtwGuf single-
&&SdEkdifrnfjzpfNyD;? text ESifh edges in graphics rsm;om jzpfygu mono- pass printers rsm;\ speed onf 12 ppm rS
chrome laser rsm;xuf tenf;i,f wefzkd;BuD;aernfjzpfonf/ 24 ppm txd &&Sad omfvnf; four-pass printer

112 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f


MOBILE PRINTERS
ao;i,fayghyg;í bufx&Dyg0goH;k mobile
printer wpfv;kH \ t&G,t f pm;rSm 6.5× 13.3×3.2
inche jzpfí tao;qH;k mobile printer wpfv;kH
t&G,t f pm;rSm 2.0×11.9×4.4 inches jzpfonf/
½ª;zdeyfaowåm t&G,frQ&Sdaom aowåmwdkif;wGif
yif qHh\/ omref notebook computer av;
rsm;xuf ayghyg;onf/ bufx&DrSmrl xkwfvkyf
oltay:rlwnfí owfrSwfcsuf &Sdaewwf
onf/
Mobile printer \ aps;EIe;f rsm;rSm a':vm
250 rS 350 twGif; owfrSwf a&mif;csavh &Sd
ygonf/ Sheet feader ESifh ywfoufí tcsdKU
model rsm;wGif yg0ifxm;wwfaomfvnf; tcsdKU
rSm option taejzifo h m cGijhf yKwwfMuNyD; tcsKd UrSm
vHk;0 ryg0ifygay/ tqdkyg printer rsm;\
speed onf trnf;a&mifwpfckwnf; toHk;jyK
ygu wpfred pfwiG f 9 &Gurf S 14 &Gut f xd &Sw
d wf
í a&mifpHkjzpfygu 2 &Guf rS 10 &GuftwGif;
&&SdEkdifygonf/ High-quality mode toHk;jyK
&efyg&Sd ygu tqkdyg printer \ speed rSm
trnf;a&mif wpfa&mifwnf;vkyfief; jzpfygu
wpfrdepfvQif 1.6 &GufEIef;xGufum a&mifpHkjzpf
ygu 0.2 &GufEIef;om &&Sdrnf jzpf\/ c&D;oGm;
vmae&olrsm;twGufrl Mobile printer rsm;
onf tvGefw&m toHk;0ifvSygonf/
114
uGefysLwmtaxGaxG
rsm;onf 4 ppm rS 8 ppm txdom &Ekdifonf/ Single-pass wGif LED
odkYr[kwf solid-ink technology udk oHk;xm;ojzifh four-pass printer
rsm;xuf wefzdk;BuD;onf/ a&S;,cifu xGufay:vmchJaom color laser
rsm;onf monochrome laser rsm;xuf ysupf ;D csKd U,Gi;f csuf rsm;jym;ojzifh
vlBudKufenf;Muonf/ odkY&mwGif ,aeYacwf aps;uGufay:odkY a&muf&Sd
vmaom model rsm;onf ysufp;D csdKU,Gi;f rI enf;yg;Muum monochrome
lasers rsm; enf;wl pdwfcsvufcs toHk;jyKEkdifMuonfh taetxm; &Sdvm
ygonf/
Multi function
rdrt
d aejzifh inkjet odYkr[kwf monochreme printer wpfcck uk kd 0,f&ef
aocsmpGm qHk;jzwfNyD;NyD;? okdYaomf rdrdtwGuf scanner wpfckvnf; vkdtyf
aeonf/ rdwåLul;pufvnf; vkdtyfonf/ Fax machine wpfvHk;udkvnf;
oHk;csifaeao;onf[laom tjcm;udpörsm;yg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef
&Sdaeygu Multifunction printer udkom a&G;cs,f 0,f,l&ayvdrfhrnf/
tu,fírsm; rdrdtaejzifh Color Laser Printer udkom toHk;jyKrnf[k
qHk;jzwfxm;olrsm;jzpfaevQif þodkY Multifunction printer udk a&G;cs,f
&ef rjzpfEkdifygap/ ,aeYtcsdefxd personal tqifhoHk; color laser MFP3
rsm; xkwfvkyfa&mif;csjcif; r&Sdao;yg/
MFP5 (Multifunction Printers) rsm;onf regular printer rsm;xuf
tenf;i,f wefzkd;BuD;aeygvdrfhrnf/ Inkjet-based MFP rsm; onf
tMurf;zsif;tm;jzifh ADF pepf rygvQif a':vm 100 rS 400 txd &Sdae
NyD; ADF pepfyg&Sdygu a':vm200 rS 500 twGif; &Sdaewwfonf/
Laser-based MFP rsm;rSmrl tMurf;zsif;tm;jzifh a':vm 330 rS 700
twGif; a&mif;csavh &SdwwfMuonf/
Printer taejzifh speed twGujf zpfap output quality twGujf zpfap
tjcm;oD;jcm; specific requirement uefYowfrI &Sad echyJ gu printer owf
owf scanner owfowf pdwfBudKuf 0,f,l&rnfjzpf\/ odkYaomf scan-
ner wpfcktaejzifh vufcHEkdifavmufaom t&nftaoG; wpfpHkwpf&mrQ
&SdvQif auseyfNyDqkdygurl MFP udkom a&G;cs,f 0,f,loifhygonf/
rsm;aomtm;jzifh MFP rsm;onf print, copy ESifh scan twGuf
tqifh yg&Sw d wfaomfvnf; fax twGurf l tcsKd Uaom modem ay:rlwnfae
wwfaomaMumifh jzpf\/ Fax modem trsdK;tpm;ESifh wGJzufum MFP
onfvnf; fax yg&Sdonf[k ñTef;qdkxm;ygu? PC tm; ydwfxm;onfhwkdif
Fax udpr ö sm; aqmif&Gufay;Ekdifonf/ tu,fí stand-alone for ma-
chine wpfvHk;ESifh MFP wkdYudk aygif;pyfoHk;vkdyguvnf; toHk;jyKEkdifyg
ao;onf/
MFP onf rdwLå ul;rItwGuf monochrome ESihf color [lí cGjJ cm;oH;k
cGifh&Sdonfhtjyif oD;jcm; rdwåLpufwpfckuhJodkY csHKUjcif;? csJUjcif;? puúL
t&G,ftpm;trsdK;rsdK; csdefqay;jcif;ESifh tvif;tarSmif? txltyg; csdef
wG,fay;jcif;wkdYtxd frant panel ay:wGif vkyfudkif,lEkdifygonf/
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
 uGefysLwmtaxGaxG
Scanner twGuf ppfaq;&mü ukrP Ü rD S azmfjyñTe;f qdw
k wfonfh reso- xnfhoHk;ay;wwfonf/ vuf&Sd photo printer
lution jzifh uGmjcm;aewwfonf/ Mechnical resolution wpfckawmh wdkYonf true photo quality xkwfray;Edkif
aocsmpGm&&SdEkdifonf/ ¤if;onf optical resolution xuf ESpfq uGmjcm; ao;jcif;rSm extra shade av;rsm; xGufay:
aewwfonf/ vmrI quality rrDao;jcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/
MFP3 rsm;udk 0,f,lrnfqkdygu paper homdling udkvnf; *½k tcsKd Y photo printer rsm;onf camara rS jzpfap?
pkdufoifhonf/ Flatbed scanner onf ADF pepf yg&Sdrnfr[kwfay? memory card rS jzpfap wkduf½dkufxkwfay;Ekdif
odkYtwGuf sheet-fed scanner 0,f,lrSom ADF pepfuhJodkY puúLrsm;udk aom t&nftcsif; &SdMuonf/ tqdkyg printer
tvdktavsmuf jzwfoef;ay;rI jyKvkyfEkdifygvdrfhrnf/ rsm;wGif LCD screen ao;ao;av;rsm; ygvm

Photo Printers
Standard inkjet printer rsm;onf rMumrD
umvtwGif; "mwfyHkrsm; print vkyfay;rIwGif
vuf&Sd photo printers rsm;xufaumif;onfh
taetxm;rsdK;jzifh xkwfvkyfvmzG,f &Sdonf/
,aeYtcsdefxdrl standard ink jet rS xkwfaom
yHkrsm;onf photo printer rS xkwfvkyfonfh
ykHrsm;ESifh t&nftaoG; vHk;0uGmjcm;rI&Sdaeyg
onf/ odkYaomf standard inkjet rsm;u "mwfyHk
quality avmuf xkwfEkdifNyDqdkygvnf; photo
printers rsm;onf tppftrSef "mwfyHk quality
rsm; &&SdaeNyDjzpfygvdrfhrnf/
Photo printers rsm;xJwGif rMumcP qkd
ovkd thermal-dye printer rsm;ESifh dye subli-
mation printer rsm; rcGJjcm;wwf jzpfaewwf
ygonf/ Thermal-dye printer rsm;onf plain
paper rsm;ay:wGif print vkyr f ay;Ekid jf cif;aMumifh
¤if;udk all-purpose printer [k rac:qkdEkdif
ygay/ xkdYtjyif print vkyfrnfh size udkvnf;
(4 by 6) odkYr[kwf (5 by 7) [lí tjrifhqHk;
uefYowfxm;rI&Sd\/
Photo printers awmf a wmf r sm;rsm;ud k
a':vm 100 rS 500 twGif; a&mif;csvsuf &Sd
aMumif; jrifawGYEkdifonf/ Photo printer rsm;\
wpfrsdK;ESifhwpfrsdK; uGmjcm;csufrsm;wGif t"dutm;jzifh speed rwlnD wwfí ¤if; display ay;wGif vktd yfonfh t&G,f
wwfay/ Speed ay:vkdufí aps;EIef; uGmjcm;aewwfonf/ 13 vufrrS tpm; ta&twGufwkdYudk csdefwG,f&,lEkdifonf/
19 vufrtxd t&G,t f pm;udk xkwv f yk af y;Ekid af om photo printer rsm;\ xkdodkYaom tajctaersdK; &,lvkdygu pict
aps;EIef;onf tedrfhqHk; a':vm 400 &Sdonf/ Photo printer xJ&Sd all- Bridge support vk y f x m;ygonf qd k o nf h
purpose trsdK;tpm;rsm;onf flur ink color xufykdaom ta&mifjzihf printer udkom a&G;cs,f0,f,l&rnf/ network
toHk;jyKay;onf/ qdkvkdonfrSm Light cyan ESifh light magenta wkdYudk csdwfquf toHk;jyKvkdygu standard ink jets
rlvobm0 cyan, yellow, magenta ESifh black wdkYwGif xyfaygif; jznfh rsm;uhJodkYyif xyfrHpDpOf aqmif&Guf,l&ygvdrfh
pGufay;xm;jcif;jzpf\/ tcsdKUonf yellow tpm; blue ESifh red ink wdkY rnf/

116 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f

 uGefysLwmtaxGaxG

COLOUR INKJET & MONO LASER PRINTERS

MULTIFUNCTION DEVICES urÇmx
h yd w
f ef;pm&if;0if printer rsm;

118 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f

 uGefysLwmtaxGaxG
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
&efukefNrdKUuGefysLwm ypönf;ta&mif;qdkiftcsdKUwGif 0,f,l&&SdEkdifaom printers rsm;
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890
(20-10-2004 aeYwiG f aumuf,&l &Sad om aps;EIe;f jzpfygonf/)

KMD ta&mif;qkdifwGif Client Focus ta&mif;qkdifwGif

Epson LQ 300 + printer (A4 size) 164000 usyf Epson Laser 6200L 199500 usyf
Canon S 200 spx Bubble jet printer 49000 usyf Epson C 45 Inkjet Printer 52000 usyf
Canon ip 1000 Bubble jet printer 68000 usyf Epson LQ 300 + Dotmatrix Printer 165000 usyf
Hp Deskjet 3535 Color Printer 55000 usyf Epson Stylus CX 1500 Multifunction 110000 usyf
Epson Stylus C 65 Color Printer 82000 usyf printer
(USB/P)
Epson Photo R310 Printer (USB) 200000 usyf Cystem ta&mif;qkdifwGif
Canon Laser Jet LBP 1120 Printer 172000 usyf Samsuong Laser Printer ML-1710P 142000 usyf
(USB) Samsung Color Laser Printer CLP-500/ClP-500N
Hp Laser jet 1010 printer (USB0 179000 usyf 760000 usyf
Hp laser Jet 1300 printer 306000 usyf Samsung Color Laser Printer SCX-4100 256000 usyf
(parallel & USB)
T-Land ta&mif;qkdifwGif
Technoland ta&mif;qdkifwGif Epson Stylus C43SX 55000 usyf
Canon ip 1000 Bubble jet printer 58 a':vm Canon BJC-2100 SP 75 a':vm
Canon i 255 Bubble jet printer 70 a':vm Canon BJC-1000 SP 90 a':vm
Epson Stylus C 435×Color printer 51000 usyf Canon Laser Printer LBP 1120 175000 usyf
Epson Stylus C 154×Color Printer 51000 usyf
Epson Stylus C 65 Color printer 77000 usyf Myint Tun Oo ta&mif;qkdifwGif
Epson Photo Printer R 210 168 a':vm Lexmark Z-45 Ink Jet Printer 103700 usyf
Epson Photo Printer R 310 210 a':vm Lexmark Z-43 Ink Jet Printer 210000 usyf
Epson Photo Printer R 1290 498 a':vm Lexmark Z-35T Ink Jet Printer 54500 usyf
Hp laser jet 1300 305000 usyf Lexmark E 210 Ink Jet Printer 176000 usyf
Samsung Ink Jet ML 1710 148 a':vm Lexmark M412 Multifunction Printer 994400 usyf
Epson EPL 6200 L 205 a':vm Lexmark T 614 Multifunction Printer 1496000 usyf
Canon LBP 1120 180 a':vm
Canon LBP 1210 215 a':vm Friend Computer System ta&mif;qkdifwGif
Canon C-45 Ink Jet Printer 52000 usyf
Fidonet ta&mif;qdkifwGif Canon S-200 SPX Bubble Jet Printer 51000 usyf
Hp Laser Jet 1010 (USB) 180000 usyf Canon i 255 Bubble Jet Printer 65000 usyf
Canon LBP 1210 (USB & Parallel) 195000 usyf HP deskjet 3558 printer 57000 usyf
Canon ip 1000 Bubble Jet (USB) 57000 usyf
Canon MPC 190 Multifunction printer 145000 usyf
Epson C 45 (USB) Ink Jet printer 53000 usyf
Epson C 65 (USB & Parallel) 80000 usyf

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f 119

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awGo;kH wwfr,f/ toH;k rvdw k hJ Font awGuv kd nf; &Si;f ay;vdrhf r,f/ enf; 50 udo
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vufawGu Y sus oH;k Munfrh ,fq&kd if oifuh Geyf sLwmrSm ydNk y;D xl;jcm;rIawG &vmrSmuawmh
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avQmhEdkifoavmuf yg0gudkavQmhoHk;yg
1. zdkifpepfudkajymif;yg
FAT32 zdkifpepfudk oHk;aew,fqdk
&if NT odkYr[kwf NTFS zdkifpepfudk
ajymif;oH;k Munfyh g/ tm;vH;k xJrmS NTFS
pepf[m tcdkifrmqHk;vdkY qdkEdkifw,f/
[mh'f'pfwpfckckjzpfvdkY zdkifawGudkjyefNyD;
awmh&atmifvyk &f r,fq&kd ifawmh NTFS
pepf[m taumif;qHk;yJ/
Start > All Programs > Acces-
sories > Command Prompt qdkNyD;
tqifhqifh oGm;vdkufyg/ Command
Prompt ay:vm&if convert c:/fs:ntfs
qdkwm ½dkufxnhfNyD;&if Enter acguf
vdkufyg/
2. File Indexing udk Disable vkyf
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zdkifawG&JU emrnfawGudk Update
jzpfatmif Disable vkyf&if; zdkifawGudk
&Sm&azG&wm ydkNyD;awmh jrefapw,f/
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rMumrvkyb f ;l qd&k ifawmh 'Dvv
kd yk zf Ykd rvdk
bl;/ Memory vnf;rpm;awmhbl;/
uGefysLwm*sme,f Edk0ifbmv? 2004 ckESpf
DO IT YOUR SELF
Disable vkyfwJhenf;uawmh
Control Panel > Add/Remove Win-
dows Components rSm Indexing
Services a&SUu  udkjzKwfvdkufyg/
3.Priorities awGudk Reset vkyfyg
y½dk*&rfawGudk run &wm ydkNyD;jref
csifw,fqdk&ifawmh Screen atmufajc
rSm&SdwJh taskbar udk right-click vkyfNyD;
ay:vmwJh box xJu Task Manager
udka&G;vdkufyg/
Task Manager ay:vm&if Pro-
cess tab udkESdyfvdkufyg/ tJ'DrSm udk,fh
uGeyf sLwmxJrmS &Sw d hJ y½d*k &rfawGtpDt&D
ay:vmvdrfhr,f/ udk,ftjrefEIef;jr§ifhcsif
wJyh ½d*k &rfay:rSm right-click ESyd v
f u
kd Nf yD;
Priority udk High vkyfvdkuf&if tjref
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4. rsufpdyom' avQmhcs&atmif
udk,fhrSm memory rsm;rsm;pm;pm;
r&Sdbl;qdk&if Windows 98 eJY 2000
pwdkif display udkyJ ½dk;½dk;oHk;vdkY&w,f/
Control Panel > System udz k iG Nhf y;D
Advance tab > Performance
tqifhqifha&G;vdkufyg/ Performance
atmufrSm Settings qdkwmygw,f/
Setting udk Click vkyfvdkufNyD; Adjust
for best performance ud k a &G ; ay;
vdu
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5. Hibernation rvkyfygeJY
[mh'f'pfae&mr&SdbJ udk,fhuGefysL
wmudk Hibernation mode b,fawmhrS
rvkyfrdygapeJY/ [mh'f'pf space udk
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Control Panel > Power Op-
tions > Hibernate udk tqifhqifhoGm;
vdkufyg/ Enable hibernation udk
Uncheck vkyfvdkufyg/
6. Memory performance udk
ydkrdkaumif;rGefap&ef
Memory xJrSm odrf;xm;wJh data
awGudk zdkifawGodrf;xm;ovdk oyfoyf
&yf&yfeJY pDpD&D&Dodrf;xm;Edkif&if tvkyf
vkyfwJhtcg ydkNyD;jrefqefrIudk &&SdapEdkif
w,f/
'DvdkjzpfzdkY Start > Run udk ac:
vdu
k yf g/ NyD;&if regedit vdYk ½du
k x
f nfNh yD;
Enter acgufvdkuf/ tJ'DrSm ay:vmwJh
Windows xJu atmufrSmazmfjyxm;
wJhtwdkif; tqifhqifh&Smvdkuf/
HKEY LOCAL MACHINE\
SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\
Session Manager\Memory Man-
agement
Memory Management rSm Dis-
able Paging Executive udkawGYvdrfh
r,f/ tJ'gudk Double click eJYzGifhNyD;
decimal value udk 1 vdYk ajymif;ay;vdu
k f
yg/
121

NyD;&if LargeSystemCache udk
vnf; Double click eJYzGifhNyD; decimal
value udk 1 vdkY xyfajymif;vdkufygOD;/
OS taeeJY ,cktcsdefrSm Memory udk
taumif;qH;k jzpfatmif pDpOfay;vdrrhf ,f/
7. Temp Folder udk tvdktavsmuf
zsufcsif&if
Temporary zdi
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ae&mody, f w l wfw,f/ [mh''f pf&UJ vkyf
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Run ay:vm&if gpedit.msc qdkNyD;½dkuf
xnfv h ukd yf g/ NyD;&if Enter acgufvu kd /f
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qifha&G;oGm;vdkuf/
Computer configuration >
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dows Components > Terminal Ser-
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122
DO IT YOUR SELF
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8. [mh'f'pfudk&Sif;vif;ay;yg
Programs > Accessories > Sys-
tem Tools atmufrmS Disk Cleanup
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rSm xnfhoGif;ay;vdkufwwfw,f/
System udk jyóem&Smr,fh rvdk
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9. tvdktavsmuf Updting vkyfwm
udk ydwfxm;yg
Memory udk rsm;rsm;&apzdYkeYJ CPU
&JU yg0gudk yHkrSefoHk;pGJEdkifzdkYvdkygw,f/
Auto updates udy k w
d x f m;zdYk q&kd if
Control Panel > System udk oGm;&yg
vdrfhr,f/ NyD;&if Automatic Updat-
ing udk Turn Off vkyfvdkufyg/
10. vuf&SdoHk;pGJaewJh zdkifpm&if;udk
z,f&Sm;xm;vdkufyg
Control Panel > Taskbar and
Start Menu Properties udkoGm;NyD;
Start Menu tab udk Click vkyfyg/
NyD;&if Customise button udk Click
vkyfyg/
uGefysLwm*sme,f Edk0ifbmv? 2004 ckESpf
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yg/ NyD;&if the List My Most Re-
cently Opened Documents box rSm
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udkvnf; Level trsKd;rsKd;ajymif;ay;vdkY
&w,f/
Start > Run udkoGm;NyD; regedit
vdYk ½du
k xf nfvh u
kd Nf yD; Enter acgufvu
kd f
yg/ NyD;&if atmufrmS azmfjyxm;wJt h wdik ;f
tqifhqifh oGm;vdkufyg/
HKEY CURRENT USER\ Con-
trol Panel\ Desktop NyD;&if vuf,m
bufrmS &Swd hJ MenuShowDelay ay:rSm
Right click ESdyfvdkufyg/ Modify udk
a&G;NyD; Value udk 0 vdkYajymif;ay;vdkuf
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Restart jyefvkyfay;yg/
12.toHk;csy½dk*&rfrsm;udk ydkrdk
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&Sm&wm tcufawGYaew,fqdk&if Start
menu rSmwifxm;wJh y½d* k &rfawGursm;
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tjrefenf;av;udk vrf;ñTev f u
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cut awG oGm;xnfhxm;vdkufyg/
atmufu Taskbar ay:rSm Right-
click ESdyfNyD; Toolbar > New toolbar
udk a&mufatmifoGm;vdkufNyD; ckeu
Desktop ay:rSm Shortcut awGxnfh
 DO IT YOUR SELF
xm;wJh Folder udo k mG ;ñTe;f vdu
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qdk&if udk,ftjrefqHk;oHk;csifwJhy½dk*&rf HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\ delete vkyfvdkufvdkY&w,f/
awGukd Taskbar ay:uaeNyD;awmhvnf; SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\
tjrefqHk;&,lEdkifvdrfhr,f/ CurrentVersion\Uninstall
txufutwdkif; Uninstall udk 17.uD;bkwf Shortcut awG oHk;yg
awGYNyDq&kd if rvdck sifawmhwhJ y½d*k &rfawG vlodrsm;wmu Ctrl+V aygif;ESdyf
13.roHk;wJh Startup y½dk*&rfawGudk udk &Sif;ypfvdkuf½HkyJ/ &if taMumif;t&mawGudk Paste vkyf
z,f&Sm;ypfyg wmvdkYodMuw,f/ uD;bkwfay:u In-
Start > Run eJYpvdu
k yf g/ msconfig
vdkY ½dkufxnfhvdkufyg/ NyD;&if Enter
acgufvdkufyg/ System Configura-
tion Utility qdkwmay:vmvdrfhr,f/
Startup tab udk Click vkyNf yD; ud,
k rf oH;k
wJh y½dk*&rfawGa&SUu trSwftom;awG
udk jzKwfypfvdkufyg/

14. uGefysLwmudk tvG,fydwfenf;

uD;bkwfay:rSm uGefysLwmydwfwJh
Power button ygrvmbl;qd& k if Desk-
top ay:rSm uGefysLwmudkydwfcdkif;wJh
Icon av;wpfck zefwD;xm;vdkY&w,f/
uGefysLwmudk toHk;rvdkawmhbl;qdk&if
tJ'D Icon udk double-click vkyfvdkuf
wmeJY uGefysLwm ydwfoGm;apEdkifw,f/
Desktop ay:rSm right-click ESdyf
vdkufyg/ new shortcut wpfckzefwD;
vdkufyg/ tJ'DrSm pm½dkufxnfhzdkYay:vm
&if shutdown -s -t 0 vdYk aoaocsmcsm
½dkufxnhfay;yg/ NyD;&if Next vkyfvdkuf
wmeJY Desktop ay:rSm Shortcut wpfck
ay:vmvdrfhr,f/ Shortcut udk right-
click ESdyfNyD; Properties uae udk,fh
pdwfBudKuf ydwfwJhpepfudk jyifqifEdkif
ao;w,f/ Oyrm Ctrl, Alt, End aygif;
ESdyfvdkuf&if uGefysLwmudk Shutdown
vkyfvdkufyg qdkwmrsKd;aygh/
15.Add/Remove y½dk*&rfawGxJrSm
ygwJh entry awGudk &Sif;xkwfay;yg
Start > Run udkoGm;NyD; regedit
vdkY ½dkufxnfhay;NyD; Enter acgufvdkuf
16.Restore point awGudk Delete
vkyfypfyg
Windows rSm uGefysLwmudk e*dk
rlvtwdkif;jyefjzpfEdkifapzdkY restore vkyf
xm;wwfwmawG&w dS ,f/ Oyrm jyóem
wufEdkifwJh y½dk*&rfawGudk Install vkyf
vdu
k rf &d if jyóemrjzpfEikd af tmif Win-
dows u restore vkyfay;NyD;umuG,f
xm;avh&Sdw,f/
[mh'f'pfudk ae&mvGwfrsm;rsm;vdk
csifw,fqdk&ifawmh restore point
ta[mif;awGudk delete vkyfypfEdkif&if
aumif;w,f/
Start > All Programs > Acces-
sories > System Tools > Disk
Cleanup > More options udk tqifh
sert udkESdyf&ifvnf; Paste vkyfwmyJ/
tJ'Dvdk uD;bkwf Shortcut awG trsm;
BuD;avhvmNyD; oHk;Edkifw,f/
18. No to all vdkYajymay;yg
zdkif operation awGvkyfaecsdefrSm
"Yes or No to All" udak jymcsi&
f if Shift
udkESdyfxm;vdkuf&w,f/
19. Fonts awGudk Unload
vkyfxm;ay;yg
Fonts tydkawG[m y½dk*&rfwpfckck
zGifhcsdefrSm load vkyfaewwfwmaMumifh
wpfcck zk iG &hf if Mumaewwfw,f/ Con-
trol Panel xJrmS Fonts folder &Swd ,f/

uGefysLwm*sme,f Edk0ifbmv? 2004 ckESpf 123


Folder topfwpfck aqmufNyD; roH;k wJh
Fonts awGudk tJ'DtxJrSm xnfhxm;
vdkufyg/ aemufydkif; vdktyf&ifvnf;
jyefNyD; xnfhoHk;Edkifatmif rzsufvdkufyg
eJYOD;/
20. pum;pktvdkufzsufjcif;
pmvH;k wpfv;kH csi;f r[kwb f J pum;pk
tvdu k zf sufcsif&if Ctrl+Shift udw k EJG ydS f
NyD; Left Arrow udEk ydS o f mG ;½Hyk /J ud,
k v f kd
csifwJhae&ma&muf&if Backspace wpf
csufwnf;ESdyfvdkuf½HkeJY NyD;NyD/
21.trdIufyHk;xJxnfh&wm ydkNyD;
jrefcsif&if
zdkifawGudk delete vkyfNyD;wdkif; re-
cycle bin udk empty vkyf&wm tvkyf
wpfcvk jkd zpfaewwfw,f/ zsurf mS aocsm
&ifawmh tqifhausmfvdkufvdkY&w,f/
zsufcsifwhJ zdik f odYk r[kwf Folder udak &G;
Shift udE k ydS x
f m;NyD; Delete vkyvf u
kd &f if
Empty Recycle Bin oGm;vkyp f &m rvdk
awmhbl;/ wdkuf½dkufzsufay;vdrfhr,f/
124
DO IT YOUR SELF
22. Error jzpf&if report vkyfaewm 24. Open With udkoHk;yg
udk rvkyfatmif Disable vk y f
xm;yg
y½dk*&rfwpfckckzGifhNyD; tvkyfvkyf
aewke;f pdwt f aESmift
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awGYwikd ;f window awG xxNyD;ay:vm
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rvmatmif Control Panel > System
udkoGm;vdkufyg/ NyD;&if Advanced
xJu Disable Error Reporting udk
a&G;vdkufyg/
23.zGifhwJhy½dk*&rf rSefuefygap
JPG zdi
k u
f kd Photoshop eJYziG Mhf unfh
wmxuf Picture Viewer eJYMunfEh ikd &f if
ydkaumif;w,f/
zGifhMunfhcsifwJhzdkifay:udk right-
click vkyfvdkufyg/ Open With >
Choose Program udka&G;vdkufyg/ zGifh
csiw f yhJ ½d*k &rf[m pm&if;rSmyg&if a&G;vdu
k f
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&vdrfhr,f/
uGefysLwm*sme,f Edk0ifbmv? 2004 ckESpf
Text zdkifwpfckudkzGifhzdkY Windows
u todtrSwfrjyKbJ jiif;qefaeo
vm;/ Open With udkoHk;NyD; Notepad
vdk y½d*k &rfeYJ oGm;zGichf ikd ;f vdu
k v
f Ykd&w,f/
udk,fzGifhcsifwJhzdkifay:udk right-
click ESdyfNyD; Open With udka&G;NyD; tJ'D
txJurS Notepad udka&G;ay;vdkuf½HkyJ/
25.armufpfudk ydkNyD;tqifajyajy
oHk;csif&if
PS/2 armufpfudkoHk;aewmqdk&if
Control Panel > System > Hardware
> Device Manager udk tqifq h ifoh mG ;
vdkufyg/ tJ'DrSm Mice and other
pointing devices qdkNyD;awGYvdrfhr,f/
tJ'DatmufrSm PS/2 Mouse udkquf
0ifvdkufyg/ PS/2 Mouse udk right-
click > Properties > Advanced Set-
ting qdNk yD; tqifq
h ifo
h mG ;vdu
k yf g/ tJ'D
txJrmS sample rate udk 200 vdYk ajymif;
ay;vdkufyg/
26. Lock tjrefvkyfenf;
uGefysLwmudk Lock vkyfcsif&if
Ctrl+Alt+Del ESdyfr,fhtpm; Winkey
vdkYac:wJh Windows logo uD;eJY L udk
aygif;ESdyfvdkufwmeJY&w,f/
27.pmawGudkodrf;qnf;EdkifzdkY
Outlook Express xJu Tools >
Options > Maintenance > Store
Folder qdkNyD; tqifhqifhoGm;vdkufyg/
tJ'DrSm tD;ar;vfzdkifawGudk odrf;qnf;
xm;Edkifw,f/ Microsoft udkoGm;NyD;
default taeeJY oGm;ñTef;aep&m rvdk
awmhbl;/ Back-up vkyf&wmvnf;
ydkNyD;awmh vG,foGm;vdrfhr,f/

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127
 LIFE STYLE

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20 commuting GADGETS ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

1. SENNHEISER PXC 250 - HEAD

PHONES
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128 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f


2. TOSHIBA TECRA M2-LAPTOP
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uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f 129
 LIFE STYLE

pufb;D jzifh oGm;vmaeolrsm;twGuf

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

6. JABRA FREESPEAK 250 - BLUETOOTH ESifhtwl mobile keypad av;wpfck yg&Sdvm

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wdkYudk aygif;pyf wyfqifay;xm;\/ 240 em&D ukwfwGif wyfqifxm;jcif;tm;jzifh acR;xGuf
Mum standby zGifhxm;EkdifNyD; pum;ajymqkd armyef;rI'PfrS uif;a0;apEkdifygonf/ ywf0ef;
toHk;jyKygu &Spfem&DMumoHk;Edkifonf/ vufudkif usif&Sd tylcsdefxuf 6 'D*&D avsmhenf;rI&Sdap&ef
zkef;jzifh jzpfap? music player jzifhjzpfap wGJzuf aqmif&u G af y;Ekid o
f nf/ ¤if;udk a&xnfx
h nfah y;
toHk;jyKEkdifaom Headset jzpf\/ í toHk;jyK&ygonf/ tqkdyg mini aircon
gizmo av;rSm tvsLrDeD,H tat;cHjym;ESifh
7. SCHRADE I - QUIP MULTI - TOOL yef u mwd k Y wG J z uf toH k ; csxm;\/ ¤if ; \
c&D ; aqmif vuf e uf u d & d , mrsd K ;pk H u d k owfrSwfwefzdk;rSm a':vm 50 om&Sdonf/
wpfaygif;wpfpnf;wnf;yg&Sí d pufb;D ESihf oGm;
vm&ef toHk;jyKEkdifonfh multi-tool av;
jzpfonf/ i - Quip av;wGif ayBudK;? 'g;? pl;?
uwfaMu;? vT? azmufwH? 0uftlvSnfh? avrIwf
0DpD? oHvdkuf tdrfajr§mif? bm½dkrDwmESifh em&DrStp
rD;jcpftxd oyf&yfvSypGm pkpnf;jyifqifxm;
onfh wpfudk,fa&oHk; vufeufud&d,mpHk jzpf
onf/ tu,fí pufb;D aygufvQif ,m,Dzmax;
Ekdif&ef ud&d,mtjzpfvnf; oHk;Ekdifao;onf/
odkY&mwGif tqdkyg ud&d,mpHk a&mif;aps;rSm
a':vm 340 jzpf\/

8. X LINE XBM - 100

PERSONAL AUDIO PLAYER
Citygizmos ukrÜPDxkwf aw;*DwoDcsif;
em;axmifonfh ud&d,mav;jzpfum X Line
XBM - 100 [k trnfay;xm;\/ Bluetooth
MP3 player trsKd ;tpm;jzpfí wpfv;kH udk a':vm
300 cefYjzifh 0,f,l&&SdEkdifonf/ rnfonfh
w,fvzD ek ;f trsKd ;tpm;ESirhf qdk csw
d q
f uftoH;k jyK
Ekdifao;onf/ ¤if;wGif 256 MB yrmP&Sd
memory yg&Sdojzifh pufbD;pD;&if; oDcsif;aygif;
ajrmufjrm;pGmudk em;axmifoGm;Ekdifygonf/ ¤if;

130 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f

 LIFE STYLE
10. SUUTO SGHR - WATCH aom vrf;rsdK;wGif oGm;vmaeonfhwkdif rysuf
vufywfem&D[k ac:qkd&rnfxuf wrist- rpD; toH;k jyKEkid af om w,fvzD ek ;f jzpf\/ ¤if;ESihf
top computer [k ac:qkdygu ydkrkdoifhavsmfyg twl optional attachment wpfck? head set
rnf/ ¤if;wGif altimeter ac: tjrifw h idk ;f ud&,
d m wpfcwk Ydk yg&SNd yD; buil-in camera vnf;yg&So
d nf/
wpfck? ESvHk;ckefwkdif;ud&d,mwpfck? oHvkduf m65 zkef;wpfvHk;udk a':vm 220 jzifh a&mif;cs
tdrfajr§mifESifh bm½kdrDwmwdkYyg yg&Sdonf/ ¤if;udk ay;onf/
PC jzifh csdwfqufu rdrd\ usef;rmoefpGrf;rI
tajctaeudk tao;pdwf od&Sdem;vnfEkdifap
onf/ em&DwGif 49 *&rfav;onfh vufywf
BudK;jzifh ywfxm;&í xkdvufywfBudK;av;onf ajcvQiaf vQmufí oGm;vm&olrsm;twGuf
transmitter tjzpf vkyu f ikd f aqmif&uG af y;onf/ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

tqkyd g Suunto XGHR em&Dwpfv;kH udk a':vm
600 cefYwefaMu;&Sd\/ ¤if; em&Dudk a&eufrDwm
30 txd a&pdrfcHyHkpHjzifh pDrHxm;&Sdonf/
11. SIEMENS M65 - MOBILE PHONE
Murf;Murf;wrf;wrf;c&D;wGif pufbD;jzifh
oGm;vm&olrsm; oHk;&ef toifhavsmfqHk; vuf
udik zf ek ;f trsdK;tpm; jzpfonf/ Siemens ukrk P
rS xkwfvkyfNyD; xdckdufrdjcif;? ckefayguf wkefcg
jcif;? a&ESi&hf UHT rsm; pOfjcif;uho
J Ykd Murf;wrf;cufxef
12. GARMIN IQUE 3600 - PDA
NrdKUwGif;NrdKUjyifxGufoGm;vmum tvkyfvkyf
ae&olrsm;twGuf vdyfpmtwdkif; tvG,fwul
&SmazGMunfh½IEkdif&ef GPS navigation yg&Sdonfh
PDA av;jzpfygonf/ Garmin ukrÜPD xkwf
ypönf;av;jzpfum wefaMu;tm;jzifh a':vm
890 [k owfrSwfxm;onf/ xkdokdY oGm;vm
Ü D vIyf&Sm;&if; xkdifí tem;,lonfhtcg aq;vdyf
aomufaernfhtpm; pdwf0ifwpm;jzifh upm;Ekdif
onfh *drf;rsm;udkvnf; yhHydk;ay;xm;onf/

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f 131

 LIFE STYLE

13. APPLE IPOD 40GB -

PERSONAL AUDIOPLAYER
PDA taejzifhvnf; toHk;jyKEkdifaom
aemufqHk;xkwf iPod trsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/
wpfaeYwmvkyf&ef vkyfief;Z,m;rsm;? vdyfpm
rsm;ESifh jyu©'def ponfhwkdYudk Munhf½IvkyfudkifEkdif?
aqmif&GufEkdifonfhtjyif Macs rSjzpfap? PCs
rSjzpfap music rsm; ul;,l odrf;qnf;um em;
aomwqifEkdifonf/ oDcsif;yk'fa&aygif; 1000
cefYtxd 0ifqHhonf/ Personal audio player
av;[kqakd omfvnf; owfrw S wf efz;dk rSm a':vm
600 cefYjzpf\/

14. NIKE AIR MAX 03 ID - TRAINERS

www.nike.com okdY online rSwpfqifh rdrd
BudKufEpS o
f uf&m ta&mifjzifh wefaMu;aiGa':vm
230 ay;acsum 0,f,l&&SdEkdifonf/ rdrdtoHk;jyK
aom locker wGix f nfx
h m;pOf tjcm;ol ,lroH;k
Ekdif&ef tqdkyg vrf;avQmufzdeyfwGif rdrd\ ID
udkxnfhxm;í&onf/ rnfrQtoHk;jyKxm;onf
jzpfap teHUtoufr&Sdap&ef pDpOfjyKvkyfxm;
onf/ Max Air ESifh Phylonair cushioned
shack absorbers rsm; yg&SdaomaMumifh rnfrQ
vrf;avQmuf&onfjzpfap oufaomifhoufom HI GEAR PEDOMETER RADIO
16. vrf;avQmufoGm;vm&if; FM a&'D,dktoH
ayghayghyg;yg;&Sdaernfjzpf\/
vTifhpufrsm;udk em;axmifEkdifygvdrfhrnf/ odkY&m
15. DR BOTT TI CASE wGif xkdokdY a&'D,kdobm0wpfckwnf; yg&Sdjcif;
15 vufr display yg&Sdonfh Apple r[kwaf y/ rdrv d rf;avQmufpOf ukecf ef;oGm;aom
PowerBook vufqGJuGefysLwmtwGuf txl; u,fvdk&Dtm;vnf; wkdif;xGmay;Ekdifonf/ c&D;
pDrH xkwfvkyfxm;onf[k xif&avmufaom pwifonfrS rnfrQtuGmta0;txd a&muf&Sdae
tvsLrDeD,H vufqGJtdwfav;jzpfonf/ tvGef onfudkvnf; zwf,lEkdifonf/ xkdYtjyif pum;
pwkdifusvSí vHkjcHKrI tpDtrHrsm; yg&Sdaom ajymaomem&D[k ac:qdk&rnfh talking clock
tdwfav;[k qkdvQifvnf; rSm;rnfr[kwfay/ functions rsm;vnf; xnfhay;xm;ygonf/
vufqu JG eG yf sLwmwpfv;kH tjyif iPod wpfv;kH ESihf tqdkyg ud&d,mav;udk cg;ywfwGifcsdwfqGJNyD;
power supplies qufBudK;rsm; xnf, h El idk o
f nf/ em;odkY earphone jzifh qufoG,f toHk;jyK&\/
tu,fí tjcm;ypönf;rsm; xnfh&eftwGufom xd k pedometer radio av;wpf v H k ; ud k 25
oHk;ygu a':vm 460 cefYwefaMu;&Sdaom xkd a':vmjzifh 0,f,l&&SdEkdifygonf/
tdwfav;ESifh rukdufnDvSay/

132 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f

 LIFE STYLE

18. BLACKSPOT ROAD ANGEL

CAR ACCESSORY
,mOfpnf;urf;ESifhtnD armif;ESif&ef ñTefjy
ay;Ekid rf nfh GPS pepfo;kH warning gadget av;
jzpfonf/ ypönf;wefzdk;rSm a':vm 650 &SdNyD;
vpOfaMu;udk GPS pepftwGuf ay;oGi;f toH;k jyK
&aom ud&, d mav;jzpfonf/ tjrefEeI ;f BudKwif
owif;ay;Ekid rf EI iS hf xdcu
dk rf rI sm;twGuf zwf½EI idk f
&ef black-spots pepfvnf;yg&Sd\/

19. IONIC BREEZE DASHBOARD IONIZER

Sharper Image ukrÜPDrS xkwfvkyfonfh
teHYtoufazsmuf ud&d,mav;jzpfonf/ 'DZ,f
rdk;aiGYrsm;? tdyfaZmhtckd;taiGYrsm;xGufaeonfh
,mOfaemufwGif yg&SdvmrdonfhtcgrsdK;wGif rdrd
um;wGif;odkY 0ifa&mufvmwwfojzifh tqdkyg
teHYtoufqdk;rsm;udk uif;pifatmif armif;ESif
ay;Ekdifonf/ ¤if;udk armfawmf,mOfrS 12v DC
supply jzif h toH k ; jyK&onf / pwk d i f u sus
armfawmf,mOfarmif;vko d rl sm;twGuf toH;k jyK&ef
txl;oifhawmfaom ypönf;jzpfNyD; wpfpHkvQif
a':vm 50 cefY wefaMu;&Sdonf/

ud,
k yf idk u
f m;jzifh oGm;vmvIy&f mS ;olrsm;twGuf 20. SOLAR - POWERED CAR BATTERY
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
RECHARGER
aea&mifjcnfxkd; armfawmfum; bufx&D
tm;jznfh ud&d,mav;udk armfawmfum;\ 'ufcf
17. GARMIN STREET PILOT 2610
bkwfay:wGif wyfqif toHk;jyK&onf/ &Hzef&Hcg
SATNAVDEVICE
ta&;ay:aqG;aEG;awGYq&kH eftwGuf rdro d mG ; owdarhí armfawmf,mOfrD;cvkwfESifh aomhzGifh
aeus r[kwo f nfh c&D;pOfrsdK; oGm;aomtcgwGif xm;rdygu bufx&D vH;k 0 tm;ukeo f mG ;apEkid yf g
toHk;jyKEkdifonfh GPS device av;jzpfygonf/ onf/ xkdtcgrsdK;wGif aea&mifjcnf&onfESifh
tu,fí tjcm; GPS oHk;EkdifiHwGif toHk;jyKvkd 'ufcsfbw k af y:&Sd tqkyd g tm;jznhu
f &d ,d mav;rS
vQifvnf; oufqkdif&majryHkxnfhí toHk;jyKEkdif tvkt d avsmuf recharge jyefvyk af y;ygvdrrhf nf/
ygonf/ N*dK[fwkqufoG,fa&;pepf ½kwfw&uf ¤if;ud&,d mav;udk pD;u&ufr;D n§o d nft h aygufrS
aysmufqHk;oGm;ygu toHk;jyKEkdif&ef dead reck- qufoG,fí jzpfap? crocodile clips rsm;jzifh
oning pepfwpfck xnfhay;xm;\/ vrf;jypepf jzpfap qufoG,ftoHk;jyK&onf/ ud&d,mwpfpHk
2610 wpfpv kH Qif wefaMu;tm;jzifh a':vm 2000 pm owfrSwfwefzdk;rSm 7 a':vmjzpf\/
cefY jzpfonf/ [Ref: T3 magazine June 2004]

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f 133

 Reviews >> Hardware

Graphic Card Motherboard

Gigabyte GV-NXS-7128D Gigabyte GA-8GPNXP Duo

Motherboard epÅm˙a PCI bus et∑kiu stc\et∑≥ri˙K´.rt´.

1990 Aesapiuc\;ktv\;k qc\.p^s^T´m˙a qc\.r´> data et∑
erW>pue
M rW>nv\;n´≥ pt\qk\l≥ui epac\;l´mS
O t
ui a mriq
˙ elak\påp´"
AGP n´≥ DDR et∑ha PCI bus Aehac\;et∑r´> 33 MHz
(133 Mbytes/ sec) Amn\Nn O ;\ kn\≥qt\K¥k\kui ek¥a\laW ;q∑a;
Niuc\my\. nv\;pvaet∑ Ps\påty\" Kueta. 4G bytes/sec
wn\;k¥c\ bandwidth ri˙my\. PCI Express n´≥ PCX 16X
graphics slot et∑n≥´ At¨ AraAa;lu;M epac\;l´ps\lk ui p\ å“p^"
Nvidia r´> Geforce PCX 5750 GPU (NV 36 core)
AepÅ AeKKMt´. Gigabyte r´> GV NX 57128D ha pTm
Su;M PCX graphics card Ps\påty\" q¨ha tn\Piu;nv\;
s∑m\;rv\nim\. eZ;k∑k\At∑k\ rv\r∑y\påty\"
d^kt\AepÅm˙a GPU kiu puMm˙n\ FX 5700 Tk\ circuit
board r´> piu“p^; ATk\piuc\;k¥k¥ enraK¥Ta;påty\" HSI
epåc\;k¨; K¥s\p\At∑k\ enraep;Piu≥ Ps\påty\" (Nvidia card
et∑ha m¨lzati PCX mhutB
\ ´ epåc\;k¨;K¥s\pk
\ ui qu;M rpåty\")
HSI bridge kl´∑liu≥ k¥n\ specifications et∑k standard
FX 5700 n´≥At¨tp
¨ åp´" NOc
i ;\ y˙√K
\ ¥k\Ar eN˙;ek∑;t´A
. mn\Nn
O ;\
eÂkac\. AeA;ep;Piu≥ mliupå"
Performance Aa;‘p PCX interface ha AGP ver-
sion FX 5700 Tk\ qiqat´.Ak¥oi;qk\erak\mO met∑≥K´.r
påB¨;" Far Cry kiu 1,024 x 768 m˙aTa;“p^; sm\;Âkv\.eta.
3D mark 03- 3206 r“p^; 41.85 fps rrip
˙ åty\" dåkiÂu kv\“. p^;
eparrc\ Am¥a;”k^;piumn\my\.kt\et∑ T∑k\mlamK¥c\; PCX
qiu≥ upgrade mlup\Tiuk\eq;på"
Gigabyte GA-8GPNXP Duo ha Intel r´> i915p
chipset Aqs\kiuquM;t´. pTmSuM; motherboard Ps\påty\"
800 MHz FSB pentium processors, DDR 2 memory n´≥
PCI Express cards et∑ kiu AeTak\ApMe. p;påty\" PCI
Express ha graphics card et∑kui AGP 4x bandwidth
Tk\ quM;SK´∑ Amn\NOn\;n´≥ AeTak\ApM.ep;påty\"
Chipset Aqs\ha 775 pin socket påri˙“p^; 478 pin
socket n´≥ Am¥a;”k^; Ka;na;påty\" q¨≥r´> enak\ek¥am˙a
pins et∑ mpåeta.B´ q¨t≥uikui motherboard r´> ts\st
i t
\ s\pc
ui ;\
APs\ ‘plupT \ a;påty\" Gigabyte board ha chipset
Aqs\n´≥At¨ Dimm slot Am¥oi;Asa;Ps\t´. DDR n´≥ DDR2
kiu quM;Niuc\espåty\" dåeÂkac\. processor Aqs\ graphics
card Aqs\et∑n´≥At¨ qc\ha DDR 400/333 memory
Aehac\;et∑kiu quM;Niuc\påty\"
Chipset Aqs\m˙a ATA port ts\Kt u v\;qa pårit ˙ y\"
qc\m. a˙ SATA (Serial ATA) mpåri˙rc\ qc\.r´> hard disk m˙a
optical drive ts\Kuqa K¥it\Sk\Niuc\my\"
Processor Aqs\n≥´ At¨ graphics card Aqs\kl ui w´ y\P≥ui
lip
u ålimt .\ y\" Board AepÅm˙a ts\Kutv\;eqaer∑;K¥y\sra
APs\ 16X PCI Express graphics slot p´ påpåty\"
Expansion cards et∑At∑k\ puMm˙n\ PCI N˙sK \ n
u ≥´ 1x PCI
Express slot quM;Kupåty\" Board AepÅm˙a Gigabit Lan
ports N˙sK\ nu ≥´ 7.1 surround sound ts\påtv\; A“p^;påwc\ty\"
Chipset Aqs\påli≥u Aekac\;sa; board Ps\epmy\.
PCI Express graphics card et∑ AerAt∑k\nv\;eneq;
tary\' upgrade lupP \ ≥ui liA
u p\K¥k\et∑ Kk\K´ km\;tm\;enta
keta. lk\t∑n\≥sra Ps\enpåty\"

134 k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ Niuwc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\

 Reviews >> Hardware

Photo Printer Inkjet Printer

Epson Picturemate Lexmark Z815

Lexmark ha professional eZ;k∑k\k ”k^;quM;”k^;

Epson Picturemate, Personal Photo Lab ha (Canon, Epson n´≥ HP) et∑n≥´ Pk\‘pice\ nmy\A
. sa; £ 150
professional Arv\Aeq∑; prints et∑ Tutl \ up\Pu≥i d^zuc
i ;\ ‘p eAak\ eZ;k∑k\kiu AaRuMs¨;siuk\“p^; Tut\lup\enpåty\"
Ta;t´. mini inkjet Ps\påty\" Amc\. 6 lk\mAk¥y\ 10 dåeÂkac\.miu≥ q¨tiu≥r´> enak\SuM;Tut\ photo printer ha £ 80
lk\melak\pr
´ “˙i p^; lk\kc
ui l
\ v\; Tv\e
. p;Ta;ty\" hih
u d
ui d
^ ^ p´ri˙ta AM.Âqsra mhut\påB¨;"
qy\mq∑a;liu≥rtaepå." Epson ha Al∑y\tk¨ qy\eSac\ u c\ Lexmark Tut\kun\psßv\;et∑ha mtn\
Arc\kSir
q∑a;Nic
u e
\ r;At∑k\ Aeta\”k^;kiu pc\pn\;Sc\;r´KM tv\eSak\Kr
.´ tS TuTv\”k^;ma;eAac\ tmc\qk\qk\ lup\Ta;el
epmy\. user et∑APi≥u lk\KK
M ¥c\på.mla;mqi" Bali≥u lS
´ e
ui ta. qla;liu≥ Tc\relak\påty\" ek¥;z¨;tc\sra d^ Z815
epåc\mun\≥m^;kc\sk\n´≥ t¨enliu≥på" Aqs\m˙aeta. d^As√\Alakiu K¥oi;P¥k\“p^; Aeta\”k^;
˙ \ printer kiu install lupr
q¨≥kui tp\Sc\rta puMmn \ qlip
u ´ eK¥aem∑≥q∑y\l¥t´.Aq∑c\ ri˙lapåty\" qiu≥epmy\. S´∑Tut\liu≥
l∑yk ¨ åty\" Ink cartridge kiu AMel;T´ elYaTv\l
\ p . k
ui “\ p^; rt´. out-tray keta. k¥oi;l∑y\p´.l∑y\ Ps\eneq;ty\"
emac\;tMkuiquM;j enrak¥eAac\lup\liuk\ RuMpåp´" sar∑k\et∑ AeKKMsaqa;AT∑k\k lk\KMNiuc\P∑y\ri˙epmy\. Aekac\;
kieu ta. er˙>Bk\k feeder tray m˙a Tv\r
. påmy\" AepÅBk\k \ q;på" eZ;NOn;\ t¨ printer et∑k saqa;et∑
”k^; mhute
Am¥oi;m¥oi;eqa ATin\;Klut\et∑quM;“p^; LCD menu m˙a lm\; elak\ pt\qa;Kc\; mrip
˙ å" Glossy paper AepÅ eS;erac\sMu
eÂkac\;r˙aeP∑Nc
ui p
\ åty\" A´dk
^ en picturemate r´> function Dat\pk . ;uM quality setting Ta;“p^; TutÂ\ kv\e
Mu ui Amc\S . ta.
et∑Aa;luM;kiu Tin\;K¥op\Niuc\påty\" Aeta\Aqc\. ekac\;m∑n\epmy\. T¨;T¨;Ka;Ka;ry\liu≥eta.
Picturemate k Memory card 12 m¥oi;kiu lk\KMNiuc\“p^; epamrpå"
enak\ek¥aBk\k USB port ken digital camera qi≥u mhut\ Ank\erac\At∑k\ cartridge kiu quM;erac\quM; photo
USB flash drive m˙ Rup\puMm¥a;kiu tiuk\Riuk\ry¨Niuc\påty\" cartridge n´≥ Asa;Tiu;liu≥ rpåty\" Print lupm \ y\. photo
Rup\puMet∑ Aeta\m¥a;m¥a;kiu Asm\; print lup\Âkv\.t´.AKå ha eKak\erac\q;Mu six colour kiu eTak\pM.Piu≥eta. liupå
ts\KuK¥c\;s^ha N˙s\mins\wn\;k¥c\ AK¥in\y¨påty\" qc\.r´> m¨rc\; lim\.my\" Photo cartridge Sir u c\ output quality piuekac\;
snaps qa Arv\Aeq∑;mc\.my\Siurc\ Picturemate ha laepmy\. emYa\m˙n\;Ta;qelak\Ti tiu;tk\ mlapå"
professional ASc\.kiu y˙√\Niuc\my\. borderless snaps kiu Photo cartridge mpåB´ A4 Ar∑y\ photo kiu print lup\
rri˙esNiuc\påty\" eS;erac\et∑ es;kp\“p^; wå;q∑a;ta' t´.AKå cå;mins\K´∑Âkaty\" Six-colour mode n´≥Siurc\
ersiutaet∑ KMNiuc\rv\ri˙“p^; N˙s\epåc\; 100 mY mm˙in\meP¥a. N˙s\Selak\Âkamy\" ”k^;ma;t´. Rup\puMet∑kiu mÂkaK% print
˙ y\l≥ui Epson k SiT
rim u a;elr´>" lup\my\.q¨Siurc\eta. qip\mkiuk\l˙B¨;epå."
Picturemate kiu piuc\Siuc\Niuc\Piu≥ kun\k¥srit\ Atn\Aqc\. eZ;NOn;\ Ar Z815 ha mSi;u l˙på"  qc\t
. c\m
. Ytt´. colour
nv\;påty\" Package T´ma˙ 10 x 15cm photo paper photo et∑ Tut\ep;Niuc\“p^; Auto paper detection sns\n≥´
ATup\liuk\n´≥ ink cartridge tiu≥ påwc\påty\" alignment feature tiu≥eÂkac\. quM;rtalv\; l∑y\påty\"

k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ Niuwc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\ 135

 Reviews >> Hardware

Mobile Phone MP3 Player

LG U8110 Creative Muvo slim

taT∑k\mekac\;K´.t´. enak\piuc\; 3G ha q¨≥r´> handset

Tut\kun\ line kiu tiu;tk\ekac\;m∑n\eAac\ lup\eSac\Niuc\K´.på
ty\" q¨≥r´> enak\SuM;epÅ network 3G phone keta. LG
U8110 Ps\påty\" Digital Rup\eqn´≥ Rup\r˙c\kc\mralv\;
At¨ påri˙lapåty\" Clam shell Pun\;Am¥oi;Asa;m¥a;nv\;t¨
U8110 r´> Apc\Ke∑M pÅm˙a caller ID n´≥ text message
Creative m˙a yKuAKå Flash media quM; MP3 player
et∑ k¥y\pn\≥ m¥a;pa;s∑a rri˙Niuc\på“p^" Muvo slim keta.
enak\SuM;Tut\ Ps\på“p^; Aeta\”k^;på;lWatapåp´" Credit
card Ar∑y\ mri˙tri˙ 7.6 mm p´ T¨ty\" qc\r
. ´> Aitk
\ p\T´
Aqael;elYaTv\.liuk\Piu≥ Bapœnam˙ mri˙på" 34 g p´el;
liu≥ qc\.Aenn´≥ ri˙enm˙n\;qti‘pmiPiu≥etac\ K´y√\;ty\"

notification At∑k\ secondary screen ts\Ku påri˙påty\" 60 MP3 qi≥u mhut\ 120 WMA track san´≥vm ^ Yt´. Flash

3G service r´> Apiuc\;ts\piuc\;k video conferencing memory susuepåc\; 256 MB ATi quM;Niuc\påty\" head
Ps\“p^; U8110 Aenn´≥ el;sa;elak\P∑y\ kiuc\t∑y\q∑a;Niuc\
phone ken na;eTac\my\Siurc\   qc\.Aenn´≥ bit-rate nim\.t´.
ta et∑≥rpåty\" Video call eKÅSiut´.AKå qc\r . >´ puh
M a
WMA n´≥ MP3 AÂka; Arv\Aeq∑; el¥a.k¥mOkui qti‘pmima˙
mhutp\ å" d^ memory k Tp\mK
M ¥´>T∑cN
\ c
ui l
\ ≥ui Aeta\m¥a;m¥a;k
Aerac\sl Mu c\t.´ screen eAak\eK window Aeq;el;T´ma˙
q¨tiu≥r´> eZ;wy\sarc\;k Ks\ps\liuk\Piu≥ Aqael;påp´"
epÅenpåmy\" Video pi;u qa;lie u ta. meK¥aem∑≥Ncui p\ å" dåepmy\.
Arc\k Muvo psßv\;et∑m˙a et∑≥K´.rt´. video recorder
handset AepÅm˙aeta. dåha ti;u tk\mt O s\Kp u å"
n´≥ equaliser features et∑n≥´ At¨ Creative ha FM radio
3G network m˙enj video et∑kl ui v\; download lup\
y¨Nc \ åeq;ty\" Pun;\ epÅm˙a qiuel˙ac\Pu≥i lut
iu p i ´. standard
kiulv\; Tv\.q∑c\;ep;Ta;påty\" q^;Ka; aerial tiuc\
mpårim
˙ k
O Aa;ekac\;t´. signal et∑ lk\Kr
M riP
˙ ≥ui liA
u p\eÂkac\;
video Apc\ AKu Quick play service lv\; rri˙Niuc\på“p^" d^
service m˙a network epÅm˙ video kiu stream s^;eÂkac\; rv\VWn\;enepmy\. m¥a;s∑aeqa AKa; MP3 player et∑m˙a
mpårit
˙ .´ FM radio n´≥tc\ tn\l˙på“p^"
Aenn´≥ ry¨liu≥ Pun\;T´k APiu;tn\ 16 MB ri˙ memory kiu
‘Pt\tp\Niuc\t´. battery slot ha Muvo r´> eB;m˙a
tiu≥TiquM;s∑´sramliueta.på"
b^dy
^ h
ui a qc\A
. t∑km
\ hutr
\ c\ kc\mrakiu 180 d^gr^  l˙v.\ qp\rp\s∑apåri˙“p^; qc\.p^s^qiu≥ USB cable n´≥ K¥it\Sk\liukt
\ ´.
AKåtiuc\; q¨≥Baqa Aa;pn\q∑c\;pålim\.my\" d^ lithium- ion
y¨liuk\“p^; Rup\eqDat\puMet∑ Riuk\y¨Niuc\påty\" VGA reso-
lution 640 x 480 eÂkac\. U8110 ha Vodafone k  Ala;t¨ unit kel;ha Muvo slim kiu eq;cy\på;lWaesepmy\.
qc\.r´> power Aa;kun\q∑a;rc\ Al∑y\tk¨ Sk\q∑y\ry¨Niuc\
Pun;\ m¥a;n´≥ my˙√N \ c
ui e\ pmy\. sitr\ c
W \ mø;P∑y\ feature el;ts\Kp u å"
my\. p^s^ ts\luM;mri˙rc\ qc\.Aenn´≥ g^tn´≥ eKt†mY kc\;k∑aq∑a;
By\Pn u ;\ At∑km \ Siu Aer;påt´. Pv\s . k
∑ K
\ ¥k\el;k desk-
top PC n´≥ data et∑kiu synchronise lup\Niuc\s∑m\; Ps\påty\" esNiuc\eÂkac\; ADipπay\T∑k\enpåty\" Aa;ts\KåApv\.
Pv\.Ta;rc\ battery k playback 16 nar^sa P∑c\.Niuc\påty\"
LG m˙aSir u c\ q¨k AeTak\ApMe . p;Ta;t´. USB Cable r´>
ek¥;z¨;n´≥ l∑yk \ s ¨ a∑ lupe \ Sac\Ncui p
\ åty\" PC sync eSa.Pw \ k´ ui edÅla 200 el¥a.el¥a. lk\l^eZ;n´≥ Muvo slim ha
eZ;”k^;t´B
. k\ nv\;nv\;erak\enpåty\" AT¨;qPc\. edÅla
quM;j calendar n´≥ contact information et∑kiu outlook
200 qa piuj kun\k¥“p^; AS 50 ek¥a\ storage pim
u ¥a;t´.
qi≥umhut\ Outlook Express n´≥ synchronise lupy \ N
¨ c
ui p
\ åty\"
Bluetooth mpåwc\lu≥i qc\.Aenn´≥ wireless nv\;n´≥ qtc\; .´ Kåm˙aepå." qiu≥epmy\. Muvo slim k
iPod n´≥ y˙√Â\ kv\.tA
Am¥a;”k^;pie
u q;“p^; FM radio na;eTac\liu≥rty\"
AK¥k\Alk\et∑ mk¨;epac\;ep;Niuc\på"

136 k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ Niuwc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\

 Reviews >> Hardware

Digital Radio Pen Input

Pure Digital the Bug i-pen Mouse

hn\pn\Aq∑c\A
pc\Ar Bug digital radio ha AK¥oi>kiu

sit\kun\Kn\;esNiuc\qliu AK¥oi>kiueta.lv\; S´∑eSac\mOet∑
ep;Niuc\påty\" q¨≥r´>stiuc\kiu kÁn\eta\tiu≥ ’kik\epmy\.
I-pen Mouse påt´. B¨;kel; RuM;kiuerak\laeta.
”k^;ma;k¥y\wn\;t´B
. k\ erak\enty\l≥ui eta. SiK
u ¥c\påty\"
P∑c\.Âkv\.Piu≥ra kÁn\eta\tiu≥l¨suts\qiuk\ sit\lOp\r˙a;eK¥ak\
dået∑kiu qv\;vv\;KMNiuc\rc\eta. Aeta\m¥a;m¥a;ep;Sp\
K¥a;enÂkty\"
Ta;pup \ ;Mu m˙apåt´A
M å" sarc\;TipS . raet∑k USB connection
Mouse kiu Asa;Tiu;Piu≥ d^ziuc\;lup\Ta;tapå" Tablet PC
n´≥ Secure Digital (SD) card slot tiu≥
Ps\ty\" SD card
et∑ma˙ qu;M t´. pen input puMsMm¥oi;påp´" dåepmy\. touch screen
slot k erd^yiukiu AK¥in\erW>Siuc\;na;eTac\K∑c\.ep;“p^; USB
epÅm˙a mer;q∑c\;rB´ AT¨;d^ziuc\;‘pTa;t´. mouse mat epÅm˙a
port k qc\.ps ^ ˙ recordings et∑kiu download lup\y¨K∑c\.
^ m
er;q∑c;\ rpåty\" A´d^ mouse mat keta. d^zc
ui ;\ qipm
\ ekac\;
ep;påty\" SD card epÅm˙a qieu l˙ac\Ta;t´. MP3 Pic u e\ t∑lv\;
l˙B´ package T´ma˙ eK∑lip\Tv\y
. l
¨ ali≥u sa;p´∑epÅm˙a
pn\≥
P∑c\.na;eTac\Niuc\påty\"

pn\≥
pø;
pø;
Ps\menpå" q¨≥kiuquM;rta Aeta\el; AKk\AK´
Siu;wå;vM.P¥c\;t´. interface kiu sm\;qp\mquM;s∑´Âkv\K
. c\ATi
et∑≥Nc
ui t
\ y\" kic
u t
\ y
∑ r
\ ta tky\k
. elac\tA
M ss\kui kic
u r
\
ekac\;t´.puMepÅeneq;ty\" kÁn\eta\tiu≥et∑≥K´.rt´. pTmSuM;
qliu mKMsa;rB´ USB cable klv\; AepÅ Tip\Bk\ken

pœnak AqMK¥´>Piu≥ ’ki;sa;t´.AKåm˙a
Ps\påty\" kiuy\Tv\
t´∑elac\;' t´∑elac\;
Ps\eneq;ty\"
epÅm˙a volume liu≥ Am˙t\Aqa;‘pTa;t´. Klut\ts\Kum˙
By\liup´ ’ki;sa;’ki;sa; d^psßv\;kiu quM;“p^; er;liu≥rt´.
met∑≥rpå" m¥k\sis¨;sra
Ps\enty\" d^Riu;sc\;l˙t´. lup\cn\;
lk\er;k m¨ltn\ek¥ac\;k lk\er;m¥oi;p´
Ps\
Ps\enty\"
el;lup\Piu≥kiu manual
pn\Pt\enrty\"
m¥√\;e
Pac\.et∑ S´∑rKk\liu≥ saqa;et∑ha Kp\esac\;esac\;
Bug ha digital stations AqMlcW R.\ eMu t∑kui AliA
u el¥ak\

Ps\kn
u t
\ alv\; et∑≥rty\"
r˙aeP∑“p^; Amv\Aliuk\ susv\;qim\;Sv\;påty\" dåepmy.\
I-pen Mouse ha pen liuera' mouse liupå Alup\lup\
sit\’kik\sarc\; favourites list tv\eSak\Piu≥ l∑y\k¨t´.
Nic
u l
\ ≥ui Pic
u e
\ t∑kui drag and drop lup\liu≥rqliu web page
nv\;lm\; mrip
˙ å" d^ks
i A
ß t∑k\ list ts\Kr
u e˙i pmy\. qc\r
. >´ er∑;K¥y\mO
epÅm˙a tiuk\Riuk\ hiu
Ks\d^
Ks\lv\; lup\Niuc\påty\" et∑≥K´.rt´.
Armhut\B´ qc\Am¥a;SuM; na;eTac\t´. stations et∑n≥´ p´
u folder ts\Kk

pœnats\Kk u P
ui c
∑ P
.\ ≥ui pen kiN
u p
i˙ P
\ ≥ui ’ki;sa;t´A
. Kå

pv\N
. k
˙ e
\ neplimm
\. y\" dålv\; enak\Tp\m¥k\ss
i ;¨ sra
Ps\en
cursor ha eAak\kiu er∑>er∑>q∑a;li≥u tik¥t´. lup\eSac\mOrPi≥u
“p^; Bug kiu quM;rta Kk\K´esty\"
Anv\;cy\ Kk\K´enty\"
k¥n\t´. menu sns\klv\; Tp\t¨Siu;wå;“p^; sub menu
AK¥oi>q¨et∑At∑k\ I-pen mouse ha ep¥a\rc
W P
\ y
∑ r
\ aA
Ps\
et∑Âka; q∑a;laPiu≥ Al∑n\Kk\K´ty\" Menu m˙a AepÅp´
sit\wc\sa;mO ri˙ekac\;ri˙Niuc\epmy\. tky\.Bw application
tk\rmla;' eAak\p´Sc\;rmla; By\eta.m˙ mr˙c\;lc\;på"
et∑m˙a AquM;wc\my\liu≥ mRO
mc\Niuc\på"
Screen epÅk soft button et∑kl
ui v\; satm\;ekac\;ekac\;
Screen epÅm˙a tik
u R
\ k
ui \ er;y¨P≥ui q¨≥kui qu;M Nic
u m
\ y\Sr
ui c\eta.
Ti;u mTa;li≥u Ak¨Av^mrpå" AqMArv\Aeq∑;k Aeta\el;
Aqu;M tv\s
. rarie
˙ pmy\. AKuAenATa;m˙aeta. S∑e
´ Sac\srali≥u
ekac\;m∑n\epmy\. e
Kak\ Aip\mk\qP∑y\ interface eÂkac\.
kÁn\eta\tiu≥ m
mc\på"
Bug ha sit\wc\sa;P∑y\ kun\psßv\;ts\KuA
Ps\ Âkv\.RuMqk\
qk\mYASc\.p´ ekac\;påmy\"

k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ Niuwc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\ 137

 k∑
k∑nn\p\p¥øtaAeT∑
¥øtaAk\eeS;
T∑

quM;mrt´. k∑n\p¥øtaAehac\;kiu By\m˙a ps\Ta;rml´

qiu≥mhut\ Pt\mrt´.’ki;el;ts\eK¥ac\;n´≥ kÁn\eta\

kiuy\n´≥ et∑≥mc\enk¥ Arael; liuk\Âk“p^" kÁn\eta\.m˙aeta. kÁn\eta\. ts\en≥keta. saesac\ts\Kutv\;

ts\Kukiu met∑≥mc\rrc\ rc\T´m˙ats\m¥oi; m˙aeta. meT∑;Nic
u \ mAn\Nc
ui \ ec;cic
u e
\ nrpå m˙a A´dk
^ n
∑ p
\ ¥øtaAeÂkac\; s∑n≥\ mps\rk\
”k^;p´" trc\;tN˙;^ riK
˙ P
.´ ;¨ t´A
. raSir
u c\eta. eta.ty\" t´. k∑n\p¥øtaet∑AeÂkac\; Pt\liuk\r
mepan´≥eta." mentt\ mTiuc\tt\' l¨klv\;Kk\ty\" Asri˙ Aenac\ ty\b¥" Kc\b¥a;tiu≥kiu ePak\qv\K¥rË;
rc\Tm
´ a˙ Bava Bava rie
˙ ntt\elr´>" enac\Sq
ui lip
u "´ k∑np
\ ¥øtael; qu;M enk¥ my\" ny¨;eyak\‘mi>”k^;m˙ab¥" k∑np
\ ¥øta
A´lm
ui ¥oi;påp´" kÁn\eta\n≥´ N˙se
\ påc\;m¥a;s∑a Siueta. quM;K¥c\enty\" d^eta. enak\ Aehac\;et∑Tk
´ chip et∑kui Am¥oi;qm^;
AkÁm\;twc\ri˙K´.P¨;t´. kiuy\n´≥ N˙s\epåc\; ts\l;Mu wy\lk
ui r
\ ty\" d^eta. pœna dåzc\wk\elak\k ‘Pt\enty\t´.b¥"
m¥a;s∑a Tiet∑≥kiuc\t∑y\K´.rt´. k∑n\p¥øta tk\lapn\era" Aehac\;el; By\ma˙ q¨t≥uik Alupl
\ p
u e\ ntaena\" eSa.ksa;
el;kiu ps\reta.my\Siueta. Kc\b¥a;tiu≥ Ta;rm˙al´" eK¥ac\Tm
´ a˙ s∑n≥\ ps\Ta;reta. enta mhutB
\ ;¨ " Motherboard et∑m˙
s√\;sa;taÂkv\.epeta." 90 pv\.N˙s\k m˙ala;" Aehac\;psßv\;wy\t´. l¨et∑ etac\pr
Mu apup
M t
´ ".´ Âkm\;pc\ts\Kl
u ;Mu Asim;\
wy\ K ´ . t ´ . h ael;" Upgrade lv\; lk\T´ Tv\e
. p;lik
u m
\ a˙ la;" dåm˙mhut\ erac\qn\;entap´t´." A´d^Alup\Kn\;r´>
N˙s”\ kime
\ lak\lp
u “\ p^;“p^" qMeyaz√\el; Pun\tk\tk\ eÂk;tk\tk\ Aim\m˙ap´ eTac\.ts\eTac\.m˙a Am¥oi;qa;ts\Ë;k
eÂkac\. Sk\q;Mu enK´t
. y\" eha AKueta. Sk\qm
i ;\ Ta;rm˙ala;" ewK´∑mr Ps\r ui “\ p^;eta. harddisk ts\Ku
t¨ts\lk\kc
ps\reta.my\" By\lm
ui ˙ lupm
\ reta.B;¨ " pn\på“p^" kÁn\eta\.dukk d^liub¥" “p^; ts\Ky
u Ҭ p^; TueKenty\tb
.´ ¥" k∑np
\ ¥ø
tt\kÁm\;t´. na;lv\tl
.´ e¨ t∑lv\; eKÅ
prepåc\; m¥a;“p^" q¨tiu≥lv\; lk\elYa.

Frame
qMm%itn\;m˙a 2.3 qn\; k^lg
ui rm\
el;j 25 Sc\.Kn\≥ tn\qv\"

CPU
Chip epÅm¨tv\j &c\;t∑c\
Aqu M ; ‘pTa;eqa erW m ˙ a  
ts\edÅlaKn\≥ tn\qv\"

Motherboard
Piuc\Bapa;Aa; Pm\;t∑y\Ta; eqa eÂk;' ec∑ N˙c\.
erWPc\. Sk\ Ta;qv\.psßv\; m¥a;m˙ 2 edÅla Kn\≥
tn\qv\"

Battery
Bk\Tr^ ePak\K¥rn\ quM;Ta;eqa n^ky\N˙c\.
kk\dm
^ y
^ q
M t†om¥a;kiu Arv\k¥oij pn\q;Mu Nic
u q
\ v\"

Cable
eÂk;wåya’ki;m¥a;m˙ 30 raKiuc\NOn\;
pn\rNiuc\j 9 Sc\. rNiuc\qv\"

138 k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ Niuwc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\

 k∑
k∑nn\p\p¥øtaAeT∑
¥øtaAk\eeS;
T∑

taet∑kui ts\ss^P¥k\S;^ enta" ts\m¥oi; et∑ha puT

M a;rc\ {Ewrk\}etac\elak\ kiuc\laÂkpåty\" dåepmy\. 10 raKiuc\
eparrc\eta. {k∑np
\ ¥øtaqK¥ço ic;\ } ts\Ku etac\ ri˙Niuc\påty\" Aim\et∑' RuM;et∑k NOn\;elak\qa Ps\emak\påeq;ty\"
r´> mc\kc
∑ ;\ epå.b¥a" ny¨;eyak\‘mi>”k^;m˙a stiuKn\;T´m˙a supuMentaet∑ mpåeq;på ts\Pk\klv\; d^liuri˙eq;ty\" kÁn\
A”k^;ma;SuM;Ps\t´. IBM kumπ%^”k^; r´> B¨;" tK¥oi>klv\; mps\rk\l≥ui qim;\ Ta; eta.\liuepå.b¥a" N˙s\epåc\;m¥a;s∑a tn\Piu;
Asset Recovery Center t´b. ¥"  ts\Ns˙ \ taet∑lv\; mnv\;påB¨;" kÁm\;k¥c\q¨ ”k^;s∑a Amt\tNi;u kic
u t
\ y
∑ l
\ aK´t
. .´ k∑n\
m˙a Ael;K¥in\ k^liugrm\ 18  qn\;ri˙t´. et∑k Kn\≥mn
˙ ;\ Ta;K¥k\ArSir
u c\ Krs\Ns
˙ \ p¥øtael;kiu By\elak\p´ quM;mrPs\
k∑n\p¥øtaet∑kiu P¥k\S^;ps\entat´." 2007 KuN˙s\m˙a obsolete Ps\q∑a;t´. enpåes qa;Siu;ts\eyak\liu mps\rk\
ts\Pk\psßv\;puMT´kiu ps\Tv\.enta" eKt\mm^eta. Aqu;M m‘peta.t.´ k∑np
\ ¥øta mK´K
∑ a∑ Nic
u \ Ps\rta Dmµtapåp´" Kc\b¥a;ti≥u
Aluminium qt†oet∑Siu“p^; Siuc\;But\ epåc\;ha qn\; 500 etac\ri˙my\t´.b¥a" p´ s√\;sa;Âkv\.el" edÅla 2000
tp\Ta;ty\" p^sT
^ t
u l
\ p
u t
\ s
.´ k\Rt
Mu s\RMu d^eta. Niuc\cMtiuc\;k Asiu;ret∑m˙alv\; elak\ep;rt´p
. sßv;\ ts\Ku Ps\epmy\. qip\
k p¥k\s^;q∑a;taeta. mhut\påB¨;" Alu p \ R O p \ r eta. t aepå" Upedet∑ mÂkat´.kalm˙a s∑n\≥ps\lWc\.ps\rmy\.
k∑n\p¥øtaAehac\;et∑kiu ts\ss^pn\ Tut\pn\' AmOik\et∑ qim;\ rtaepå." AeKkiu erak\q∑a;eta.my\"
P¥k\S;^ “p^; k∑np
\ ¥øtaAqs\ pn\Tt
u l
\ p
u P
\ ≥u i k∑n\p¥øtaet∑m˙a lead, cadmium, AKuts\Kå ts\Pk\kÂkv\.pn\eta.
’ki;sa;entapå" Recycle lupt
\ y\St
ui .´ mercury, qt†oet∑Apc\ AKa;qt†o lv\; recycler et∑ha {erWtc
∑ ;\ } kiu
ska; d^m˙aquM;taepå." et∑lv\; påwc\påty\" pt\wn\;k¥c\kiu et∑≥tapåp´" Pentium N˙c.\ AKa; proc-
dåepmy\. k∑np
\ ¥øtaAehac\;et∑kui TiKk
ui e
\ sNic
u p
\ åty\" l¨et∑kui AN †ray\ essor et∑ {erWna;k∑p}\ Ta;t´. Araet∑
d^lP
ui ¥k\S;^ “p^; pn\lp
u t
\ aha raKic
u N
\ n
O ;\ Ps\est´. qt†oet∑påp´" påty\b¥" Main circuit board m˙a
Aa;Pc\. nv\;nv\;el;p´ ri˙påeq;ty\" Tutl
\ p
u q
\ m
¨ ¥a;k Upedkie
u r˙ac\ra˙ ; silver ec∑n≥´ gold erWqt†oet∑n≥´ con-
ts\N˙s\ ts\N˙s\ ps\liuk\rt´. k∑n\p¥øta rn\ d^ Recycle lup\cn\;kiu stc\lup\ nect lupT
\ a;tab¥" ’ki;et∑ lv\;Âkv\.
copper Situ .´ qt†oet∑n≥´ lupT
\ a;tab¥"
Hard drive Heat Sink AÂkm\;P¥c\;b¥a" A´d^ At∑k\ wy\eZ;k
qma;Riu;k¥ drive CPU m˙T∑k\eqa Ap¨m¥a;kiu sup\y¨ep;rn\ 6 edÅlaelak\p´ rit
˙ y\" Monitor
tic
u ;\ qv\ Al¥øm^ny
^ M d^zc
ui ;\ lupT
\ a;qv\A
. t∑k\ &c\;kiu Al¥ø m^ny
^ M k edÅla 2.50 b¥a" Plastic et∑'
qt†o 15 raKiuc\ NOn\; N˙c\. eÂk;tiu≥Pc\. lup\eSac\Ta;tt\j fibre glass et∑klv\; pn\lv\qn\≥sc\
Anv\;Su;M påwc\qv\. Sc\. 40 Kn\≥ tn\qv\" “p^; AKa;enra et∑ma˙ pn\q;Mu rc\rtap´b¥"
At∑k\ 10 Sc\.Kn\≥
tn\qv\"
Monitor Yolk
Yolk tiu≥mv\qv\ 60 raKiuc\NOn\;m˙a
eÂk;Pc\. ‘plup\Ta;tt\j k¥n\
Asit\Apiuc\;t∑c\ raBaN˙c\. plt\
sts\m¥a; påwc\qPc\. Sc\. 90 Kn\≥
tn\qv\"
CRT
Monitor glass t∑c\ K´qt†o
25 raNiuc\NOn\; påwc\Ta;
qv\"

Plastic case and Keyboard

plt\sts\Pc\. lup\Ta;qPc\. ’ki“p^;
pn\quM;j rqv\"

k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ Niuwc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\ 139

 k∑n\p¥øtaAeT∑eT∑

Chips Aehac\;et∑klv\; ksa;sra “p^;K´.t´.N˙s\k A´d^lup\cn\;et∑ken A´dået∑ha Tut\lup\mOnv\;sns\Aqs\

ARup\ et∑m˙a
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et∑ quM;“p^; K∑´Tut\ty\liu≥ e
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140 k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ Niuwc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\


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Review >> Software
CD Check 3.1.1.0
File size 1MB (floppy disk wpfcsyfpm)
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149
Software Review

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tcsufuyif tcsdefudkavsmYyg;apí trSm;
t,Gif; enf;apygrnf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifY
CD tzHk;twGuf background xnfh
rvm;? scan yHk&dyfawGxnfYrvm;? pmom;
rsm;udk t*Fvdyf-jrefrmpmvHk;rsm;jzifY a&;
rvm;? ¤if;pmvHk;rsm;udk cHk;rvm;? 0dkif;
rvm; ponf (curve text) vkyfEdkifonf/
xnfYoGif;xm;aom yHk&dyf ("mwfyHk)rsm;udk
transparency enf ; jzif h ¤if ; aemuf c H
background rsm;jzifh ta&mifñE Sd ikd o
f nf/
Monitor rsufESmjyifwGif wpfcsdefwnf;?
wpfNydKifwnf;jzifh vdk&m'DZkdif;rsm;udk xnfh
oGif;? ajymif;vJ zefwD;Edkifygonf[k qdk&
ygrnf/
¤if;\ program tzGifhwGif audio
CD (template) wpfct k jzpf erlem jyxm;
onf/ oifu vdt k yfonfrsm;udk jznfph u G f
jcif;? ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;udk vkyfaqmif&ef
omjzpfonf/ Show/Hide < Tab > rS
vnf; CD tcsyf odkYr[kwf bl;cGH ponf
152
wdUk udk wpfBudrw
f nf;üajymif;vJvyk af qmif
Edkif&ef pDpOfay;xm;onf/ ¤if; Show/
Hide layout < Tab > EdSyfvdkufonfESifh
CD bl;cGH (umAm)? Front, Back, Slim
Case, DVD Case, Booklet ponfrsm;
jyKvky&f ef layout odUk a&muf&o
Sd mG ;NyD;? rlv
jyKvkyaf eaom CD disc, mini disc tcsyf
layout odkUvnf; jyefajymif;Edkifonf/
wpfenf;tm;jzifY program wpfcktwGif;
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
layout trsdK;rsdK;udk wpfBudrfwnf;jzifh
aqmif&GufEdkifjcif;yifjzpfonf/
Optional (Apply Template/
Theme) rSvnf; a&G;cs,fp&m erlem yHkpH
tajrmuftjrm;udk ay;xm;onf/ vSy
aom background rsm; tygt0if jzpfí
ESpfouf&mudk tvG,fwul toHk;jyKEdkifyg
onf/ ¤if; template rsm;udk rESpfouf[k
qdv k mygu Edit Background rSwpfqifY
aemufcHyHk&dyfESifh ta&mifwdkYudk ajymif;vJ
Edik of nf/ odUk r[kwf scan jyKvkyEf ikd o
f nf/
aemufcyH &kH yd rf sm;onf CD odUk r[kwf bl;cGH
umAmrsm;ESifY 0ifqHhatmif twwfEdkifqHk;
pDpOfay;xm;onfukd awGU&onf/ rBudKuf
ygu default odkU jyefajymif;Edkifonf/
tppt&m&m oifauseyfNyDqdkvQif pro-
ject udk <save> odrf;qnf;xm;&efom
jzpfonf/ tu,fí vuf&dSaeUpGJudk xnfh
xm;vdkyguvnf; Edit Background ~
Date check-box ukd <click> jyKvkyf½Hk
om jzpfonf/
uGufvyfjznfYjcif;
Default tjzpf ay;xm;aom audio
CD (template) rsufESmjyifay:½dS Smart
Objects erl e mtuG u f r sm;ay: od k U
double click jyKvkyfjcif;jzifY vdktyf
onfrsm;udk jznfYpGufajymif;vJEdkifonf/
¤if; Smart Objects rsm;wGif label lay-
out trsd K ;rsd K ;ud k azmf j yay;xm;onf /
(Smart Objects) Artist, Title wdkUwGif
vdkcsifaomtrnf? acgif;pD;wdkUudk xnfh
oGif;Edkifonf/ (Smart Objects) Con-
tents rSvnf; audio CD rsm;twGuf
oDcsif;acgif;pD;rsm; a&;jznfY&ef toifv h yk f
ay;xm;onf/ ¤if;wdkYudk rESpfoufí
odkUr[kwf xyfrHvdktyfonfrsm;udk Add
Object rS double click jyKvkyfí ,lEdkif
onf/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap jyKvkyfxm;aom
file rsm;udk project wpfcktjzpf save
vkyfxm;&ef vdktyfonf/

yHkEdSyfjcif;ESifY wHqdyfuyfjcif;
jyifqifjcif; udp&ö yftm;vHk; NyD;pD;NyD
qdkygpdkU/ ¤if;udk printer jzifh print xkwíf
disc (CD) jym; (odkYr[kwf) bl;cGHwdkUwGif
uyf&ygrnf/ < Print > udkclick jyKvkyfí
Print Wizard wG i f Page Setup ud k
jyifqif&ygrnf/ ¤if;wGif puúLtrsdK;tpm;
aygif; 60eD;yg;ESifh bl;cGHrsm;twGuf page
setting 20ausmf awGU&ygonf/ CD ESifh
bl;cGHtwGufyg wpfNydKifeuf a½G;cs,fEdkif
onf/
tawGUtBuHKrsm;t& ½dkufEdSyfNyD;aom
CD label rsm;udk CD disc wGif uyf&mwGif
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
Software Review
tqifrajyrIrsm; awGUaumif; Lable Creator udk ñTef;xm;onfukd
awGU&ygvdrrhf nf/ txl;ojzifh vufawGUprf;oyf&efom vdt k yfygaMumif;
tv,fA[dkusatmif csdef& a&;om;&ygonf/
onfu tcuftcJwpfck jzpf Software wpfckvHk;taeESifYrl sys-
onf/ uyfNyD;vQif jyefcGmí tem vdt
k yfcsuf tawmftoifh jrifo
h nfukd
r&awmh a om sticker rsm; owdjyKrdonf/ Hard disk ay:wGif 1100
twGuf ruyfrD tv,fA[dk MB (over 1 GB) rQ ae&m,lxm;onfukd
usatmif tawmfcsdef&onf/ vnf; awGU&onf/
CD rsuf E S m jyif w G i f
wHqdyftvS o½kyfazmfMu&m Ref: A Good Front
wGif software trsm;tjym; By Stephen J. Bigelow
xJrS tqiftajyqHk; soft- Smart Computing
ware wpfcktjzpf Roxio's August 2004
PRINTING DIRECTLY TO DISC
CD (discs) tajrmuftjrm;udk print ½dkuf&ef vdktyfvmygu omref printout
enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh rvHkavmufawmhyg/ odkYtwGuf wu,faqmif&GufEdkifrnfh
printing pepf vdktyfvmygrnf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh CD label rsm;udk u&dux
rsm;pGmjzifY ½dkufEdSyfae&onfrsm;udk vdkvm;rnf r[kwfyg/ odkUtwGuf
direct-to-disc jyKvkyfEdkifaom printer rsm;udk a&G;cs,f&ygawmhrnf/
¤if;wGif Primera Technology Inc. (http://www.primera.com) rS
xkwfvkyfaom inkjet disc printer udk ñTef;vdkygonf/ ¤if;onf aps;EIef;
tm;jzifY a':vm 1495 [k azmfjyxm;í full color to 1,200x1,200 dpi txd
½dkufEdSyfEdkifaom Primera's Composer XL100 disc auto-loader printer
jzpfonf/ xdkUtwl Primera's Bravo II combines 4,800 dpi inkjet disc
printing and automatic CD/DVD duplication direct-to-disc printer
onfvnf; wpfBudrfwGif 50 CDs/DVD txd ½dkufEdSyfEdkifonfudk awGY&onf/
¤if;wdkUonf USB 2.0 device udk toHk;jyKxm;Muonf/ odkYaomf ¤if; direct-to-
disc printer rsm;onf dry thermal color printing pepfrsm;jzpfMuí inkjet
rsm;udk toHk;jyKxm;Muonf/ Print ½dkufrnfh
CD rsufESmjyifonf oefY&Sif;rI &dSaeap&ef
vdktyfonf/ txl;ojzifY vufaAG&myif
r&dSavmufatmif oefY&Sif;ae&rnf
jzpfonf/ ¤if;vufaAG&monfyif
½dkufxm;aom images rsm;udk ysufpD;
aprnfjzpfonf/ aemufwpfcsufuvnf;
plastic disc rsufESmjyifwGif ½dkufxm;aom
rifwdkUu csufcsif; ajcmufonfr[kwf/ rdepf
twefMum xm;&OD;rnf/ odkYr[kwf printer
xkwfvkyfolrsm;\ tñTef;twdkif; apmifh&OD;rnfjzpfonf/
153
Software Review
Raxio PhotoSuite 5
yH&k yd rf sm;rSonf CD tjzpfoUkd ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
"mwfyHkrsm;udk pkpnf;í albums rsm;twGif;
xnfhoGif;jcif;? ¤if;ykH&dyfwdkYudk rGrf;rHjyifqifjcif;ESifY
video CD tjzpf
ajymif;vJjcif;wdYk EiS hf pyf
vsOf;í Roxio Photo-
Suite version 5 udk
rnfoUkd toH;k jyK&rnfukd
ay:vGifatmif jyvdkyg
onf/ xdkodkU yHk&dyfrsm;
udk rGrf;rH&mwGif jzwf
ñSyjf yKjyifxm;onfyh &kH yd f
wdkU tqifajyrI ½dS-r½dS
udk owdjyKae&onfh
tvk y f u d k tNrJ w rf ;
vkyv f Mkd urnfr[kwyf g/
Program u tvsOf;
oifhovdk aqmif½GufoGm;apcsifonf/ odkYjzpfí
vdktyfcsufrsm;udk program (software) u rnfrQ
ay;pGr;f Edik rf nfukd a½G;cs,fEikd &f ef Roxio \ Photo-
Suite 5 udk avhvmMunfhapvdkonf/
Roxio Inc(www.
roxio.com)o n f
media vk y f i ef ; oH k ;
software rsm;jzif h
emrnf&aeaom ukrPÜ D
wpfck jzpfonf/ ,ck
PhotoSuite version 5
onf 2003 ckESpfurS
xk w f v k y f v d k u f a om
version wpf c k j zpf
onf/ jrefrmuGeyf sLwm
orm;rsm;twGuf
154 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
xdkodkYaom "mwfyHkrsm;udk pkaqmif;jcif;? "mwfyHk-
yHk&dyfrsm;udk jyifqifjcif;? albums tjzpf wnf
aqmufjcif;? ¤if;aemuf video CD tjzpf zefwD;
jcif;rsm;onf xl;í rqef;awmhaomvkyfief;rsm;
jzpfonf/ ¤if;ESiYf pyfqikd af om software rsm;vnf;
tajrmuftjrm; xGuf&dSNyD; jzpfonf/ (Oyrm
ShowBiz software) ,ck Roxio's PhotoSuite
5 udk Smart Computing u ñTef;xm;onfrSm
xl;jcm;íjzpfrnf/
500MB ausmf ae&m,lxm;aom PhotoSuite
5 udk zGifYvdkufonfESifh rdrd aqmif&Gufvdkaom vkyf
ief;rsm;odkU 0ifa&muf&ef icon box rsm;jzifh pdwf0if
pm;zG,f azmfjyay;xm;onf/ ¤if;wdkYonf t"du
main tab rsm;jzpfMuonf/
File ~ Options...udk pwifzGifYí Options
dialog box wGif rdrdaqmif&Gufrnfh tajccHtcsuf
tvufrsm;udk ajymif;vJowfrw S x
f m;Edik o
f nf/ ¤if;
wGif section 8 ck yg0ifí wpfckpDudk zGifYum vdk
tyfaom taMumif;t&mwdkYudk a½G;cs,fajymif;vJ
xm;Edkifonf/ xdkUaemuf Apply udk click <OK>
jyKvkyjf cif;jzifY csdexf m;Edik o f nf/ tvkyv f yk &f ef tab
(interface) rsm;udk (mouse arrow jzifh) a½GUvsm;
ajymif;vJwdkif; tcsufay;oHwpfck Mum;ae&rnf/
¤if;udk vdt k yfí zGiYf vv kd Qif (Options dialog box)
wGifPlay PhotoSuite sounds udk check mark
jyKvkyfxm;&rnf/
¤if; (Options dialog box) wGif jyKvkyfcJhNyD;
aom (recently used file list) ta&twGufudk
owfrSwfxm;Edkifonf/ o½kyfazmfyHki,frsm;jzifh jy
xm;aom interface rsm;tay: <pointer> axmuf
vdkufonfESifh wpfzufrsufESmjyifwGif rdrdjyKvkyfvdk
aom aqmif&u G Ef ikd rf rI sm;udk tao;pdwf xyfrjH rif&
 Software Review
ygrnf/ rvdktyfvQif rjrif&yg/ ¤if;pepfonf yH&k yd f ("mwfy)kH rsm;udk scanner, camera, hard
tvkyfvkyf&ef vG,fulapí ydkrdk pdwf0ifpm;apyg disk ponfwUkd rS wpfqifY pkaqmif;jcif; (Transfer)?
rnf/ ¤if;yHk&dyfwdkUudk (Edit) jyifqifjcif;? printout tjzpf
(Options dialog box) rS File Locations xkw, f jl cif;? project tjzpf odr;f qnf;jcif;? slide-
<tab> onf rdrd jyKvkyfxm;aom files, photos show jy&ef pDpOfjcif;?
wdkYudk rnfonfhae&m (location) wGif odrf;rnfudk CD tjzpfajymif;vJjcif;
owfrSwfay;onf/ tu,fí ¤if;udk owfrSwfay; ESifY e-mail ydkU&ef? web
rxm;ygu C: Documents and settings\ User pages rsm; wnf
(.....) \My Documents\My Pictures wGif tvdk aqmuf & ef ? on-line
tavsmuf odrf;ay;ygvdrfhrnf/ xdktajctaewGif wif&ef ponf vkyfief;
wpfae&modYk ajymif;a&TYord ;f qnf;vdv k Qif (Options rsm;twGuf icon yHk&dyf
dialog box) rS File Locations udk zGifYí ¤if; i,f interface <tab>
locations tay: highlight jyKvkyfí ajymif;vJ rsm;u oift h m;tvG,f
Edik yf gonf/ rnfoUkd yifjzpfap ¤if; Options dialog wul ac:aqmif oGm;
box onf rsm;pGm toHk;0ifonfudk awGU&ygrnf/ ygvdrfYrnf/
Oyrm File Associations onf image file format txl;ojzifY Edit
rsm;udk vdt k yfovdk csdwq f ufay;ygvdrYf rnf/ Oyrm & Create onf pGrf;
- JPEG file udk PhotoSuite taejzifY zGifYEdkifyg aqmifrI taumif;qHk;
onf/ ¤if; associations rsm;wGif check mark aom tools rsm;jzifY zGJU
jyKvkyf½Hkomjzpfonf/ xdkUtwl Notifications pnf;xm;onf/
<tab> uvnf; Internet udk csdwfquf&ef odkU ¤if ; wG i f frame
r[kwf jzwfawmuf&ef ponfwYkdukd owday;ygvdrhf (or) border jyKvkyc f suf
rnf/ Slide Show <tab>, Video CD <tab> wdkU rsm;onf v nf ; aumif ; ? edit features rsm;rS
Overall Quality, Facial Flaws, Damaged
onfvnf; vdktyfaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk
Photos, Transform, Addphotos, Effects, Text
tqifajyatmif jznfYqnf;ay;ygonf/ ESifY Create Cut-out wdkUrS ajrmufjrm;pGmaom
Edit Tab onf yHk&dyfwdkU\ resolution rsm;udk
aqmif&GufEdkifcsufrsm;onf Roxio's PhotoSuite
600 dpi, 300 dpi ponf tqifajyatmif ajymif;
5 udk ESpfoufp&mrsm; jzpfvmygvdrfhrnf/
ay;vdrfYrnf/ ¤if;wdkYonf e-mail twGufvnf;
aumif;? web pages rsm;twGufvnf;aumif; Ref: HEIDI V. ANDERSON
owfrw S cf surf sm;twdik ;f tqifajyatmif ajymif;Edik f Smart Computing
onf/ check mark jyKvkyx f m;&efom jzpfygonf/ (August 2004)
tu,fí "gwfyHkrsm; udk e-mail jzifhydkUvdkaomf ¤if;
System vdktyfcsufrsm;
twGuf cufcufccJ &J rSd nf r[kwyf g/ ISP (Internet
Service Provider) u ydUk rnfh message onf owf Pentium III 500 MHz (minimum),
rSwfxm;onfxuf (1,024KB) ydkvGefaeygu Windows 98 / SE / Me / 2000 / XP,
64 to 128 MB RAM,
PhotoSuite u owday;ygvdrfhrnf/ xdktcg
SVGA video card (2MB Video RAM),
"mwfyHkwdkY\ t½G,ftpm;wdkYudk jyifaumif; jyif&yg 800x600 to 1024x768 screen display or higher,
vdrfYrnf/ wenf;tm;jzifY "mwfyHkwdkUudk (JPEG 16 to 24-bit True color or higher,
compression) jyKvkyfay;vdrfhrnf/ xdkUaemuf 200 MB Hard Disk Space, Internet access,
tvG,fwul < send > ydkU&efom jzpfonf/ Mouse, Color printer, Scanner or Digital Camera,
CD-Rom or CD-Recorder.

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f 155

Quick Tips
Secrets For Succeeding In Common Tasks click vkyfyg/ Properties ukd
select vkyfyg/ Shortcut tab
ay:&Sd Change Icon button
VIDEO system aumif;aeygonf/ udk click vkyyf g/ &Ekid rf nfh de-
WINDOWS MEDIA PLAYER
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

oifh video drivers ukd up-

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
fault icons ukd oifh system
,cktcg tqihjf rifh AD'G ,
D kd Windows Media wGif scroll vkyfMunfhyg/ okdY
grade vkyfyg/ motherboard
*drf;ESifh tjcm; tufyvDau; Player uJhodkYaom Multime- r[kwf browse vkyfMunfhyg/
ACP drivers rsm;yg vkyfyg/
&Sif;rsm;onf ADG'D,kduwf\ dia utilities rsm;rSm tifwm &SmawGUonfh icon topfukd
xkdYaemuf t&Sdefwkd;jr§ifh&ef prf;
vsijf refrt I &Sed f taxmuftul eufwGif tqufrjywfapbJ highlight vkyfNyD; OK udk
Munfhyg/
tm;omcsufay: trSDjyKae& media udk play vkyfEkdifpGrf; click vkyfyg/
onf/ okdY&mwGif ADG'D,dkrSm &Sdygonf/ Playback vkyfvkd
OUTLOOK 2000
wnfNidrfrIESifh system crash ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

ygu oifh connection speed WORD 2000

jyóemrsm; &Sdaeonf/ ADG'D,kd oif y k d Y aom tD ; ar;vf tay: rlwnfygonf/ con-
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

wGif jyóem&Sd-r&Sd tjrefqkH; twGuf jyefMum;csufr&bJ oifh Word documents

nection speed vsifjrefygu
prf;oyfenf;rSm ADG'D,kd\ vsif jzpfaeygovm;/ xyfryH Ydk &rnfh rsm;wGif aemufct H a&mif tjzL
aw;*DwESifh ykH&dyfrsm; t&nf
jrefrIt&SdefudkavQmhcsMunfhjcif; tajctaersKd; jzpfaumif;jzpf jzpfaeonfukd NiD;aiGUaeyg
taoG;aumif;aernfjzpfonf/
jzpf o nf / Desktop ud k aeygrnf/ tu,fí xyfykdY& ovm;/ ta&mif okdYr[kwf
Windows Media Player
rnf q k d ygu owif;tcsuf texture jzifh jyKjyifEi
dk yf gonf/
Right-click vkyy f g/ Proper- onf connection speed udk
tvufwpfckvkH; jyef½kdufoGif; Word 2000 ukdzGihfyg/ For-
ties ukd select vkyfNyD;aemuf tvkdtavsmuf pl;prf;od&SdEkdif
&ygu u&dux EkdifvSonf/ mat and Background ukd
setting tab udk click vkyf pGrf;&Sdaomfvnf; tNrJwrf;
jyóemukd Outlook 2000 u click vkyyf g/ aemufct H a&mif
Munfhyg/ xkdYtjyif Advan- wdusrIr&SdEkdifyg/ Streaming
ced ukd click xyfvkyfNyD; ajz&Sif;ay;ygvdrfhrnf/ oifh&JU playback aES;auG;aeygu
Troubleshooting tab uk d Sent Item folder ukd zGifhNyD; player u oifh connection
select vkyaf y;yg/ Hardware ykdYrnfh message ukdxnfhyg/ speed udk wdwdusus rod
Acceleration slider udk wpf ykdYrnfht&mukd window wpfck ao;aomaMumifh jzpfygonf/
csd e f v Qif one notch de- wGif azmfjyEkid zf Ydk message line Tools ESifh Options rsm;udk
creases vkyfNyD; oifvkyfaom ukd double click vkyfyg/ xkdY click vkyfjcif;jzifh speed udk
changes rsm;udk apply vkyf aemuf Action ESifh Resend set vkyfyg/ Performance
yg/ tu,fí system stabi- This Message ukd click vkyf tab ukd select vkyy f g/ Chose
lizes jzpfygu oifh video yg/ tjcm; Window wpfck connection speed video
opfukd a&G;cs,fyg/ (oifh text
wGif rdwåLay:vmygrnf/ oifh button ukd click vkyy
f g/ oif
wpfckvkH;twGuf ta&mifwpf
pmom;ukd tajymif;tvJvkyf trSef&Sdaeaom connection
rsKd;rsKd;okH;&ef) okdYr[kwf Fill
vku d vkyEf idk &f efjzpfonf/ oif speed ukd drop down menu
Effects udk a&G;cs,fyg/ Gra-
tqifoifhjzpfygu send udk rS select vkyfyg/ xkdYaemuf
dient, Texture, Pattern okdYr
click vkyfyg/ Message &Snf OK ukd click vkyfyg/
[kwf Picture wdkYudk jyKjyif&ef
vsm;onf h t cgwG i f j zpf a p?
jzpfonf/ oifajymif;vkdufNyD;
vufcH&rnfhol trsm;tjym;&Sd FOLDERS
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

aemuf OK ukd click vkyfyg/

onft h cgwGijf zpfap twefi,f
oifh Desktop &Sd folder ,if;wdkYonf oifh document
vuf0ifygonf/
icons udk pufxJwGif rESpf \ Web Layout view wGif
oufbJjzpfygu ajymif;ypf ay:vmygvdrfhrnf/ (Normal
vkdufyg/ folder udk Right- View okdYr[kwf Print Lay-

156 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f

out view paom tjcm; view
rsm;wGif ray:Ekdifyg/) Web
document rsm;twG u f
aemufcHukd a&G;cs,fokH;pJGonfh
tcg owd x m;yg/ tcsKd U
ta&mifESifh texture wdkYaMumifh
pmom;ukd zwfr&bJ jzpfoGm;
wwfygonf/
CD-RWS
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
CD-RWs (CD-
rewriteables) rsm;rSm 550
MB of space ukdom ay;
Ekdifygonf/ CD-Rs (CD-
recordables) rsm;uom 650
MB of space udkay;ygonf/
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Find it Online
Crafts
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site wGif General Crafts
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Take Your
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Enchanted Learning.
com's - Crafts For Kids
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learning.com
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Hobby Lobby
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lobby.com
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159
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160 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f

Web Tips
ENHANCE YOUR TIME ONLINE

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INFOTECH
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*&rf vkyef nf;udik ef nf;rsm;udk toH;k csí ac:qdkMuonf/ &Hzef&Hcg modules [k jzifh jrifawGYEkdifonf/ "obtain input"
zefw;D xm;onfah jz&Si;f rIrsKd ; yg0ifonf/ yif ajymqkdavh&Sdonf/ "compute hours for billing" ESifh
txufyg yHktwkdif; vkyftm;c "proceducre output" wdkYjzpfonf/
Top-Down Program Design wGucf surf I rSww
f rf;pm&if;wpfct k wGuf input, process ESifh outpu[laomuGef
yxrOD;pGm uGefysLwm y½dk*&rf\ jyifqif qHk;jzwfxm;onhf Top-down ysLwm tvkyv f yk u
f ikd yf pkH epftwkid ;f jzpf
xnfhoGif;&ef tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh jyef Program Design \ erlemwpfck tjzpf \/
vnf xkwjf yefay;&ef tcsut f vufrsm; jrifawGYEkdifygonf/ module wpfckpDudk
udk rdrq d ;kH jzwfcsufEiS hf pDrcH sufuu
kd n
f rD I box wpfckpDjzifh jyoxm;\/ top- Pseudo code
&S d r&S d ppf a q;aqmif & G u f & rnf / down design enf;Oya'rsm;t& mod- qk;d 'd;k ukw[
f k toHxu G zf wf&aom
xd k Y aemuf y½d k * &rf \ vk y f i ef ; pOf ule wpfckpDwGif vkyfaqmif&ef func- pseudo code onf rdrad &;om;rnfh y½dk
tqifhrsm;udk owfrSwf azmfjyEkdif&ef tion wpfckpDxm;&Sdonf/y½kd*&rfonf *&rf\ wuúaA'ESihf udu k n f aD om pDpOf
vkyfief; obm0 ESifh vkyfief;yrmP vkyfaqmif&ef vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfief; vsmxm;csufyifjzpfonf/ y½d*k &rfwpfck
tptqHk; yg0if aernfh y½kd*&rf\ pOftvdkuf jzpfap&ef module wpfckrS udk ra&;om;rDwGif tusOf;csKyf sum-
yHkpHjyKcsuf (Top-down Program De- tjcm; module wpfcpk o D Ydk tpOftvdu
k f mery av;wpfck a&;qG, J ol nfEiS w
hf \
l /
sign) ud k toH k ; jyK &rnf jzpf \ / oGm;apum modules tm;vHk;NyD;pD;oGm; Time billing program wGif mod-

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f 165

 uGefysLwmoifcef;pm
onf/

Logic Structures
flowcharts \ trsd K ;rsd K ;aom
tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk rnfodkY qufoG,f
,lrnfqo kd nfh tcsufonf pOf;pm;p&m
aumif;onf/ taumif;qH;k enf;vrf;rSm
tqif h v k d u f tpD t pOf c sjcif ; (Se-
quence)? vkyfief;pOf a&G;cs,fjcif;
(Selection) ESifh uGif;qufjyKvkyfjcif;
(Loop) qk d o nf h Logic structure

ule wpfcktwGuf rdrda&;om;,l&rnfh

qkd;'kd;ukwfudk txufygyHkwGif jyay;
xm;onf/ Client A [laom vkyfief;
tyfEo HS w
l pfO;D twGuf tvkyv f yk cf sed rf sm;
tcsdefydkrsm;ESifh vkyfief;obm0 rwl&
aom yHpk jH zifh vkyu
f ikd &f onfh vkyif ef;rsm;
tygt0if jzpf E k d i f a jc&S d o nf h t csuf
tvufrsm;udk ,kwådwefwef xnfhoGif;
a&;qGJ,l&onf/

Flowcharts
y½kd*&rfwpfck jyKvkyf&eftwGuf
atmufazmfjyyg yHkpHtwkdif; vkyfief;pOf
tqif h v d k u f tao;
pdwfudk o½kyfjyyHkrsm;
jzif h azmf j y&onf /
¤if;udk standard flow-
charting sym-bols
rsm;jzifh wifjyxm;jcif;
jzpf\/
top-down program
design wpfcktwGif; rS
"Computer time on
Client A Jobs"
[laom module wpf
ck t wG u f wuú a A'
qkdif&mtcsuftvuf
rsm;tm;vHk;udk txuf
yg program flow-
chart wGif jrifawGYEkdif

166 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f

 uGefysLwmoifcef;pm
oHk;rsdK;aygif;pyf,ljcif;yif jzpfonf/
Sequence Structure
Program statement wpf c k r S
quf v uf vk y f a qmif a ernf h
tydik ;f ESihf xyfcgwvJvJ qufvyk &f rnfh
tydik ;f rsm;udk uGi;f qufjyKvkyaf y;onf/
txufyg y½kd*&rfvkyfenf;ESifh
ywfoufonfh tusOf;csKyfudk avhvm
Munhjf cif;jzifh program design ESiyhf wf
ouforQ vkyif ef;tqifrh sm;udkem;vnf
oabmaygufEkdifrnf jzpfygonf/
A program is a list of instruc-
tions for the computer to follow to
aemufwpfckodkY ,laqmifoGm;onf/
process data. Programming, also
known as software development is
Selection Structure
a six-step procedure for creating
rnfoYkd qufvufaqmif&u G &f rnf
that list of insturctions. Program
udk tykid ;f ESpyf ikd ;f tjcm; qH;k jzwf a&G;cs,f
design is one of those steps.
ay;onf/ In the program-design step, a
solutions is created using pro-
Loop Structure gramming techniques such as top-
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
down program design, pseudo
code, flowcharts, and logic struc-
tures.
Top-Down Program Design
Firstly, determine the outputs
and inputs of the computer pro-
gram you will create. Then you can
use top-down program design to
identity the program's processing
steps. Such steps are called pro-
gram modules (on just modules).
An example of a top-down pro-
gram design for a time and billing
report is shown in figure FD-1.
Each of the boxes shown is a mod-
ule. Under the rules of top-down
design, each module should have
a single function. The program
must pass in sequence from one
module to the next until all mod-
167

ules have been processed by the
computer. These of the boxes -"ob-
tain input", "compute hours for bill-
ing" and "procedure output" - cor-
respond to the principle computer
system operations. These opera-
tions are input, process and out-
put.
Pseudo code
Pseudocode (pronounced
"soo-doh-code") is an outline of
the logic of the program you will
write. It is like doing a summary of
the program before it is written. Fig-
ure FD-2 showns the pseudocode
you might write for one module in
the time-and-billing program. This
shows the reasoning behind deter-
mining hours-including overtime
hours-worked for different jobs for
one client, Client A.
Flowcharts
These graphically present the
detailed sequence of steps needed
to solve a programming problem.
Figure FD-3 presents the standard
flowcharting symbols.
An example of a program flow-
chart is presented in figure FD-4.
This flowchart expresses all the
logic for just one module -"Com-
pute time on Client A jobs"- in the
top-down program design.
Logic Structures
How do you link the various
ports of the flowchart? The best
way is a combination of three logic
structures called sequence, selec-
tion and loop. Using these arrange-
ments enables you to write so-
called structured programs.
Sequence Structure
In the sequence structure, one
program statement follows another.
Selection Structure
168
uGefysLwmoifcef;pm
The Selection structure oc-
curs when a decision must be
made.
Loop Structures
The loop structure describe a
process "that" may be repeated as
long as a certain condition remain
true. The structure is called a
"Loop" or "iteration" because the
program loops around (iterates or
repeats) again and again. The loop
structure has two variations: DO
UNTIL and DO WHILE as shown
in FD-6.
A summery of structured pro-
gramming techniques is presented
all of above. After learning of these
steps, you are ready to know about
program design.
rSwfom;zG,f&m a0g[m&rsm;
Algorithm
tusdK;taMumif; qifjcifwHkw&m;
ESifh oufqkdifaom jyóem&yftwGuf
jzpfap? *Pef;ocsFmqdkif&m ykpämtwGuf
jzpfap ajz&Sif;Ekdif&eftwGuf uefYowf
ydkif;jzwfxm;&Sdaom vkyfief;pOf tqifh
rsm; jzpfonf/
A finite sequence of steps for
solving a logical or mathematical
problem.
Flowchart
vkyfief; aqmif&GufrI\ tpOf
tquf wpfcv k ;kH wGif a&GUvsm; oGm;vm
aeyHkudk jyoaom o½kyfazmfyHkpH jzpf
onf/
A diagram showing the move-
ment of things throught a series of
processes.
Code
y½kd*&rf ñTefMum;csufrsm; jzpf
onf/ y½k*d &rfjyKvkyaf om bmompum;
rsm;wGif y½dk*&rfjyKvkyfolu vltrsm;
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
zwf½Ií&aom rSwfwrf;jzifh a&;xm;
csurf sm;udk source code [kac:í xko
d Ydk
aom source code rsm;udk uGefysLwm
em;vnfap&efEiS hf qufvuf aqmif&u G f
ap&ef bmomjyefum *Pef;rsm;jzifh
a&;om;csufrsm;udk machine code [k
ac:onf/
Program instructions
Source code consists of hu-
man-readable statement writer by
a programmer is a programming lan-
guage. Machine code consists of
numerical instruction that the com-
puter can reconize and execute and
that were converted from source
code.
Coding
y½kd*&rf jyKvkyfay;rnfh bmom
pum;wpfcw k iG f vkyaf qmif&ef ñTeMf um;
csufa&;jcif; jzpfonf/
Writing program intructions in
a programming language.
Debugging
uG e f y sLwm y½d k * &rf w pf c k w G i f
tjypftem tqmrsm;? csdKU,Gi;f csufrsm;?
trSm;rsm;udk jyefvnfpdppf jyifqifjcif;
jzpfonf/
Detecting, diagnosing and
correction error which may occur
in program
.
Assembly language
tqifhedrfh uGefysLwm y½dk*&rf
bmompum;? uGeyf sLwmwkid ;f wGifu,
kd f
ykdif assembly bmompum; &Sdonf/
The name of a computer lan-
guage. Each computer has its own
special assembly language.
Assembler
tqifhedrfh uGefysLwm y½kd*&rf
bmompum;udk pufem;vnfaprnfh
bmompum;jzifh ajymif;ay; onfh disk

ay:&Sd odkYr[kwf Rom ay:&Sd uGefysLwm
y½kd*&rf
A computer program on disk
on in Rom which charges assem-
bly language into machine lan-
guage.
Compiler
tqifhjrifh uGefysLwm y½dk*&rf
bmompum;udk pufem;vnfaprnfh
tqifhedrfh uGefysLwm y½dk*&rfbmom
pum;tjzpfoYkd ajymif;vJay;aom txl;
y½kd*&rf jzpfonf/
A special program which
changes a user's program written
in another language, such as PAS-
CAL into machine language.
Logic
wuúaA'? rSefuefpGm qifjcifjcif;
The science of reasoning. A
particular system on the Methodof
reasoning.
SELF TEST
INFOTECH
Unit 22
Program design
1 . Warm-up
A in pairs, try to think of an an-
swer for this question:
Look at the definition on page
104. Is it similar to yours?
uGefysLwmoifcef;pm
3. Coding The translation of the
logical steps into a programming
...........................................................
4. machine code The basic instruc-
tions understood by computers.
The processor operates on codes
which consist of ...........................
5. debugging The techniques of
detecting, diagnosing and correct-
ing errors (also known as 'bugs')
which ................................
2. Reading
Read the text and find answers to
these questions.
1. Do Computers understand hu-
man languages?
2. What are the differences be-
tween low-level and high-level lan-
guages?
3. What is an assembler?
4. What is the function of compil-
ers?
5. What do you understand by the
terms source program and object
program?
6. What do you infer from the text
about the possibility of program-
ming a computer in Spanish, French
or Japanese?
Programming Languages
Unfortunately, computers cannot
understand ordinary spoken En-
glish or any other natural language.
The only language they can un-
derstand directly is called machine
code: central processors operate on
codes which consist of a series of
binary digits (1s and 0s). In this
form, the instructions are said to
be in machine code.
However, machine code as a means

B Complete the following defi-

nitions with the words and phrases
in the box.
the various parts of the program
may occur in programs language
binary numbers a given problem
1. algorithm The step-by-step
specification of how to reach the
solution to ................

2. Flowchart A diagram represent-

ing the logical sequence between
........................

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f 169


of communication is very difficult
to write. For this reason, we use
symbolic languages that are easier
to understand. Then, by using a
special program, these languages
can be translated into machine
code. For example, the so-called
assembly language use abbrevia-
tions such as ADD, SUB,MPY to
represent instructions. These
mnemonic codes are like labels eas-
ily associated with the items to
which they refer.
Basic languages, where the
program is similar to the machine
code version, are known as low-
level languages. In these lan-
guages, each instruction is equiva-
lent to a single machine code in-
struction, and the program is con-
verted into machine code by a spe-
cial program called an assembler.
These languages are still quite
complex and restricted to particu-
lar machines.
To make the programs esier to
write and to over come the prob-
lem of intercommunication be-
tween different types of machines,
higher-level languages were de-
signed such as BASIC, COBOL,
FORTRAN or PASCAL. These lan-
guages are all problem-oriented
rather than machine-oriented and
can all be converted into the ma-
chine codes of different types of
computers. Programs written in one
of these language (known as
source programs) are converted
into a lower-level language by
means of a compiler (generating
the object program). On
compliation, each statement in a
high-level language is generally
translated into many machine code
instructions.
People communicate instruc-
tions to the computer in symbolic
languages and the easier this com-
170
uGefysLwmoifcef;pm
munication can be made the wider
the application of computers will
be. Scientists are already working
on Artificial Intelligence and the
next generation of computers may
be able to understand human lan-
guages.
What is Programming?
Programming is the process of pro-
ducing a set of instructions for a
computer to make it perform a
specified task. The task can be any-
thing from the solution to a math-
ematical problem to the production
of a graphics package.
3 Word building
A. Looks at the groups of words
and decide what part of speech each
word is. Then complete the sen-
tences with the correct word.
Compile
Compiler
Compilation
1. Programs written in a high-
level language require ............,
or translation into machine
code.
2. A ................. generates several
low-level instructions for each
source language statement.
3. Programmers usually ..............
their programs to create an
object program and diagnose
possible errors.
Program
programmers
programming
programmable
4. Most computer ............... make
a plan of the program before
they write it. This plan is called
a flowchart.
5. A computer .............. is a set of
instructions that tells the com-
puter what to do.
6. Converting an algorithm into
a sequence of instructions in
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
a programming language is
called ........ .
bug
debug
debugger
debugging
7. New programs need .................
to make them work properly.
8. Any error or malfunction of a
computer program is known
as a ............................... .
9. The best compilers usually in-
clude an integrated
........................ which detects
syntax errors.
B. In the word debug the prefix
de- is used. This prefix means 'to
reverse an action'. Here are a few
more examples:
Defrost
debrief
declassify
decode
decompose
decentralize
Write down the base form of each
verb. What do the verbs mean in
your language? And what do the
verbs with de-mean?
Can you think of any more verbs
with de- in English?
4. Language work: Infinitive
constructions
A. Make sentences as in the ex-
ample .
1. advisable/ test the program un-
der different conditions
2. expensive / set up a data-pro-
cessing area
3. unusual for a program / work
correctly the first time it is tested
4. Difficult for students / learn
FORTRAN
5. important / consider the capa-
bilities of the programming lan-
guage.

6. quite easy / write instructions in
BASIC
infinitive constructions
The infinitives is used.
* after adjectives
- It is difficult to use machine code.
* after modal verbs with to: ought
to, used to
- I ought to make a back-up copy.
- Using a computer is much easier
than it used to be.
* after modal and auxiliary verbs
without to: can, could, may, might,
shall, should, will, would, would
rather, would sooner
- Unfortunately, computers can't
understand English.
- I'd rather buy a game than a
spreadsheet.
B. Read the information in the
box and then look again at the read-
ing passage in Task 2. Underline
the infinitive constructions after
modal verbs.
Example: Unfortunately, computer
cannot understand ordinary spo-
ken English ...........
C. Look at these pairs of ex-
amples and decide where there is
an 'important' change in meaning.
1 a) I remember shutting down the
computer before I left the room.
b) Please remember to buy the
new program.
2 a) They stopped to look at the
flowchart.
b) They stopped looking at the
flowchart.
3 a)I like studying C language.
b) I like to study C language in
the evenings.
4 a) It has started to rain.
b) It has started raining.
5 a) He needs to work harder.
b) This hard disk needs repair-
ing.
uGefysLwmoifcef;pm
5. Listening Process: a rectangle is used for
A. Listen to Lucy Boyd, a soft- commands or executable state-
ware developer, explaining to a ments
friend how a program is produced.
Arrange these steps in the order Input/Output: a parallelogram rep-
you hear them. resents input or output functions.
provide documentation of the pro-
gram. Study the following problem and
Understand the problem and plan how it is solved. There are two er-
the solution. rors in the flowchart. See if you
Test and correct the program. can find them.
Make a flowchart of the program. Employees in a food company
Write the instructions in coded work a certain amount of hours
form and compile the program. per week (H). Their pay is £7 an
hour. But for every hour over 40,
B. Listen again and take notes. they get overtime pay (OT) at £12.
Use your notes to explain what each The flowchart shows the logical
step means. path the computer will follow in
executing the program. The pro-
6. Flowcharts gram caclulates the total pay (T)
A. Read the paragraph below and for every employee.
look at the diagrams. Look care-
fully at the symbols and their cor- B. Look at the program below for
responding functions. the flowchart in A.
When planning a program 1. Find the statement in the box
programmers usually draw a map that tells the program to choose one
or diagram which shows the suc- branch (path) or another, accord-
cessive logical steps of the pro- ing to different circumstances.
gram. This technique, known as 2. Which command in the box
flowcharting, can be very helpful forces the program to jump from
because it guides the development one statement to another?
1234567890123456789012345678
of the program and ensure that all 1234567890123456789012345678
1234567890123456789012345678
requirements are met. In a flow- 1234567890123456789012345678
CLS
1234567890123456789012345678
1234567890123456789012345678
10 REM Food corp.
1234567890123456789012345678
chart, each step is written inside a
1234567890123456789012345678
specially shaped box which repre- 1234567890123456789012345678
20 PRINT "weekly wage"
1234567890123456789012345678
sents a particular function. 1234567890123456789012345678
30 INPUT "Number of hours"; H
1234567890123456789012345678
Terminal: 1234567890123456789012345678
40 IF H > 40 THEN GOTO 60
1234567890123456789012345678
1234567890123456789012345678
50 LET T=7*H:GOTO 90
1234567890123456789012345678
a symbol representing a ter- 1234567890123456789012345678
minal point: start, interrupt, end.1234567890123456789012345678
60 LET P=7*40
1234567890123456789012345678
1234567890123456789012345678
70 OT=(H-40)*12
1234567890123456789012345678
1234567890123456789012345678
Flowlines: 80 T=P+OT
1234567890123456789012345678
1234567890123456789012345678
90 PRINT "TOTAL PAY ..........";
these join boxes, showing the flow 1234567890123456789012345678
1234567890123456789012345678
or direction of actions. 1234567890123456789012345678
T; "pounds".
1234567890123456789012345678
1234567890123456789012345678
100 END
1234567890123456789012345678
1234567890123456789012345678
Decision: 1234567890123456789012345678
1234567890123456789012345678
diamonds are used for tests such 1234567890123456789012345678
Example of output
1234567890123456789012345678
as 'if information X is true, then 1234567890123456789012345678
Weekly wage
1234567890123456789012345678
take action A, else B'. 1234567890123456789012345678
1234567890123456789012345678
Number of hours 47
1234567890123456789012345678
A decision has to be made. 1234567890123456789012345678
TOTAL PAY 364 pounds
1234567890123456789012345678
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f 171

HELP
CLS erases the screen.
REM is remark about the program.
INPUT waits for you to enter data
from the keyboard.
IF-Line 40 means 'if H is greater
than 40 then jump to line 60'. If H is
not greater than 40, the computer
just moves to the next line (50), and
continues with the program.
LET gives a value to a variable.
GOTO directs the program to a line
number. PRINT displays the result
on the screen.
C. Draw a flowchart for this pro-
gram.
10 REM Income Tax.
20 INPUT "Annual SALARY
........"; S
30 IF S < 15000 THEN P=17:
GOTO 70
40 IF S > 15000 AND S< 22000
THEN P=19: GOTO 70
50 IF S > 22000 AND S< 30000
THEN P=24: GOTO 70
60 IF S > 30000 THEN P=30
70 T=(s*P)/100
80 PRINT "INCOME TAX........";
T;"pounds".
90 END
S means Salary, P Percentage and
T Tax
D. If you know how to write in
BASIC, produce a program to cal-
culate hotel bills.
172
uGefysLwmoifcef;pm
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456
needs. (5) (7) Debugger
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 (6) Program
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456
started (4)
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456
Study (3) (5) Programming
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456
(4) Programmers
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456
Stopped (2)
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 (3) Compile
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456
remember (1)
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456 (2) Compiler
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456
C 4.
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456
3. A. (1) compilation
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456
struction in BASIC (6) English
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456
(6) It is quite easy to write in-
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456
terms lated from source code.
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456
gramming language.
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456
object program is a program that
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456
the capabilities of the pro-
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456
level or assembly language, and
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(5) It is important to consider neadable program writer in a high-
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to learn FORTRAN
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(5) Source program is human-
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(4) It is difficult for students
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execution of program.
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it is tested. guage into objects code prior to
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to work correctly the first time
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program writen in a high level lan-
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(3) It is unusual for a program
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translate all the source code of a
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data-processing area.
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(4) The functions of cempiles is
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(2) It is expensive to set up a guage.
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dition.
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mans, into executable machine lan-
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program under different con-
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which are understandable by hu-
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4. A.(1) It is advisable to test the
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assembly language programs,
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from the centre. (3). The program that converts
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ity to places or branches away
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guage instraction.
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distribute from a central author-
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using more than are machine-lan-
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Decentralize - To devide and level programming language write
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control of are central authority.
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of a particular computer and a high-
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(6) Centralize - To bring under the
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guage written using machine code
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its elements
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2. A Low-level programming lan-
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Decompose - To seperate into other natural language.
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(5) Compose - To form, to make up
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ordinary spoken English or any
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guage
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2. 1. Computer cannot understand
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Decode - To put into plain lan-
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(4) Code - To put into code (5) may occur in program
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class or groups (4) binary numbers
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Declassify - To rearrange in (3) Language
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gram
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matically in class ofgroups.
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(3) Classify - To arrange syste- (2) The various parts of the pro-
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mission just completed 1. B. (1) a given problem
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to obtain information about a
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of a graphic package.
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Debrief - To question in order
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ematical problem to the production
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(2) Brief - To give a brief to
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thing from the solution of math-
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ice form.
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specified task. The task can be any-
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Defrost - To remove frost or
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computer to make it perform a
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frostar frosting or ice form.
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producing a set of instruction for a
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3.B. (1) Frost - To cover with
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Programming is the process of
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1.A.
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(9) De bugging
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(8) Bug SOLUTION
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
 uGefysLwmoifcef;pm
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JAVA Developer Guide (2)
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12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789

1.2 Decision, control structure and looping state- zGJUxm;ygw,f/ owdjyK&rSmuawmh brace { awGudkygyJ/
ments of JAVA
Open eJY close brace awGtm;vkH;udkyg/
Programming vkyf&mrSm t"du program flow ukd
2/ vkdif;eHygwf (3)rSm int data type ukd tokH;jyKNyD;awmh
control vkyfay;EkdifzkdYtwGuf statement awGxJrSm trsm;qkH;
marks &JU wefz;dk ukd 40 eJY nDw,fqNdk yD; aMunmygw,f/
tokH;jyK&wJh statement awGudk wpfckcsif;&JU statement
vkid ;f eHygwf (4)rSmawmh if statement ukd tok;H jyKNyD;awmh
syntax_form eJY &Sif;jyxm;ygw,f/
marks [m 40 eJY nDcJh&ifqkdNyD; logical statement eJYa&;
The if statement NyD; tajzudk System.out.printin ( )method eJY tajz
if statement qkwd m conditional statement wpfcyk gyJ/ udk output tjzpfeJY jzpfcJhvQifqkdwJhtawG;eJY a&;jyxm;
if ukd okH;wJhtcgrSm if &JU aemufuuGif;xJrSm&SdwJh (expres- ygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (5)rSmawmh marks [m 40 xuf
sion) ukd rSefrrSef pdppfygw,f/ rrSefcJh&if olY&JUaemufu i,fcJh&ifqkdNyD;awmh if qkdwJh statement ukd tokH;jyKNyD;
statement ukd tvkyfrvkyfawmhbJ ausmfNyD; aemufxyf if awmh a&;om;xm;wmudkvnf; awGU&rSmyg/
(expression) wpfaMumif;udk qif;oGm;rSmyg/ rSec f &hJ if if (ex- 3/ vkdif;eHygwf (6)rSmawmh main ( ) function &JU close
pression) &JUaemufrSmygwJh statement ukd tajzxkwfNyD; brace } ukd ydwfxm;wmudk awGU&rSmyg/ vkdif;eHygwf
excute vkyfay;rSmyg/ if statement &JU Syntax_form udk (7) rSmawmh ifClass qkw d hJ yifr primary class BuD;wpfck
a&;jyxm;ygw,f/ vkH;&JU close brace } ukd vmydwfxm;wmudk awGU&rSkmyg/
if (test expression) statement; 4/ Marks u program tprSmxJu 40 eJYnDxm;wJhtwGuf
if statement ukd wpfaMumif;wnf; okH;vkdY&ovkd wpfck 40 eJY nDcJhvQifqkdwJh statement ta&mufrSm tajzudk
xufykdNyD;awmh okH;vkdY&ygw,f/ Listing 1.3 [m if state- Output taeeJY Screen ay:rSm prompt taeeJY Pass
ment ukd tvG,q f ;Hk em;vnfatmif demonstrate vkyjf yxm; the Exam qkdwmudk vmjyNyD;awmh atmufrSm&SdwJh state-
ygw,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/ ment ukd tvkyv f yk pf &mrvkad wmhbJ ausmfomG ;ygNyD/ tJ'D
statement awGatmufu close brace awGqaD &mufomG ;
Listing 1.3 if statement demonstrate
1 . class ifClass { NyD;awmh Program NyD;oGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/ Run vkyfNyD;
2 . public static void main (String [ ] avhvmEkdifygw,f/
args)
3. { int marks = 40; Note: If Statement &JU oabmw&m;u jzpfcJhvQifvkdY
4. if (marks = = 40) system.out.printIn qkdvkdwmaMumifh rjzpfcJhwJh (Logic oabmw&m;t&) State-
("Pass the Exam.");
5. if (marks < 40) system.out.printIn ment awGudk excute rvkyfbJ ausmfoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/ If eJY
("Fail the Exam."); else-if statement [m ykHpHqifygw,f/
6. }
7. } if else statement eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh Listing 1.4 rSm
Output xyfrH &Sif;jyxm;wmudk avhvmMunhfyg/ Program ukd Run
Pass the Exam
Analysis vkyfNyD; Output tajzxGufvmwmudk avhvmEkdifygw,f/ 'D
listing rSmawmh Logical operator awGjzpfwhJ (i,f^nD^BuD;)
1/ vkid ;f eHygwf (1)rSm ifClass qkw
d hJ Class wpfcu
k kd a&;zGUJ yg qkwd hJ operator awGukd xnfo h iG ;f tok;H jyKxm;wmudk awGU&rSm
w,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (2)rSmawmh public static qkdwJh key- jzpfwJhtwGuf aoaocsmcsm avhvmMunfhyg/
word ukd tokH;jyKNyD;awmh main( ) function ukd a&;

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ek0d ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f 173

 uGefysLwmoifcef;pm
The if else statement wefzkd;udk 30 eJY nDw,fvkdY aMunmygw,f/ 'Dawmh 'D
wu,fvkdY program wpfckudk a&;wJhtcgrSm a&G;cs,f program rNyD;rcsif; wGufcsufNyD;awmh calclus vkyfae
p&mvrf;aMumif;awGrsm;vmcJ&h if if-else statement udk tok;H oa&GU marks [m olY&JUwefzkd; 30 ygyJ/ 'Dwefzkd;[m 'D
jyK&rSmyg/ if &JU aemufu (expression)[m rSefw,fqkd&if program wpfckvkH;twGuf aMunmay;xm;wmyg/
olY&UJ aemufu statement ukd excute vkyNf yD; if-else &JU tjyif 3/ vkdif;eHygwf (5)rSmawmh if statement ukd tokH;jyKNyD;awmh
ukdxGufoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/ wu,fvkdYrsm; (expression)u marks [m 40 eJY nDrnD pdppfygw,f/ 'DtcgrSm rnDwJh
rSm;ae&ifawmh else if eJY a&;xm;wJh expression awGukd quf twGuf olY&JUaemufu statement ukd excute rvkyfawmh
ppfNyD; rSefrSom tajzxkwfay;rSmyg/ tay:rSma&;cJhwJh if- bJ aemufwpfaMumif;udk qif;oGm;ygw,f/ em;vnf
else wkYd eYJ a&;cJw
h hJ expression awG[m wpfcrk S rrSecf &hJ ifawmh atmif xyf&Sif;&&if if (40 eJY rnDwJhtwGuf) Pass qkdwJh
atmufqkH;rSma&;xm;wJh Last expression jzpfwJh else &JU tajzudk ausmfoGm;ygw,f/ 'gqkd&if atmufu vkdif;
aemufu tajz statement udkyJ tajzxkwfay;awmhrSmyg/ eHygwf (6)ukd qufMunfh&awmhrSmaygh/
olY&JU syntax_form ukd a&;jyyghr,f/ 4/ r[kwfcJh&if 40 xuf BuD;aevdkYvm;qkdNyD;awmh else if
if (expression) statement;
else statement 2; (marks > 40) qkdwJh expression eJY qufNyD; program
'gu a&G;cs,fp&m ESpfvrf;xJrkdYyg/ Choice vkyfp&mawGrsm; ukd qufppfygw,f/ [kwcf &hJ ifawmh olY&UJ aemufu state-
vm&ifawmh 'D form twkdif; tokH;jyKEdkifygw,f/ ment ukd tajzxkwfrSmaygh/ r[kwfjyefwJhtwGuf es-
if (expression) statements; cape jzpfNyD; atmufukd qufqif;oGm;jyefygNyD/ vkdif;
else if . . . . . eHygwf (7)ukd a&mufoGm;ygNyD/
else statement;
else if . . . . . qkdwJh ae&mrSm pdwfBudKuf vkdtyfovkd 5/ 'DtcgrSmawmh tay:u if jzpfcJh&ifqkdwJh expression (40
expression eJY statement awGudk xnfhoGif; a&;om;Ekdifyg eJY nDcJh&if)uvnf; rrSefawmh ausmfcJhovkd else if (40
w,f/ xuf BuD;aecJh&if)qkdwJh expression uvnf; r[kwfcJh
Listing 1.4Using else if statement awmh atmufqkH;u else r[kwfcJh&ifawmh 40 xuf i,f&
1 . // using else if statement, illus- r,fvkdY logic oabmw&m;t& rSwf,lNyD; olY&JUaemufu
trates the program flow
2 . class ElseifClass { statement jzpfwJh system.out.printIn ("Fail"); qkdwJh
3 . public static void main (String [ ] statement udk excute vkyv f ukd w
f t
hJ cgrSm output taeeJY
args)
4. { int marks = 30; Fail vkdY screen ay:rSm vmjywmyg/ vkdif;eHygwf (8)u
5. if (marks = = 40) system.out printIn main ( ) function twGuf close brace } jzpfNyD; vkdif;
("Pass");
6 . else if (marks > 40) system.Out.printIn eHygwf (9)uawmh Primary class wpfcv k ;Hk twGuf close
("Credit"); brace } ygyJ/ brace awGusefcJh&if program run vkyfwJh
7 . else system.Out.printIn ("Fail");
8. } tcgrSm error wufwt hJ wGuaf Mumifh owdjyKxnfo h iG ;f ap
9. } csifygw,f/
output
Fail uJ 'gqkd&ifawmh if statement eJY else-if statement
Analys taMumif;udk em;vnf oabmaygufavmufygNyD/ qufNyD;
1/ vkdif;eHygwf (1)uawmh comments jzpfwJhtwGuf pro- Conditional Operator taMumif;udk avhvmMunfhyg/
gram a&;wJt h cgrSm xnfNh yD;a&;p&mrvkyd gbl;/ vkid ;f eHygwf
(2)rSm ElseifClass qkdwJh class wpfckudk a&;om;xm;NyD; The Conditional Operator
awmh tzGifh open brace { udk a&;xm;ygw,f/ main if eJY else-if statement awG okH;ovkdrsKd; tvG,fwul
( ) function uawmh vki d ;f eHygwf (3) rSmpNyD; a&;om;xm; okH;vkdY&wJh operator ukd conditional operator vkdYac:yg
ygw,f/ Program ukd Run vkyf&if 'DuaepNyD;awmhrS w,f/ olY&JU Syntax form uawmh
[kwfcJh&if
tvkyfvkyfrSmyg/
>

2/ vkid ;f eHygwf (4)rSmawmh main ( ) function &JU tzGihf brace variable = expression? statement 1 : statement 2;
>

aemufrSm int data type ukd tokH;jyKNyD;awmh marks &JU r[kwfcJh&if

174 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ek0d ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f

 uGefysLwmoifcef;pm
expression [m rSefcJh&if ? &JUaemufu statements udk tajz
xkwfrSmjzpfNyD; r[kwfcJh&ifawmh statement 2 udk tajzxkwf
ay;rSmjzpfygw,f/ em;vnfoGm;atmifvkdY Listing 1.5 eJY
program a&;NyD;awmh &Sif;jyyghr,f/
Listing 1.5 using the conditional operator
1 . // this program use of the conditional
operator
2 . Class tert {
3 . public static void main (string [ ]
args)
4. { int Large, y = 30, x = 10;
5 . Large = ( x > y)? x : y;
6 . // output is 30
7 . System.Out.printIn ("Large = "+Large);
// Large = y = y = 30
8. }
9. }
Output
Large = 30
Analysis
1/ 'D Program rSm vkdif;eHygwf (1)uawmh comments yg/
vkdif;eHygwf (2)rSmpNyD;awmh test qkdwJh class wpfckudk
zefwD;xm;ygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (3)rSmrS pNyD;awmh main
( ) function ukd pwifNyD; a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ vkdif;
eHygwf (4)u tzGifh brace { &JU aemufrSm int data type
udk tokH;jyKNyD;awmh x = 10, y = 30, Large qkdwm&,fukd
aMunmygw,f/ *Pef;i,fav;awGeJY wGufcsufjy&wm
uawmh example ykpämav;awGjzpfvkdYygyJ/
2/ vkdif;eHygwf (5)rSm Large = ( x>y)? a&;xm;wmuawmh
10 [m 30 xufBuD;ovm;vkYd ar;xm;wmygyJ/ [kwc f &hJ if
olY&UJ aemufu Statement tjzpf a&;xm;wJh x ukd oGm;NyD;
tajztjzpf,lqrSmyg/ r[kwfcJh&ifawmh : &JUaemufu
statement 2 tjzpf a&;xm;wJh y udk tajztjzpfoGm;NyD;
,lrSmyg/ 'Dawmh 10 [m 30 xufBuD;ovm;vkdY ar;&mrSm
rBuD;wJt h wGuf a&SUu x udk escape vkyNf yD;awmh aemufu
y qkdwJhtajzudk ,lvkdufwmyg/
3/ 'gaMumifh Large = 30 vkdY output xGufvmwmyg/ vkdif;
eHygwf (6) rSm a&;xm;wmuawmh comments a&;xm;
wmrkdYwJh a&;p&mrvkdygbl;/
4/ vkdif;eHygwf (7)rSmawmh screen ay:rSm prompt tjzpf
jyay;Ekid zf Ydk twGuaf wmh System.Out.printIn ("Large="
+ Large) vkdY a&;xm;ygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (6)rSm a&;
xm;wJh Output is 30 qkdwmuawmh Program State
xJrSmom wGufcsufNyD;awmh rSwfxm;wmyg/ + Large
vkdY a&;vkdufwJhtcgrSm a&SUua&;xm;wJh double quotes
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ek0d ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
"" Mum;u pmom;eJYwGJNyD; olwGufcsufvkdY&xm;wJh y
qkdwJh tajzudk vmjywmyg/ y [m ud, k pf m;vS,u f ed ;f yg/
olY&JU ykdifqkdifwJhwefzkd;[m 30 yg/ 'gaMumifh Output
taeeJY Large = 30 vkdY vmjywmaygh/
5/ vkdif;eHygwf (8)[m main ( ) function twGuf close
brace jzpfNyD;awmh vkdif;eHygwf (9)u close brace }
[m primary class wpfckvkH;twGufygyJ/ aoaocsmcsm
Munfh&if conditional operator taMumif;udk em;vnf
oabmaygufoGm;rSmyg/
Note: 'DtcgrSm owdjyK&rSmu Double quotes ESpfck&JU
aemufrSm a&;xm;wJh + oauFw[m C + + programming
language rSm print vkyfapcsifwJhpmom;awG calculate vkyf
vkYd&wJph mom;awGukd ,SOw f aJG zmfjyapcsi&f if tok;H jyK&wJh over-
loaded insertion operator (<<) eJY twlwlygyJ/ Java
programming rSmawmh + [m mathematical operator
r[kwfygbl;/ pmom;awGudk screen ay:rSm prompt taeeJY
ay:apcsif&if tokH;jyK&wJh overloaded insertion opera-
tor (+) yJ jzpfygw,f/
'D program ukd avhvmNyD;wJhtcgrSm if eJY else if tpm;
okH;vkdY&w,fvkdY a&SUrSmwifjycJhwmudk oabmraygufrSmpkd;vkdY
atmufrmS ykpH jH ya&;xm;ygw,f/ qufvufavhvmMunfyh gOD;/
Sample if ( Ko_Ko = = Male)
System.Out.printIn ("Mr.");
Else System.Out.printIn ("Mr.");
'Dvkda&;wm[m Ko Ko [m trsKd;om;jzpfcJhvQif Mr.
vdYk tajzay:NyD; r[kwcf &hJ ifawmh Ms. vkYd tajzxkwaf y;&r,f
vkdY a&G;cs,fp&m choice ESpfckxJu wpfckckudk a&G;&atmif
if-else eJY a&;zGJUjyxm;wmyg/ 'D statement awGudk condi-
tional operator udk okH;NyD; a&;zGJUjyyghr,f/ 'Dtcg ykdNyD; a&;&
vG,fNyD; &Sif;wmudk oabmaygufoGm;rSmyg/
Sample Ko_Ko = = Male? "Mr."; "Ms.";
system.out.printIn (ko_ko);
'Dvdk conditional operator uko
d ;Hk NyD; a&;zGUJ vku
d w
f t
hJ cg
rSm ko_ko [m trsKd;om;[kwfovm;? [kwfcJh&if a&SUu
statement 1 jzpfwJh Mr. udk excute vkyfNyD; r[kwfcJh&ifawmh
: &JUaemufu statement 2 jzpfwJh Ms. udk,lNyD; tajztjzpf
excute xkwfrSmyg/ atmufrSmawmh screen ay:rSm Output
taeeJY azmfjyzkdY system.out.printIn (ko_ko) vkdY a&;xm;
wmudk awGU&if oabmaygufrSmyg/ 'DykHpHudk 'Dxuf&Sif;atmif
wpfenf;a&;jyyghr,f/ Conditional operator eJYyJ okH;NyD;
a&;jyrSmyg/
175
 uGefysLwmoifcef;pm
System.Out.printIn((Ko Ko==Male)?"Mr.": 'D sample program code udk avhvmMunfh&if time
"Ms.");
ukd int data type ukd tokH;jyKNyD;awmh 2 vkdY udef;aoaMunm
Underline jyxm;wJh ( ) [m system.out.pintIn ( ) &JU
ygw,f/ 'D time udk switch aemufu ( ) xJrSm xnfhNyD;awmh
tzGiehf YJ tydwaf wGjzpfNyD;awmh ykaH oenf; syntax ukd 'DMum;xJ
olY&JU block xJudk p0ifygw,f/ 'DtcgrSm case 12: qkdwmudk
rSm xnfah &;vkud jf cif;tm;jzifh tay:uykpH x
H uf a&;&jrif&wm
awGU&wJhtcgrSm time &JU wefzkd; 2 eJY rwlwJhtwGuf tvkyf
ykdNyD;awmh vG,fulygw,f/ tay:u enf;awGxufykdNyD;awmh
qufrvkyfawmhygbl;/ Escape vkyfNyD; aemufwpfaMumif;udk
compact jzpfwmaygh/ 'gqkd&ifawmh conditional operator
qufqif;oGm;ygNyD/ uJ atmufu case 1: qkdwmuvnf;
taMumif;udk aumif;aumif; em;vnfoabmaygufoGm;
rwljyefygbl;/ 'Dawmh tvkyq f ufvyk pf &mrvkyd gbl;/ atmuf
avmufygNyD/
udk qufqif;vmjyefygNyD/ tay:u case awGu r[kwfawmh
The Switch Statement bl;qkdawmh vufusef default: &JU aemufu statement ukd
a&G;cs,fp&m statement awG trsm;BuD;yg0ifwJh vari- tvkyfqufvkyfygawmhw,f/ 'Dawmh tajzu send E-mail
able group xJuaeNyD;awmh tajzqDukd a&mufomG ;ap csif&if to his friend qkdwJh prompt udk output jyawmhrSmaygh/ de-
switch statement ukd okH;vkdY&ygw,f/ syntax_form ukd fault: [m last expression jzpfw,fqkdawmh olY&JUaemufrSm
atmufrSm a&;jyxm;ygw,f/ break ukd xnfhp&mrvkdygbl;/ Case: ykHpH Type awGeJYyJ ex-
pression awG a&;zGJUNyD; default: rxnfhbJ a&;zGJUvkdYvnf;
Switch (Switch variable)
{ case < constant expression 1>: <state- &ygw,f/ Else wkdY? else if wkdYudk rokH;bJeJY if eJY Munfhvnf;
ment 1>; break; expression statement awG a&;zGJUvkdY&ovkdygyJ/ aoaocsm
case <constant expression 2>: <statement csmavhvmMunfhyg/ oabmaygufoGm;rSmyg/ tvGeftokH;0if
2>; break;
.......... wJh Logical method wpfckygyJ/ Listing 1.6 u program
default : <statement_default>; [m switch statement ukd tokH;jyKNyD; a&;jyxm;ygw,f/
} avhvmMunfhyg/
Switch &JUaemufu ( ) xJrSmygwJh value (OR) char
Listing 1.6Using the Switch Statement
[m atmufu { xJu case &JUaemufu value (OR) char 1 . class switchClass {
eJY wefz;dk wlnrD Qr,fq&dk if olY&UJ aemufu statement ukd tajz 2 . public static void main (string [ ]
arguments){
tjzpf choice vkyNf yD;awmh break; qkw d hJ optional ukd awGUwJh 3 . Char grade = 'A';
tcgrSm switch &JU close brace } qDudk a&mufoGm;rSmyg/ 4 . switch (grade) {
5 . case 'A' : System.Out.printIn ("Good
wlnDwJh case ukdyJ a&G;cs,frSmyg/ rwlwJh case eJY state- morning"); break;
ment awGudk escape vkyfoGm;rSmyg/ wu,fvkdYrsm; case 6 . case 'B' : System.Out.printIn ("Good
morning"); break;
rwlvkdY qufppf&if;eJY vkH;0rwlawmhbl;qkd&ifawmh default: 7 . case 'C' : System.Out.printIn ("Good
&JU aemufu statement udkyJ tajztjzpf jyay;rSmyg/ if- evening"); break;
8 . default : System.Out.printIn ("Good
else statement u else &JU oabmw&m;eJYtwlwlygyJ/ NyD;rS night");
switch block &JU tydwf close brace } uae xGufoGm;rSm 9. }
10. }
yg/ ykpH jH ytaeeJY atmufrmS a&;jyxm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunfyh g/ 11. }
output
sample int time = 2;
Good morning
switch (time) {
Analysis
case 12: system.out.printIn ("Time
for Lunch."); brack;
case 1: system.out.printIn 1/ 'D program ukd vkid ;f eHygwf (1)u pwifa&;om;NyD; main
("Meet the man ( ) function uawmh vkdif;eHygwf (2)uae a&;om;xm;
ager."); break;
default: system.out.printIn ygw,f/ char data type udk tokH;jyKNyD;awmh grade =
("Send E-mail to h i s 'A' vkdY udef;aoaMunmxm;ygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (4)
friend.");
}
rSmawmh switch ( ) operator voriable ukd tok;H jyKNyD;awmh

176 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ek0d ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f

 uGefysLwmoifcef;pm
block xJu qif;apygw,f/ tJ'DrSm pwifNyD;awmh case:
statement awG tvkyfpvkyfygawmhw,f/
2/ vkdif;eHygwf (5)rSm case 'A': jzpfcJh&ifqkdawmh grade &JU
wefzkd;uvnf; 'A' ygyJ/ 'Dawmh wefzkd;csif;wlNyD;awmh
olY&JUaemufu statement udk tvkyfqufvkyfygawmh
w,f/ 'DtcgrSm Output [m Good morning qkdNyD;
xGufvmygw,f/ NyD;awmh olY&JUaemufu break; op-
tional ukd awGUwJhtcgrSmawmh vkdif;eHygwf (9)rSm&SdwJh olY
&JU block } close brace qDudk qif;oGm;NyD; xGufoGm;yg
NyD/
3/ vkdif;eHygwf (10)u close brace } u main ( ) func-
tion &JU tydwf brace yg/ vkdif;eHygwf (11) rSm pro-
gram wpfckvkH;&JU tydwf brace ygyJ/ uJ 'D programudk
run vkyfNyD;awmh aoaocsmcsmavhvmMunfh&if case &JU
oabmw&m;ukd vk;H 0em;vnfoabmaygufNyD; program
awG zefwD;a&;om;wJhtcgrSm tvG,fwul xnhfoGif;NyD;
awmh tokH;0ifatmif a&;om;EkdifvmrSmyg/
The for statement
For Statement qkdwm[m Java programming rSm
Looping taeeJY tokH;jyKEkdifwJh control structure wpfck
ygyJ/ for statement &JU basic syntax_form ukd atmuf
rSm a&;jyxm;ygw,f/
for (initialization; test expression;
increment)
{ statement 1;
statement 2;
..........
}
'D for Looping rSm initialization expression [m
Looping &JU ppcsif; counter ygyJ/ olY&JU pwifNyD;awmh
tvkyfvkyf&r,fh ae&mprSwfjzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh wcsKdUu
inital index vkdYvnf; ac:a0:Muygw,f/ Test expression
termination rSmuawmh owfrSwfxm;wJh ta&twGuftxd
om tvkyv f yk zf Ydk owfrw
S x
f m;wJh expression ygyJ/ 'Dae&mrSm
expression [m rSeaf e&if aemufu increment ukd qufomG ;
NyD; Looping block xJudk0ifNyD;awmh tvkyfudk qufvkyfrSm
yg/ For Looping ukd tok;H jyKwJt h cgrSm increment vkyjf cif;
eJYjzpfap decrement vkyfjcif;eJYjzpfap qufvufNyD; Loop-
ing ywfaeapEkdifygw,f/ 'gaMumifhvnf; xyfBudrfwvJvJ
vkyfaqmif&r,fhae&mawGrSm xnfhoGif;tokH;jyKEkdifvkdY for
statement udk Repetition Technique vkdYvnf; ac:a0:Mu
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ek0d ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
ygw,f/ For statement udk a&;wJt
h cgrSm atmufrmS a&;xm;
wJh syntax_form twkdif;vnf; a&;vkdY&ygao;w,f/
For (; condition; increment)
'gayr,fh a&;wJhtcgrSm inLine function awG a&;&if
okH;&wJh for statement &JU syntax_form u 'DykHpHyg/
aemufykdif;rSm Listing awGeJY a&;NyD; &Sif;jyyghr,f/
For (; ;)
uJ 'Dvkda&;&ifawmh for Looping [m never ending
Loop vkdYac:EkdifwJh r&yfrem; vnfywfaeawmhrSmyg/ 'DykHpHudk
infinite Looping vkdYvnf; ac:ygw,f/ olYudk &yfapcsif&if
if statement eJY wGJNyD;awmh if (jzpfcJhvQif)break; statement
eJY wGJNyD; tokH;jyK&ygw,f/ atmufrSm sample taeeJY a&;jy
xm;ygw,f/
Sample : int x;
for (;;)
{ if (x = = 0) break;
system.out.printIn ("Java is");
system.out.printIn ("hot");
system.out.printIn ("and aromatic.");
}
'D sample av;udk avhvmMunfh&if x [m int data
type udk tok;H jyKNyD; aMunmxm;wmudk cH&ygw,f/ xnfo h iG ;f
vkdufwJh data awG[m (0) uvGJNyD; b,fudef;yJjzpfjzpf vufcH
NyD;NyDqkdwmeJY for block xJudk 0ifoGm;NyD; Java is hot and
aromatic. qkdwJh pmom;udk print vkyfrSmyg/ NyD;&ifawmh rlv
twkdif; data udkyJ jyefvufcHNyD;awmh (0) r[kwfrcsif; Java
is hot and aromatic qkdwJh pmom;udkyJ xyfBudrfwvJvJ
½dkufxkwfaeNyD; Looping [m r&yfawmhygbl;/ 'D Looping
uk&d yfapcsi&f if (0) qkw d hJ data ukd xnfo
h iG ;f vku
d w
f t
hJ cgrSmom
for block xJ 0ifwt hJ cgrSmom if (x [m 0 eJYncD &hJ if) break;
vkdY a&;xm;wJhtwGuf break; statement aMumifh for block
&JU tjyifukd vGwfxGufoGm;NyD; usefwJh program &JU sector
session awGukd tvkyq f ufNyD;awmh vkyrf mS yg/ xnfo h iG ;f vku
d f
wJh data omrrSe&f if 'D for Looping ae&mrSmwif vnfNyD;awmh
xGufvkdY&awmhrSmr[kwfygbl;/ Oyrm Java is hot and aro-
matic qkdwJh ae&mrSm Try again! wkdY? Enter another wkdYa&;
xm;&if 'gawGyJ jyefay:aerSmaygh/ 'Dawmh 'D for (;;) Loop-
ing rsKd ; [m operation system &J U password entry
wkdYtMum; vkHNcHKa&;twGuf *½kpkduf&wJh data qkdif&m pro-
gram awG Oyrm banking system, credit card type rsKd;awG
rSm xnfhoGif;tokH;jyKygw,f/
uJ 'gqkd&ifawmh for Looping taMumif;ukd awmfawmf
em;vnfoGm;NyDjzpfvkdY ykdNyD;em;vnfoGm;atmif Listing 1.7
177
 uGefysLwmoifcef;pm
u program ukd avhvmNyD; Run vkyfMunfhyg/ 'gqkd&ifawmh tajz[m 2 vkdY xGufvmawmhrSmyg/ 'gukd increment vkyf
tajccH for statement &JU Looping Technique taMumif;udk w,fvkdY ac:ygw,f/ 'Dawmh x + +; udk 'DykHpHa&;&ifvnf;
em;vnfoabmaygufoGm;&if tqifhjrifh program awGrSm &ygw,f/
xnfhoGif; tokH;jyKMuwmaygh/ x = x + 1;
x &JU rlvwefzdk;u 1 qdkawmh 1 udk xnfhaygif;&if x
Listing 1.7 wefzdk;[m 2 vdkY tajz&NyDaygh/ 'DykHpHeJYa&;&ifawmh &ayr,fh
Demonstration of the for Statement
1 . Class ForClass{
0g&ifh programmer awGom ok;H avh&v dS Ykd tckawmh rok;H ygeJYO;D /
2 . public static void main (String [ ] uJ aemufxyf x + +; eJY ykpH w
H al &;vdYk&wJh formula udk sample
arguments){
3 . int i;
a&;jyyghr,f/
4 . for (i=0; i<5; i++){ sample int x = i;
5 . system.out.printIn ("Value of i is = x + = 1;
"+ i); system.out.printIn (x); // output
6 . i = i + 1; } x=2;
7. }
8. } olY&JUtajz[m 2 vkdY xGufvmygw,f/ bmaMumifhvJqkd
output awmh Equal Sign (=) &JU nmbufrSm&SdwJh wefzkd;[m Equal
value of i is = 1
value of i is = 3 sign (=) &JU b,fbuf&Sd (+) operator aMumifh x wefzkd;xJudk
value of i is = 5 vmNyD;awmh xnfhaygif;ay;&ygw,f/ 'D formula udk flow
qGJjy&&if 'DykHpHygyJ/
Increment and Decrement operator
rlv x &JUwefzkd;[m 1 jzpfw,f
i + + ukd &Si;f jy&if tvG,q
f ;Hk Equal Sign (=) &JUb,fbuf&Sd
>

>

enf;yg/ x + = 1 (+) operator aMumifh 1 [m

>

x wefzkd;xJ oGm;aygif;ay;&w,f
>

pudef; 'Dawmh x wefzkd;[m 2 jzpfvmw,f/

>

taygif;vu©Pm
>

always 1 'D formula form uav;awG[m increment operator

'DykHpHi,fav;udk rSwfxm;yg/ 'gqkd&if Example jyxm;yg taMumif;ukd &Si;f jyxm;wmyg/ x ae&m i ae&mawGrmS uk, d pf m;
w,f/ avhvmMunhfyg/ vS,f char eJY amount wefzkd;awGudk xnfhoGif;NyD; pdwfBudKuf
i = 6; // i [m 6 jzpfw,f program a&;om;&mrSm tokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/ Increment
i + +; // 6 ukd 1 aygif;vdkufyg operator taMumif;ukd em;vnfoabmaygufoGm;&if dec-
w,f/ rement operator taMumif;ukd quf&Sif;jyygr,f/ 'Dawmh
odxm;&rSmu increment operator (+ +) udk tok;H jyKwJt h cg
>

i &JUwefzkd; 6 rSm ukd,fpm;vS,fudef;jzpfwJh i ae&mrSm (Oyrm i + + qdkwJh

>

taygif;vu©Pm ykHpHrSm) x wkdY y wkdY ponfjzifh rdrd program a&;pOf xnfhoGif;

>

always 1 xm;wJh ukd,fpm;vS,f data type &JU char ukd xnfhoGif;tokH;

'gaMumifh i = 7 qkdNyD; jzpfoGm;wmyg/ qufNyD; wpfjcm;enf;
vrf;awGeJY a&;jyygOD;r,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/
'D program udk r&Sif;jycifrSm vkdif;eHygwf (4)rSm a&;jy
xm;wJh i + + qkdwJh[mudk t&if&Sif;jyrS&rSmyg/ Z,m; incre-
ment perator (+ +) [m 1 eJY wlny D gw,f/ Oyrm x [m 1 eJY
nDw,fqMdk uygpkYd/ int x = 1; 'gudk x + +; vkYda&;NyD; x wefz;dk ukd
aemufwpfaMumif;rSm System.Out.printIn(x); vkyfvkduf&if
jyKvkdY&w,fqkdwmudk odxm;&ygr,f/ Oyrm z++; q++;
pojzifhaygh/ qufvufNyD; Decrement operator ukd quf
avhvmygOD;/
Decrement operator
Increment operator (+ +) m1 wkd;w,fqkdawmh dec-
rement operator (- -) u1 avsmhoGm;wmudk qkdvdkygw,f/
sample taeeJY a&;jyygr,f/

178 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ek0d ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f

 uGefysLwmoifcef;pm
sample int x = 3;
x - - ;
system.out.printIn(x); // output
x=2;
output xGufvmwhJtcgrSm rlvwefzkd;xuf 1 avsmhNyD;
2 vkdY xGufvmrSmyg/ increment taMumif;udk em;vnf
oabmayguf&if decrement taMumif;vnf; tvkdvdk
oabmaygufomG ;rSmrkYd odyNf yD;awmh tus,fr&Si;f awmhygbl;/
program a&;pOfrSm ukd,fpm;vS,f data type eJY char awGeJY
a&;om;Ekdifygw,f/ Oyrm q--,z--; pojzifhaygh/
'Dae&mrSm xyf&Sif;jy&rSmuawmh wefzkd;csufcsif;wdk;zkdYeJY
aemufwpfaMumif;rSmrS 1 wdk;zkdYtwGuf prefix eJY postfix
taMumif;udk sub title taeeJ &Sif;jyyghr,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/
Prefix and Postfix
Prefix
Prefix qkdwmu wefzkd;rSm increment operator udk
b,fbufrSm xnfhoGif;a&;om; toHk;jyKwmyg/ 'Dawmh
wefzkd;[m vuf&Sda&mufqJpmaMumif;rSmwif print udk wef;
xkwfvdkY&ovkd 1 wdk;NyD;om;jzpfaeygNyD/ atmufrSm a&;xm;
wmudk avhvmMunfhyg/
sample int i=2;
system, outprintIn(+ +:); // i=3
'Dvkd prefix yHpk eH YJa&;vdu
k w
f maMumifh a&mufqJ pmaMumif;
rSmwif i wefzdk;&JU amount [m 3 jzpfoGm;ygNyD/ increment
operator (+ +) udk udk,fpm;vS,fwefzkd;jzpfwhJ i wkdY x wdkY&JU
b,fbufrSm xnfhoGif;a&;om;&if tJ'DpmaMumif;rSmwif i
wdkY x wkdY&JU wefzkd;[m rlvwefzdk;xuf 1 wkd;oGm;w,fqdkwm
[m increment &JU prefix oabmw&m;ygyJ/ 'gaMumifh pre-
fix qdk&if 1 csufcsif;wkd; ^t&ifwkd;vkdYyJ rSwfxm;vkdufyg/
Postfix
Postfix qdw k muawmh increment operator (+ +) udk i
wdYk x wdYkvdk ud,
k pf m;vS,u
f ed ;f wefz;kd &JU b,fbufrmS xnfo
h iG ;f
a&;om;&wmygyJ/ Prefix u 1 udk a&mufqpJ maMumif;rSmwif
csufcsif; wkd;ay;Ekdifw,fqkdawmh postfix qdkwm aemuf
wpfaMumif;rSmrS 1 wdk;ay;Ekdifw,fvkdY oabmaygufxm;yg/
sample a&;jyygr,f/
sample int x = 2;
x + + ;
system.out.printIn(x); // x=3
'Dvkda&;jcif;[m wkd;oGm;w,fqkdayr,fh postfix yHkpH a&;
jcif;aMumifh aemufwpfaMumif;rSom 1 udk wkd;ay;Ekdifwmyg/
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ek0d ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
wu,fvkdY atmufrSm a&;jyxm;whJ yHkpHtwdkif; a&;vkduf&if
awmh increment vkyfayr,fh wkd;rvmwmudk awGY&rSmyg/
Line 1. int x=2;
Line 2. system.out.print (x++); // x=2
rlvwefz;kd yJvmjyygr,f/ 'gqd&k iftajz[m 2 yJ xGuv
f m
awmh rlvwefzdk;xuf 1 wdk;rvmbl;aygh/ 'gayr,fh postfix
[m aemufwpfaMumif;rSmrS 1 wdk;Ekdifw,fqkdwmaMumifh tJ'D
atmufrSm 'Dtwkdif; qufa&;MunhfygOD;/
Line 3. System.Out.printIn (x); // x=3
'D line 3. tjzpf qufa&;vdu k wf m[m increment rvkyaf wmh
bl;aemf/ Line 2. rSm wdk;xm;wmudk vSrf;ac:NyD; print xkwf
vkdufwmyJ/ 'Dawmh tajz[m 3 vdkY output xGufvmwmaygh/
'gaMumihf postfix yHpk aH &;&if aemufwpfaMumif;rSmrS 1 wd;k r,f
qdkwmudk aoaocsmcsm em;vnfoabmaygufNyD; rSwfxm;
yg/
'gqdk&ifawmh increment eJY decrement operator awG
a&;om;toHk;jyK&mrSm profix eJY postfix yHkpHa&;om;enf;udk
vH;k 0em;vnf oabmaygufomG ;NyDqw kd mudk ,HMk unfygw,f/
qufvufNyD; listing 1.7 rSm a&;xm;whJ for looping
taMumif; Analysis vkyfNyD; &Sif;jyxm;ygw,f/ avhvmNyD;
program flow udk em;vnfatmifMunfhyg/
Analysis
1/ 'Dprogram vdkif;eHygwf (1) u yifr primary class udk
a&;zGJYNyD; vkdif;eHygwf (2) rSmuawmh main ( ) function
udk a&;zGJUxm;w,fqkdwmudk awGYjrifNyD;om;aerSmyg/
NyD;awmh main ( ) function xJrSm int data type udk
toHk;jyKNyD;awmh i udk aMunmvkdufygw,f/ 'gayr,fh
owdjyK&rSmuawmh i wefzkd;[m b,favmufygvkdY owf
rSwfxm;jcif;r&Sdygbll;/
2/ int data type udk toH;k jyKNyD;awmh aMunmxm;wmaMumifh
-2,147,483,648 uae +2,147,483,647 Mum;xJu
udef;wefzkd;wpfckck jzpfvdrfhr,fvkdYyJ odxm;yg/ (data
type taMumif;eJY tvGwf wGuf,lvkdY&wJh formula
taMumif;udk Z,m;eJY Table 1.1 qdNk yD; &Si;f jyxm;ygw,f)
3/ vkdif;eHygwf (4) rSm for looping eJYa&;xm;ygw,f/ i
udk program ppOfu b,favmufeJY nDw,fvkdY rajym
ayr,fh tcktcsdefrSmawmh i &JUwefzdk;[m 0 eJY nDw,fvkdY
ajymvku d yf gNyD/for (i=0;) txd &Si;f NyDaemf/ uJ olY&UJ aemuf
u i<5; qdw k mudk &Si;f &&if i [m 5 xufawmhi,fw,fvYdk
179
 uGefysLwmoifcef;pm
ajymxm;ygw,f/ 'g[m For Loopong NyD;qkH;&r,fh Java programming language Data types
qk;H rSwu f dk owfrw
S xf m;wmyg/ i [m 5 xuf wefz;dk BuD; Java variable data types, sizes and ranges
oGm;NyDqkdwmeJY for loop uaexGufoGm;NyD; tvkyf rvkyf Type size (bits) values (ranges)
awmhygbl;/ 'Dae&mrSm i u 0 qkad wmh tvkyq f ufvyk v f Ydk Boolean 1 bit True or false
&oGm;NyDaygh/ olY&UJ aemufu i + +; qkw d muawmh postfix Char 8 bit unicode 128 to 127
style eJY increment vkyfvkdufwmyg/ 'gqkd&if aemuf character
wpfaMumif;rSm i [m 1 xnfhaygif;cH&NyD; 0+1=1 vdkY short int 16 bit -32,768 to 32,767
jzpfvmNyDaygh/ 'gaMumifh output rSm value of i is = 1 int 32 bit -2147,483,648 to
vkdY xGufvmwmyg/ 2147,483,647
4/ i wefzkd;[m 1 taeeJY tajzxkwfNyD;oGm;pOfrSm atmufrSm
unsigned 32 bit 0 to 4,294,967,295
a&;xm;whJ i=i+1; qkdwhJ increment formula aMumifh
long
i=i+1; vkyfNyD; i wefzdk;[m 2 taeeJY for loop xJudk
long 64 bit -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to
aemufwpfBudrf 0ifoGm;jyefygNyD/
5/ 'Dawmh i=2 jzpfw,f/ i [m 5 xufawmhi,fw,f/ i udk +9,223,372,036,854,775,807
increment taeeJY 1 wdk;r,fvkdY vdkif;eHygwf 4 rSm for Float 32 bit 1.4E-45 F to 3.4E38F
loop taeeJY tvkyf vkyfygw,f/ 'Dtcg i wefzdk;[m floating point
atmufrSm tajzxkwfwhJtcgrSm value of i is = 3 vdkY decimal
tajz output xGufvmwmudk &Sif;ygNyDaemf/ double 64 bit 4.9E-324 to 1.8E308
6/ vkdif;eHygwf (6)u increment formula i=i+1 qdkwm unsigned 8 bit 0 to 255
aMumifh tajzxkwfNyD;whJ 3 udk 1 eJY aygif;awmh i &JU wefzkd; char
[m 4 jzpfoGm;NyD;awmh for looping ywfxm;whJ vkdif;
Table 1.1 Java variable data types, sizes and ranges
eHygwf (4) qD jyef0ifoGm;jyefygNyD/
7/ 'DtcgrSm i [m 4 jzpfw,f/ i [m 5 xuf i,fovm; 'D Data type Z,m;[m programming language
qkad wmh/ i,fygw,f/ 'Dawmh tvkyq f ufvyk cf iG hf jyKvku
d f wdkif;rSm tjrJvdkvkd yg0ifNyD; aoaocsmcsm rSwfom;&r,fh
whJtcg increment vkyfNyD;awmh block xJ0ifNyD;awmh Z,m;av;ygyJ/ 'DZ,m;udk tvGwu f sufp&mrvdyk gbl;/ b,f
output xkwfvdkufwmaMumihf value of i is =5 vdkY xGuf programming language pmtkyfawGrSmrqkd rSwf&eftaeeJYyJ
vmygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (6) rSm increment operator jyxm;wmyg/ Fundamental Engineering tqifhrSmrS
formula aMumifh 1 wdk;NyD; for looping xJudk jyeft0if wGufenf; fomula awGudk &Sif;jywmyg/
rSmawmh i [m 5 jzpfw,f/ i [m 5 xufi,fovm; tvG,rf w S &f ifawmh (-) tEkwf oH;k aomif;eJY (+) taygif;
qkdwhJae&mrSm ri,fawmhygbl;/ nDaewhJtwGuf tvkyf oHk;aomif;Mum;qkd&ifawmh short int aygh/ (-) tEkwf odef;
qufrvkyaf wmbJeYJ looping [m &yfNyD;awmh for block aygif;ESpaf omif;ausmfeYJ (+) ode;f aygif;ESpaf omif;ausmf qd&k if
&JU tjyifudkausmfNyD;awmh vkdif;eHygwf (7) udk qif;oGm; awmh int aygh/ 'or (.7) ae&mqkd&ifawmh float, 'or
ygNyD/ tJ'g main ( ) function &JU tydwf close brace (.15) ae&mqk& d ifawmh double NyD;awmh tu©&muk, d pf m;vS,f
ygyJ/ tjzpf okH;csifawmh char pojzifh data type tcsdKUudk tvG,f
8/ vdik ;f eHygwf (8)uawmh pringing cllass &JU close brace rSwfEdkifygw,f/ twdtus tvGwfcswGufEkdifwhJ formula
yg/ 'Dawmh program [mNyD;oGm;ygNyD/ Run vkyfNyD;awmh udk atmufrSm &Sif;jy wGufcsufxm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunhfyg/
output udk avhvmMunf& h if for looping taMumif; ydNk yD;
em;vnfvmrSmyg/ Data representation formula
t&ifq;kH wGucf sufrrI pcifrmS 'gav;udk t&ifusufvu
dk f
ygOD;/
8 bit = 1 byte

180 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ek0d ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f

 uGefysLwmoifcef;pm
wGufcsufrIwkdif;udk bit eJYyJ vkyfygw,f/ wGuf&r,fh formula nique awGeYJ twl xnfo h iG ;f NyD; &Si;f jyyghr,f/ ,aeYwuúov
dk f
uawmh atmufrSma&;jyxm;ygw,f/ rSm jy|mef;xm;whJ software Engineering pmtkyf[m Lan
2(n) < (n) ae&mrSm wGufcsifwhJ data type &JU bit udk sommerville a&;om;NyD; lancaster University u xkwaf 0
tpm;oGif;&rSmyg/ whJpmtkyfyg/ olY&JUa&;om;[efu C + + eJY Ada program-
uJ 'gqk&d if tvG,f char data type udk cswGuMf unf&h atmif/ ming language udktajccHNyD; software Engineer tqifh
char [m 8 bit pm;w,fqkdwmudk Z,m;rSmawGYNyD;NyDqdkawmh &JU software process, professional responsibility, Hu-
formula rSm tpm;oGif;vdkufaygh/ man factors awG 'ghtjyif project Management tykdif;
usingned char (or) char awGudk &Sif;jyxm;wmudk awGY&rSmrkdY uRefawmfhtaeeJU Java
8 bit= 2(n) n ae&mchar data type \ programming &JU oop tqifhawGrSm software design,
(8)
=2 size 8 bit udk tpm;oGif;onf/ Analysis tykdif;awGudkyg xnfhoGif;ydkYcsoGm;rSmyg/ Object-
= 28 = 21 × 22 × 23 × 24 × 25 × 26 × 27 × 28 oriented programming (oop concepts) awGus&if pepf
= 256
wus &Sif;jyyghr,f/ qufvufNyD; Java language &JU es-
'Dawmh wGucf surf t I & 8 bit char (or) unsigned char twGuf
cape character (or) special character taMumif;udk Table
256 &ygw,f/ unsigned char taeeJY t&if&Sif;ygr,f/
1.2 rSm &Sifjyxm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunhfyg/
usigned char onf + udef;jynfhrsm;om yg0ifaom
aMumifh 0 u p&r,f/ 'gaMumifh unsinged char 0 to 255 Table 1.2 Java language escape character (or) spe-
(0 uaep&whJtwGuf a&SUudk 1 ay;vkdufvkdY 256 uae 1 ck cial characters
avsmh 255 jzpfoGm;ygw,f)
characters What is means
char taeeJY &Sif;jyygr,f/ \n new Line
char onf - udef; to + udef;qdkawmh wGufvdkY&xm;whJ \t tab
256 udk tnDtrQ&atmif 2 eJY pm;vkdufygw,f/ 'Dawmh \r carriage return
-128 eJU +128 &vmygw,f/ 'Dtcg (+) udef;jynfh[m 0 u \f form feed
\a audible bell
pwht J wGuf a&SUukd 1 wd;k ay;vku d w f ,f/ 0 tpm;aygh/ 'Dawmh-
char -128 to +127 ( + ude;f [m 0 up&vkYd a&SUudk 'DZ,m;rSmygwhJ escape character yJac:ac:? special
1 wdk;vdkufvkdY 127 character yJac:ac: 'D character av;awG[m tvGefta&;
jzpfoGm;wmyg/) ygwhJ character av;awGjzpfaMumif;udk atmufrSm Example
'g[m tajccH data type Z,m;wGufenf;ygyJ/ av;awGeJY &Sif;jyxm;ygw,f/ \n (new Line) eJY \t (tab)
uJ aemuf Example wpfct k aeeJY wGucf suMf unh&f atmif qdkwhJ character ESpfrsdK;udk tajccHOyrmtaeeJY a&;jyxm;yg
uJ formula rSm tpm;oGif;Mu&atmif/ w,f/ Listing 1.8 udk avhvmMunfhyg/
2(n) = 216
216
= 21 × 22 ×23 . . . . . . ×216 Listing 1.8 Using escape character
1. Class escape{
= 65536 2. public static void main (String ergs[
short int onf - udef; to + udef;jynfhjzpfwhJtwGuf 65536 ]){
udk tnDtrQ&atmif 2 eJYpm;vkdufyg/ 'Dawmh - 3. system.out.print ("Hell\world!\n
please give me
65536 / 2 vkyv f udk &f if coffee.");
-32768 eJY +32768 vkdY &vmygNyD/ (-) udef;u 4 }
ta&;rBuD;ayr,fh (+) ude;f jynf[ h m 0 upvkYd +32767 txdyJ 5. }
Output
&SdrSmyg/ 1 ckavQmhay;&wmudk em;vnfrSmyg/ 'Dawmh Hell World
short int -32768 to +32767 please give me coffee.
qkNd yD; wGuvf Ydk&vmygw,f/ 'g[m tajccH Engineer tqifrh Ydk Analysis
aemuf chapter awGrSm system developement method, 1/ 'D program &JU vkdif;eHygwf (1)rSm escape qdkwhJ pri-
software writing rules, software Engineering Tech- mary class wpfckudkzefwD;NyD; olY&JUtzGifh open brace

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ek0d ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f 181

 uGefysLwmoifcef;pm
{ udkawGY&rSmyg/ vkdi;feHygwf (2) rSmrS main ( ) func-
tion udk pwifa&;om;NyD; open brace { wpfck zGixhf m;wm
udkvnf; awGY&rSmyg/
2/ output taeeJY screen ay:rSm prompt taeeJY jyEkdifzkdY
twGuf Java &JU output statement jzpfwhJ system.
out.print( ) qdkwhJ package command av;udk ,loHk;
xm;ygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm systemout.print( )command
type [m a&mufqJpmaMumif;rSm prompt udk ½kdufxkwf
jyNyD; system.out.printIn( ) Command uawmh atmuf
wpfaMumif;rSmrS prompt oGm;jyw,fqw kd mudak wmh List-
ing 1.2 rSm aoaocsmcsm &Sif;jychJNyD;ygNyD/ tck toHk;jyK
xm;wmuawmh System.out.print( ) command qdw k m
udk owdjyKxm;yg/
3/ vkdif;eHygwf(3) rSm a&;om;xm;whJ System.Out.Print
("Hello\tward!\n please give me coffee."); rSm Hello
eJY ward Mum;rSm yg0ifwhJ \t escape character aMumifh
uyfa&;xm;ayr,fh Hello eJY World! [m 0.5 jcm;NyD;
(Keyboard u tab key ESdyfouhJodkY) ay:&jcif; jzpfyg
w,f/ uJ'gud&k iS ;f oGm;&if olY&UJ aemufrmS \n cHNyD; a&;xm;
whJ please give me coffee qdkwmuawmh \n qdkwhJ es-
cape character aMumifh new line aemufwpfaMumif;udk
qif;NyD; vmay:ae&wmygyJ/ 'Dawmh avhvmMunfh&if
system.out.printIn( ) command print statement
udk roHk;bJeJY \n udkoHk;&ifvnf; atmufwpfaMumif;rSm
pmom; prompt awG ay:apEkid w f mudk em;vnfomG ;rSmyg/
4/ vkdif;eHygwf (4) rSmawmh main( )function &JU close
brace } udy k w
d xf m;ygw,f/ vkid ;f eHygwf(5) rSmawmh pri-
mary class wpfckvHk;&JU Close brace } udk vmydwfxm;
ygw,f/ 'DrSmwif program NyD;oGm;ygNyD/ output xGuf
wmeJY EdIif;,SOfNyD; avhvmMunfhEkdifygw,f/
'D Listing 1.8 udk avhvmMunhf&if special character
(escape char) awGtaMumif;udk tajccHawmh oabmayguf
oGm;rSmyg/ qufvufNyD; operatrors awGtaMumif;udk avhvm
MunfMh uygpdYk/ Operators taMumif;eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh acgif;
pOfi,f 1.3 Expressions and statements operators qdkNyD;
rS &Sif;vif;wifjyxm;ygw,f/
ausmfaZ,smav;(uom)

urÇmt
h jrefq;kH plygueG yf sLwm
NyD;cJhwJhvrSm IBM ukrÜPDBuD;u urÇmhtjrefqHk;uGefysLwmudk xkwfvkyfEdkifNyDvdkY aMunmvdkufygw,f/ vGefcJhwJh
2 ESpfu *syefEdkifiH[m plyguGefysLwmudk xkwfvkyfEdkifcJhwJhEdkifiHtjzpf 0ifh<um;cJhygw,f/ IBM vdk urÇmh
tBuD;qHk;uGefysLwm ukrÜPDBuD;wpfcktaeeJY NEC ukrÜPD&JU plyguGefysLwmeJY ,SOfNydKif&mrSm tjrefEIef;taeeJY
8 qomNyD;? yg0goHk;pGJrI avQmhenf;EIef;u 28 q ydkNyD;oufomw,fvdkY xkwfazmfaMunmxm;ygw,f/ IBM u
olwdkY&JUplyguGefysLwmudk Blue Gene/L vdkY trnfay;xm;ygw,f/ plyguGefysLwmawGudk xkwfvkyfae&wJh
taMumif;&if;awGrmS trsKd;rsKd;uGjJ ym;NyD; rSef;q&cufwJh rdk;av0oudk cefYrSef;EdkifzdkY&,f? wpfEdkifiHeJYwpfEdkifiH
tNydKiftqdkif wyfqifaeMuwJh vufeufawG&JU pepfudk ydkrdkomvGefapcsifMuwm&,f? pufrIukefxkwf'DZdkif;awGudk
ydkrdkzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufapcsifMuwmawGaMumifh jzpfw,fvdkY taMumif;jyxm;Muygw,f/ plyguGefysLwmESpfrsKd;
tm;NydKifMu&mrSm NEC uxkwfwJh Earth Simulator uGefysLwm[m tjrifhqHk; performance udk 35.86
teraflops omay;EdkifNyD; Blue Gene/L uawmh 36.01 taraflops txd ay;pGr;f Edi k w f ,fvYkd qdyk gw,f/ Taraflop
qdkwm wpfpuúefYudkvkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf; wpfx&DvD,H (trillion) eJYnDrQwJhEIef;udk udk,fpm;jyKazmfjywmjzpfw,f/
wefzdk;udkavQmhcswJhtaeeJY Blue Gene/L udk Earth simulator xuf tq 100 avmuf ao;xm;wmaMumifh
yg0goHk;pGJrIEIef;vnf; avQmhenf;oGm;&aMumif; IBM uajymygw,f/ 2005 ckESpfrSm tNyD;owfawmhr,fh
Blue Gene/L om yGJxkwfEdkifNyDqdk&if urÇmhtjrefqHk; uGefysLwmpm&if; 500 rSm xdyfqHk;u&Sdaevdrfhr,fvdkY
IBM u arQmfvifhxm;ygw,f/ wpfESpfudkESpfBudrf tjrefqHk; pm&if;awGudkxkwfjyefaMunm&mrSm Edk0ifbmv
twGif; aemufwpfBudrf xkwfjyefzdkY&Sdayr,fh rDEdkifr,frxifawmhygbl;/ NEC &JUuGefysLwmudk vGefcJhwJh 2002
ckESpfu urÇmhtjrefqHk;tjzpf owfrSwfcJh&mrSm IBM xuf tjrefEIef; 5 qomvGefoGm;wmaMumifh
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Laboratory rSm Blue Gene/L udk wDxGifaeMuwm 2005 ckESpftapmydkif;rSm tNyD;owfygvdrfhr,f/

182 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ek0d ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f