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TUGAS KHUSUS NERACA MASSA DAN ENERGI STASIUN

PENGUAPAN

Data-data yang diketahui sebagai berikut :

 Kapasitas giling = 15.000 ton/hari
 Nira mentah = 105% tebu
 Nira encer = 89,21 % tebu
 Flow rate Nira encer = 105 % X 15.000 ton/hari = 15.750 ton/hari
= 656.250 kg/jam
 Flow rate Nira encer = 89,21 % X 15.000 ton/hari = 13.381,5 ton/hari
= 557.562,5 kg/jam
 % Brix nira encer = 11,8 %
 % Brix Nira kental = 55,62 %
 % Brix Nira pre-evaporator = 15,4 %
 % Brix Nira evaporator I = 19,9 %
 % Brix Nira evaporator II = 24,7 %
 % Brix Nira evaporator III = 30,9 %

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 % Brix Nira evaporator IV = 44,3 %

 % Brix Nira evaporator V = 59,4 %
 Tekanan uap bekas = 0,8 kg/cm2
 Suhu uap bekas = 118˚C
 Suhu Nira masuk = 106˚C

Neraca Massa
Perhitungan Neraca Massa di setiap Evaporator
1. Pre Evaporator
Nira Nira Pekat
Encer PE
H2O
Massa Masuk
 Nira Encer
 Brix = 11,8% x 557.562,5 = 65.792,375
 Air = 557.562,5 – 65.792,375 = 491.770,125
+
557.562,5
Massa Keluar
% 𝐵𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑁𝑖𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟
 H2O yang diuapkan = (1 − (% 𝐵𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑁𝑖𝑟𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑘𝑎𝑡 𝑃𝐸)) × 557.562,5

= (1 – (11,8/15,4)) x 557.562,5 = 130.339,286

 Nira Pekat PE
 Brix = 15,4% x (557.562,5-130.339,286 = 65.792,375
 Air = 557.562,5 – 130.339,286 – 65.792,375 = 361.430,839
+
557.562,5
2. Evaporator I
Nira Nira Pekat
Pekat PE Evap I
H2O

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Massa Masuk
 Nira Pekat PE
 Brix = 15,4% x (557.562,5 – 130.339,286) = 65.792,375
 Air = 557.562,5 – 130.339,286 – 65.792,375 = 361.430,839
+
427.223,214
Massa Keluar
% 𝐵𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑁𝑖𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟
 H2O yang diuapkan = (1 − (% 𝐵𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑁𝑖𝑟𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑘𝑎𝑡 𝑃𝐸)) × 427.223,214

= (1 – (15,4/19,9)) x 427.223,214 = 96.608,264

 Nira Pekat Evap I
 Brix = 19,9% x (427.223,214 – 96.608,264) = 65.792,375
 Air = 427.223,214 – 96.608,264 – 65.792,375 = 264.822,575
+
427.223,214

3. Evaporator II
Nira Nira Pekat
Evap I Evap II
H2O

Massa Masuk
 Nira Pekat Evap I
 Brix = 19,9% x (427.223,214 – 96.608,264) = 65.792,375
 Air = 427.223,214 – 96.608,264 – 65.792,375 = 264.822,575
+
330.614,95
Massa Keluar
% 𝐵𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑁𝑖𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟
 H2O yang diuapkan = (1 − (% 𝐵𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑁𝑖𝑟𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑘𝑎𝑡 𝑃𝐸)) × 330.614,95

= (1 – (19,9/24,7)) x 330.614,95 = 64.249,059

 Nira Pekat Evap II

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 Brix = 24,7% x (330.614,95 – 64.249,059) = 65.792,375

 Air = 330.614,95 – 64.249,059 – 65.792,375 = 264.822,575
+
330.614,95

4. Evaporator III
Nira Nira Pekat
Evap II Evap III
H2O

Massa Masuk
 Nira Pekat Evap II
 Brix = 24,7% x (330.614,95 – 64.249,059) = 65.792,375
 Air = 330.614,95 – 64.249,059 – 65.792,375 = 200.573,516
+
266.365,891
Massa Keluar
% 𝐵𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑁𝑖𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟
 H2O yang diuapkan = (1 − (% 𝐵𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑁𝑖𝑟𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑘𝑎𝑡 𝑃𝐸)) × 266.365,891

= (1 – (24,7/30,9)) x 266.365,891 = 53.445,584

 Nira Pekat Evap III
 Brix = 24,7% x (266.365,891 – 53.445,584) = 65.792,375
 Air = 266.365,891 – 53.445,584 – 65.792,375 = 147.127,932
+
266.365,891

5. Evaporator IV
Nira Nira Pekat
Evap III Evap IV
H2O

Massa Masuk

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 Nira Pekat Evap III

 Brix = 30,9% x (266.365,891 – 53.445,583) = 65.792,375
 Air = 266.365,891 – 53.445,583 – 65.792,375 = 147.127,932
+
212.920,307
Massa Keluar
% 𝐵𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑁𝑖𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟
 H2O yang diuapkan = (1 − (% 𝐵𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑁𝑖𝑟𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑘𝑎𝑡 𝑃𝐸)) × 212.920,307

= (1 – (30,9/44,3)) x 212.920,307 = 64.404,788

 Nira Pekat Evap IV
 Brix = 44,3% x (212.920,307 – 64.404,788) = 65.792,375
 Air = 427.223,214 – 64.404,788 – 65.792,375 = 82.723,144
+
212.920,307

6. Evaporator V
Nira Nira Pekat
Evap IV Evap V
H2O

Massa Masuk
 Nira Pekat Evap IV
 Brix = 44,3% x (212.920,307 – 64.404,788) = 65.792,375
 Air = 212.920,307 – 64.404,788 – 65.792,375 = 82.723,144
+
148.515,519
Massa Keluar
% 𝐵𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑁𝑖𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟
 H2O yang diuapkan = (1 − (% 𝐵𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑁𝑖𝑟𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑘𝑎𝑡 𝑃𝐸)) × 148.515,519

= (1 – (44,3/59,4)) x 148.515,519 = 37.753,945

 Nira Pekat Evap V
 Brix = 59,4% x (148.515,519 – 37.753,945) = 65.792,375

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 Air = 148.515,519 – 37.753,945 – 65.792,375 = 44.969,199

+
148.515,519

Hasil Perhitungan Neraca Massa di Setiap Evaporator

Pre-Evaporator
Masuk Rate (Kg/jam) Keluar Rate (Kg/jam)
Brix 65.792,375 H2O dari Pre-Evap 130.339,286
Air 491.770,125 Brix dari Pre-Evap 65.792,375
Air dari Pre-Evap 361.430,839
Total 557.562,500 Total 557.562,500

Evaporator 1
Masuk Rate (Kg/jam) Keluar Rate (Kg/jam)
Brix 65.792,375 H2O dari Evap I 96.608,264
Air 361.430,839 Brix dari Evap I 65.792,375
Air dari Evap I 264.822,575
Total 427.223,214 Total 427.223,214

Evaporator 2
Masuk Rate (Kg/jam) Keluar Rate (Kg/jam)
Brix 65.792,375 H2O dari Evap II 64.249,059
Air 264.822,575 Brix dari Evap II 65.792,375
Air dari Evap II 200.573,516
Total 330.614,950 Total 330.614,950

Evaporator 3
Masuk Rate (Kg/jam) Keluar Rate (Kg/jam)
Brix 65.792,375 H2O dari Evap III 53.445,584
Air 200.573,516 Brix dari Evap III 65.792,375
Air dari Evap III 147.127,932
Total 266.365,891 Total 266.365,891

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Evaporator 4
Masuk Rate (Kg/jam) Keluar Rate (Kg/jam)
Brix 65.792,375 H2O dari Evap IV 64.404,788
Air 147.127,932 Brix dari Evap IV 65.792,375
Air dari Evap IV 82.723,144
Total 212.920,307 Total 212.920,307

Evaporator 5
Masuk Rate (Kg/jam) Keluar Rate (Kg/jam)
Brix 65.792,375 H2O dari Evap V 37.753,945
Air 82.723,144 Brix dari Evap V 65.792,375
Air dari Evap V 44.969,199
Total 148.515,519 Total 148.515,519

Perhitungan Neraca Massa Overall di Evaporator

Nira Nira Pekat
Encer Evap V

H2O

Massa Masuk
 Nira Encer
 Brix = 11,8 % x 557.562,5 = 65.792,375
 Air = 557.562,5 – 65.792,38 = 491.770,125
+
557.562,5
Massa Keluar
% 𝐵𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑁𝑖𝑟𝑎 𝑃𝐸
 H2O yang diuapkan = (1 − (% 𝐵𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑁𝑖𝑟𝑎 )) × 557.562,5
𝑃𝑒𝑘𝑎𝑡 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑝 𝑉

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= (1 – (11,8/59,4)) x 557.562,5 = 446.800,926

 Nira Pekat Evap V
 Brix = 59,4 % x (557.562,5 – 446.800,926) = 65.792,375
 Air = 557.562,5 – 446.800,926 – 65.792,375 = 44.969,199
+
557.562,5
Hasil Perhitungan Neraca Massa Overall Pada Evaporator
Masuk Rate (Kg/jam) Keluar Rate (Kg/jam)
Brix 65.792,375 H2O dari Evap V 466.800,926
Air 491.770,125 Brix dari Evap V 65.792,375
Air dari Evap V 44.969,199
Total 557.562,500 Total 557.562,500

Neraca Panas
Distribusi tekanan menurut Hugot
Tekanan Uap Bekas = 0,8 kg/cm2
76 cmHg
= 1,8332 kg/cm2 abs x
1,0332 kg/cm2
= 134,846 cmHg abs
Dari hasil interpolasi pada P = 1.8332 kg/cm2 abs diperoleh :
T pre evaporator = 116,497 ˚C
(Sumber : Tabel 41.1A, “Properties of Dry Saturated Steam, Hugot, 3rd edition,
hlm. 1034)
Vacuum Evaporator V = 57 cmHg
= 76 cmHg – 57 cmHg = 19 cmHg abs
ΔP (Pressure Drop) pre evaporator sampai evaporator V = 134,846 – 19
= 115,846 cmHg abs
Perbandingan distribusi ΔP setiap evaporator
(Sumber : Tabel 32.23, “Distribution of Pressure Drop between Vessels”, Hugot,
3rd edition, hlm.579)

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- Evaporator I = 11/50
- Evaporator II = 10,5/50
- Evaporator III = 10/50
- Evaporator IV = 9,5/50
- Evaporator V = 9/50
Tekanan Evaporator I = 134,846 – (11/50 x 115,846)
= 109,36 cmHg abs
= 1,487 kg/cm2 abs
Dari hasil interpolasi pada P = 1,487 kg/cm2 abs diperoleh Tuap = 110,457 ˚C
(Sumber : Tabel 41.1A, “Properties of Dry Saturated Steam, Hugot, 3rd edition,
hlm. 1034)
Tekanan Evaporator II = 109,36 – (10,5/50 x 115,846)
= 85,032 cmHg abs
= 1,156 kg/cm2 abs
Dari hasil interpolasi pada P = 1,156 kg/cm2 abs diperoleh Tuap = 102,939 ˚C
(Sumber : Tabel 41.1A, “Properties of Dry Saturated Steam, Hugot, 3rd edition,
hlm. 1034)
Tekanan Evaporator III = 85,032 – (10/50 x 115,846)
= 61,863 cmHg abs
= 0,841 kg/cm2 abs
Dari hasil interpolasi pada P = 0,841 kg/cm2 abs diperoleh Tuap = 94,002 ˚C
(Sumber : Tabel 41.1A, “Properties of Dry Saturated Steam, Hugot, 3rd edition,
hlm. 1034)
Tekanan Evaporator IV = 61,863 – (9,5/50 x 115,846)
= 39,852 cmHg abs
= 0,542 kg/cm2 abs
Dari hasil interpolasi pada P = 0,542 kg/cm2 abs diperoleh Tuap = 82,626 ˚C
(Sumber : Tabel 41.1A, “Properties of Dry Saturated Steam, Hugot, 3rd edition,
hlm. 1034)
Tekanan Evaporator V = 39,852 – (9/50 x 115,846)
= 19 cmHg abs
= 0,258 kg/cm2 abs

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Dari hasil interpolasi pada P = 0,258 kg/cm2 abs diperoleh Tuap = 64,832 ˚C
(Sumber : Tabel 41.1A, “Properties of Dry Saturated Steam, Hugot, 3rd edition,
hlm. 1034)

Perhitungan kalor jenis (Cp) Nira pada setiap Evaporator

Rumus = Cp = 1 – (0,006 x X) kkal/kg ˚C X = % Brix Nira

- Kalor jenis (Cp) Nira Encer

Cp = 1 – (0,006 x 11,8) = 0,929 kkal/kg ˚C
- Kalor jenis (Cp) Nira Pekat
Cp (Pre Evaporator) = 1 – (0,006 x 15,4) = 0,9076 kkal/kg ˚C
Cp (Evaporator I) = 1 – (0,006 x 19,9) = 0,8806 kkal/kg ˚C
Cp (Evaporator II) = 1 – (0,006 x 24,7) = 0,8518 kkal/kg ˚C
Cp (Evaporator III) = 1 – (0,006 x 30,9) = 0,8146 kkal/kg ˚C
Cp (Evaporator IV) = 1 – (0,006 x 44,3) = 0,7342 kkal/kg ˚C
Cp (Evaporator V) = 1 – (0,006 x 59,4) = 0,6436 kkal/kg ˚C

Perhitungan Boiling Point Rise (BPR) atau Kenaikan Titik Didih Nira :
Rumus = BPR = 1,78x + 6,22x2 0C x = Fraksi Nira
(Sumber : Geankoplis, “Transport Process and Unit Operations”, 3rd edition,
hlm. 506)
Dari hasil perhitungan didapatkan hasil sebagai berikut :
Suhu Uap Suhu Nira
Komponen Fraksi Nira BPR (˚C)
Nira (˚C) (˚C)
Pre Evaporator 0,154 0,422 116,497 116,919
Evaporator I 0,199 0,601 110,457 111,058
Evaporator II 0,247 0,819 102,939 103,758
Evaporator III 0,309 1,144 94,002 95,146
Evaporator IV 0,443 2,009 82,626 84,635
Evaporator V 0,594 3,252 64,832 68,084

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Data-data untuk menghitung Neraca Panas

Komponen P (kg/cm2) T (˚C) λ (kkal/kg) q (kkal/kg)
Uap Bekas 0,800 125 647,675 125,338
Nira Pekat Pre 116,497 644,799 116,697
1,833
Evaporator 116,919 644,945 117,127
Nira Pekat 110,457 642,705 110,552
1,487
Evaporator I 111,058 642,921 111,158
Nira Pekat 102,939 639,998 102,958
1,156
Evaporator II 103,758 640,293 103,786
Nira Pekat 94,002 636,641 94,002
0,841
Evaporator III 95,146 637,075 95,146
Nira Pekat 82,626 632,318 82,626
0,542
Evaporator IV 84,636 633,081 84,635
Nira Pekat 64,832 625,171 64,732
0,258
Evaporator V 68,084 626,504 67,984
λ dan q didapatkan dari interpolasi terhadap suhu
(Sumber :Tabel 41.1 A, “Properties of Dry Saturated Steam, Hugot, 3rd edition,
hlm. 1034)

Perhitungan Neraca Panas pada Evaporator

Nira Encer (F) Nira Pekat (L)
Uap (S) Kondensat (C)

H2O (V)
Neraca Panas Overall :
F hF + S HS = L hL + V HV + C hC
Panas Masuk
- Uap = mV1 x λ1
- Nira = mN1 x CP1 x T1
Panas Keluar
- Kondensat = mV2 x q2
- H2O yang diuapkan = mV2 x λ2
Dimana : mV = Rate massa uap (kg/jam)
mN = Rate massa Nira (kg/jam)
λ = Total heat (kkal/kg)
q = Sensible heat (kkal/kg)
CP = Kalor Jenis (kkal/kg ˚C)
T = Suhu (˚C)

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- Nira = mN2 x CP1 x T2

Notasi 1 = keadaan masuk
Notasi 2 = keadaan keluar

Perhitungan Neraca Panas setiap Evaporator

1. Pre Evaporator
Panas Masuk
1. Uap = mV x 647,675 = 647,675 mV
2. Nira Encer = 557.562,5 x 0,929 x 106 = 54.917.229,95
+
54.917.229,95 + 647,675 mV

Panas Keluar
1. Kondensat = mV x 125,338 = 125,338 mV
2. H2O yang diuapkan = 130.339,286 x 644,945 = 84.061.640,93
3. Nira Pekat Pre Evap = 427.223,214 x 0,908 x 116,919 = 45.335.113,77
+
129.396.754,70 + 125,338 mV
Persamaan Neraca Panas Overall :
In = Out
54.917.229,95 + 647,675 mV = 129.396.754,70 + 125,338 mV (balance)
74.479.524,75 = 522,34 mV
mV = 142.588,89 kg/jam

Pre-Evaporator
Masuk Jumlah (kcal/jam) Keluar Jumlah (kcal/jam)
Uap 63.255.016,26 Kondensat 104.566.855,6
Nira Encer 407.185.612,569 H2O yang diuapkan 623.421,3
Nira Pekat Pre Evp 337.267.282,859
Total 470.440.628,8 Total 470.440.628,8

Evaporator I

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Masuk Jumlah (kcal/jam) Keluar Jumlah (kcal/jam)

Uap 39.859.308,579 Kondensat 135.695.608,582
Nira dari pre 337.267.282,859 H2O yang diuapkan 630.895,583
Nira Pekat Evp I 240.800.087,273
Total 377.126.591,438 Total 377.126.591,438

Evaporator II
Masuk Jumlah (kcal/jam) Keluar Jumlah (kcal/jam)
Uap 34.916.825,657 Kondensat 145.754.866,456
Nira dari I 240.800.087,273 H2O yang diuapkan 222.491,468
Nira Pekat Evp II 174.939.555,006
Total 278.716.912,930 Total 278.716.912,930

Evaporator III
Masuk Jumlah (kcal/jam) Keluar Jumlah (kcal/jam)
Uap 22.470.228,967 Kondensat 127.323.904,034
Nira dari II 217.136.030,586 H2O yang diuapkan 199.682,768
Nira Pekat Evp III 122.780.672,751
Total 245.606.259,553 Total 245.606.259,553

Evaporator IV
Masuk Jumlah (kcal/jam) Keluar Jumlah (kcal/jam)
Uap 18.296.832,061 Kondensat 67.104.418,813
Nira dari III 122.780.672,751 H2O yang diuapkan 156.826,630
Nira Pekat Evp IV 68.623.259,369
Total 140.077.504,812 Total 140.077.504,812

Evaporator V
Masuk Jumlah (kcal/jam) Keluar Jumlah (kcal/jam)
Uap 15.413.264,794 Kondensat 46.405.813,337
Nira dari III 68.623.259,369 H2O yang diuapkan 140.474,397
Nira Pekat Evp IV 36.212.236,430
Total 83.036.524,164 Total 83.036.524,164

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