Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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GLOSSARY
This glossary provides definitions that are unique and abbreviations commonly used in Jeppesen pub-
lications. No attempt has been made to list all the terms of basic aeronautical nomenclature.
Because of the international nature of flying, terms used by the FAA (USA) are included when they differ
from International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) definitions. A vertical bar, that is omitted on all new
pages, tables of contents, tabular listings and graphics, indicates changes.
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GLOSSARY
are those values as established for the aircraft by the No Risk of Collision — The risk classification of
certification authority of the country of registry. An an aircraft proximity in which no risk of collision
aircraft shall fit in only one category. If it is necessary has existed.
to maneuver at speeds in excess of the upper limit Risk not Determined — The risk classification of
of a speed range for a category, the minimums for an aircraft proximity in which insufficient informa-
the next higher category must be used. For example, tion was available to determine the risk involved,
an aircraft which falls in Category A, but is circling or inconclusive or conflicting evidence precluded
to land at a speed in excess of 91 knots, should use such determination.
the approach Category B minimums when circling to
AIRCRAFT STATION — A mobile station in the aero-
land. The categories are as follows:
nautical mobile service, other than a survival craft sta-
Category A Speed less than 91KT. tion, located on board an aircraft.
Category B Speed 91KT or more but less than AIR DEFENSE IDENTIFICATION ZONE (ADIZ) —
121KT. The area of airspace over land or water, extending
upward from the surface, within which the ready iden-
Category C Speed 121KT or more but less tification, the location, and the control of aircraft are
than 141KT. required in the interest of national security.
Category D Speed 141KT or more but less AIR-GROUND COMMUNICATION — Two-way com-
than 166KT. munication between aircraft and stations or locations
Category E Speed 166KT or more. on the surface of the earth.
AIRCRAFT APPROACH CATEGORY (ICAO) — The AIR-GROUND CONTROL RADIO STATION —
ICAO table, depicted in the ATC section-200 series, An aeronautical telecommunication station having
indicates the specified range of handling speeds (IAS primary responsibility for handling communications
in Knots) for each category of aircraft to perform the pertaining to the operation and control of aircraft in
maneuvers specified. These speed ranges have been a given area.
assumed for use in calculating airspace and obstacle AIRMET INFORMATION — Information issued by
clearance for each procedure. a meteorological watch office concerning the occur-
AIRCRAFT IDENTIFICATION — A group of letters, rence or expected occurrence of specified en route
figures or combination thereof which is either identical weather phenomena which may affect the safety
to, or the coded equivalent of, the aircraft call sign to of low-level aircraft operations and which was not
be used in air-ground communications, and which is already included in the forecast issued for low-level
used to identify the aircraft in ground-ground air traffic flights in the flight information region concerned or
services communications. sub-area thereof.
AIRCRAFT – LARGE AIRCRAFT (LACFT) — Term AIRPORT — An area on land or water that is used
used when referring to ICAO aircraft category DL or intended to be used for the landing and take-off of
standard dimensions: aircraft and includes its buildings and facilities, if any.
– wing span – more than 65m/213ft (max AIRPORT ELEVATION/FIELD ELEVATION — The
80m/262ft); and/or highest point of an airports usable runways measured
in feet from mean sea level. In a few countries, the air-
– vertical distance between the flight parts of the port elevation is determined at the airport reference
wheels and the glide path antenna – more than point.
7m/23ft (max 8m/26ft).
AIRPORT REFERENCE POINT (ARP) — A point on
For precision approach procedures, the dimensions the airport designated as the official airport location.
of the aircraft are also a factor for the calculation of
the OCH. AIRPORT SURVEILLANCE RADAR (ASR) —
Approach control radar used to detect and display an
For category DL aircraft, additional OCA/H is pro- aircraft’s position in the terminal area. ASR provides
vided, when necessary. range and azimuth information but does not provide
AIRCRAFT OBSERVATION — The evaluation of one elevation data. Coverage of the ASR can extend up
or more meteorological elements made from an air- to 60 miles.
craft in flight. AIRPROX — The code word used in an air traffic
AIRCRAFT PROXIMITY — A situation in which, in incident report to designate aircraft proximity.
the opinion of a pilot or air traffic services personnel, AIR-REPORT — A report from an aircraft in flight
the distance between aircraft as well as their relative prepared in conformity with requirements for position
positions and speed have been such that the safety and operational and/or meteorological reporting.
of the aircraft involved may have been compromised.
An aircraft proximity is classified as follows: NOTE: Details of the AIREP form are given in
PANSATM (Doc 4444) and ATC section.
Risk of Collision — The risk classification of an
aircraft proximity in which serious risk of collision AIR-TAXIING — Movement of a helicopter/VTOL
has existed. above the surface of an aerodrome, normally in
ground effect and at a ground speed normally less
Safety not Assured — The risk classification of than 20KT (37kmh).
an aircraft proximity in which the safety of the air-
craft may have been compromised.
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GLOSSARY
NOTE: The actual height may vary, and some heli- NOTE: An air traffic services reporting office may be
copters may require air-taxiing above 25ft (8m) AGL established as a separate unit or combined with an
to reduce ground effect turbulence or provide clear- existing unit, such as another air traffic services unit,
ance for cargo slingloads. or a unit of the aeronautical information service.
AIR-TO-GROUND COMMUNICATION — One-way AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES (ATS) ROUTE — A speci-
communication from aircraft to stations or locations fied route designated for channeling the flow of traffic
on the surface of the earth. as necessary for provision of air traffic services.
AIR TRAFFIC — All aircraft in flight or operating on NOTE: The term “ATS Route” is used to mean var-
the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome. iously, airway, advisory route, controlled or uncon-
AIR TRAFFIC ADVISORY SERVICE — A service trolled route, arrival or departure route, etc.
provided within advisory airspace to ensure separa- AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES (ATS) ROUTE (USA) —
tion, in so far as practical, between aircraft which are A generic term that includes ‘VOR Federal airways’,
operating on IFR flight plans. ‘colored Federal airways’, ‘jet routes’, ‘Military Train-
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL ASSIGNED AIRSPACE ing Routes’, ‘named routes’, and ‘RNAV routes.’
(ATCAA) — Airspace of defined vertical/lateral limits, AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES UNIT — A generic term
assigned by ATC, for the purpose of providing air meaning variously, air traffic control unit, flight infor-
traffic segregation between the specified activities mation centre or air traffic services reporting office.
being conducted within the assigned airspace and AIRWAY (ICAO) — A control area or portion thereof
other IFR air traffic. established in the form of a corridor equipped with
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL CLEARANCE — Autho- radio navigation aids.
rization for an aircraft to proceed under conditions AIRWAY (USA) — A Class “E” airspace area estab-
specified by an air traffic control unit. lished in the form of a corridor, the centerline of which
NOTE 1: For convenience, the term “air traffic control is defined by radio navigational aids.
clearance” is frequently abbreviated to “clearance” ALERFA — The code word used to designate an alert
when used in appropriate contexts. phase.
NOTE 2: The abbreviated term “clearance” may be ALERT AREA (USA) — [see SPECIAL USE
prefixed by the words “taxi,” “take-off,” “departure,” “en AIRSPACE (SUA)].
route,” “approach” or “landing” to indicate the particu-
ALERTING SERVICE — A service provided to notify
lar portion of flight to which the air traffic control clear-
appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in need
ance relates.
of search and rescue aid, and assist such organiza-
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL INSTRUCTION — Direc- tions as required.
tives issued by air traffic control for the purpose of
ALERT PHASE — A situation wherein apprehension
requiring a pilot to take a specific action.
exists as to the safety of an aircraft and its occupants.
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SERVICE — A service
ALLOCATION, ALLOCATE — Distribution of fre-
provided for the purpose of:
quencies, SSR Codes, etc. to a State, unit or service,
a. preventing collisions: Distribution of 24-bit aircraft addresses to a State or
1. between aircraft; and common mark registering authority.
2. on the manoeuvring area between aircraft ALONG TRACK DISTANCE — The distance mea-
and obstructions; and sured from a point-in-space by systems using area
b. expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of air navigation reference capabilities that are not subject
traffic. to slant range errors.
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL UNIT — A generic term ALPHANUMERIC CHARACTERS (Alphanumer-
meaning variously, area control centre, approach ics) — A collective term for letters and figures (digits).
control office or aerodrome control tower. ALTERNATE AERODROME (ICAO) — An aero-
AIR TRAFFIC SERVICE (ATS) — A generic term drome to which an aircraft may proceed when it
meaning variously, flight information service, alerting becomes either impossible or inadvisable to proceed
service, air traffic advisory service, air traffic control to or to land at the aerodrome of intended landing.
service (area control service, approach control ser- Alternate aerodromes include the following:
vice or aerodrome control service). Take-Off Alternate — An alternate aerodrome at
AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES AIRSPACES — Airspaces which an aircraft can land should this become nec-
of defined dimensions, alphabetically designated, essary shortly after take-off and it is not possible
within which specific types of flights may operate and to use the aerodrome of departure.
for which air traffic services and rules of operation En Route Alternate — An aerodrome at which an
are specified. aircraft would be able to land after experiencing an
NOTE: ATS airspaces are classified as Class “A” to abnormal or emergency condition while en route.
“G.” Destination Alternate — An alternate aerodrome
AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES REPORTING OFFICE — to which an aircraft may proceed should it become
A unit established for the purpose of receiving reports impossible or inadvisable to land at the aerodrome
concerning air traffic services and flight plans submit- of intended landing.
ted before departure.
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NOTE: The aerodrome from which a flight departs APPROACH FUNNEL — A specified airspace
may also be an en route or a destination alternate around a nominal approach path within which an air-
aerodrome for that flight. craft approaching to land is considered to be making
ETOPS En Route Alternate — A suitable and a normal approach.
appropriate alternate aerodrome at which an APPROACH PROCEDURE WITH VERTICAL GUID-
aeroplane would be able to land after experienc- ANCE (APV) — [see INSTRUMENT APPROACH
ing an engine shutdown or other abnormal or PROCEDURE (IAP)].
emergency condition while en route in an ETOPS APPROACH SEQUENCE — The order in which two
operation. or more aircraft are cleared to approach to land at the
ALTERNATE AIRPORT (USA) — An airport at which aerodrome.
an aircraft may land if a landing at the intended airport APPROPRIATE ATS AUTHORITY — The relevant
becomes inadvisable. authority designated by the State responsible for pro-
ALTIMETER SETTING — The barometric pressure viding air traffic services in the airspace concerned.
reading used to adjust a pressure altimeter for vari- APPROPRIATE AUTHORITY —
ations in existing atmospheric pressure or to the
a. Regarding flight over the high seas: The rel-
standard altimeter setting (29.92 inches of mercury,
evant authority of the State of Registry.
1013.2 hectopascals or 1013.2 millibars).
b. Regarding flight other than over the high
QFE — The atmospheric pressure setting which,
seas: The relevant authority of the State having
when set in the aircraft’s altimeter, will cause the
sovereignty over the territory being overflown.
altimeter to read zero when at the reference datum
of the airfield. APRON — A defined area, on a land aerodrome,
intended to accommodate aircraft for purposes of
QNE — The constant atmospheric pressure
loading or unloading passengers, mail or cargo,
related to a reference datum of 29.92 inches of
fueling, parking or maintenance.
mercury or 1013.25 hectopascals or 1013.25
millibars, used for expressing flight levels. AREA CONTROL CENTRE — A unit established to
provide air traffic control service to controlled flights
QHN — The atmospheric pressure setting which,
in control areas under its jurisdiction.
when set in the aircraft’s altimeter, will cause the
altimeter to read altitudes referenced to mean sea AREA CONTROL SERVICE — Air traffic control ser-
level. vice for controlled flights in control areas.
ALTITUDE (ICAO) — The vertical distance of a level, AREA MINIMUM ALTITUDE (AMA) — The minimum
a point, or an object considered as a point, measured altitude to be used under instrument meteorological
from Mean Sea Level (MSL). conditions (IMC), that provides a minimum obstacle
clearance within a specified area, normally formed by
ALTITUDE (USA) — The height of a level, point or
parallels and meridians.
object measured in feet Above Ground Level (AGL)
or from Mean Sea Level (MSL). AREA NAVIGATION/RNAV — A method of naviga-
tion which permits aircraft operation on any desired
a. AGL Altitude — Altitude expressed in feet mea-
flight path within the coverage of the station-refer-
sured above ground level (QFE).
enced navigation aids or within the limits of the capa-
b. MSL Altitude — Altitude expressed in feet mea- bility of self-contained aids, or a combination of these.
sured from mean sea level (QNH).
AREA NAVIGATION ROUTE — An ATS route estab-
c. Indicated Altitude — The Altitude as shown by lished for the use of aircraft capable of employing area
an altimeter. On a pressure barometric altimeter navigation.
it is altitude as shown uncorrected for instru-
ARRIVAL ROUTES — Routes on an instrument
ment error and uncompensated for variation
approach procedure by which aircraft may proceed
from standard atmospheric conditions.
from the enroute phase of flight to the initial approach
APPROACH BAN — An approach procedure, for fix.
which continuation is prohibited beyond a specific
ASSIGNMENT, ASSIGN — Distribution of frequen-
point, and or specified height, if the reported visibil-
cies to stations. Distribution of SSR Codes or 24-bit
ity or RVR is below the minimum specified for that
addresses to aircraft.
approach.
ATIS — ASOS INTERFACE — A switch that allows
APPROACH CONTROL OFFICE — A unit estab-
ASOS weather observations to be appended to
lished to provide air traffic control service to controlled
the ATIS broadcast, making weather information
flights arriving at, or departing from, one or more
available on the same (ATIS) frequency H24. When
aerodromes.
the tower is open, ATIS information and the hourly
APPROACH CONTROL SERVICE — Air traffic con- weather will be broadcast. When the tower is closed,
trol service for arriving or departing controlled flights. one-minute weather information updates are broad-
APPROACH CONTROL UNIT — A unit established cast, and the controller can add overnight ATIS
to provide air traffic control service to controlled information to the ASOS automated voice weather
flights arriving at, or departing from, one or more message.
aerodromes. ATS ROUTE — A specified route designed for chan-
neling the flow of traffic as necessary for the provision
of air traffic services.
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GLOSSARY
NOTE 1: The term “ATS route” is used to mean var- aviation weather information. ASOS information may
iously, airway, advisory route, controlled or uncon- be transmitted over a discrete VHF radio frequency
trolled route, arrival or departure route, etc. or the voice portion of a local navaid.
NOTE 2: An ATS route is defined by route specifi- AUTOMATED WEATHER OBSERVING SYSTEM
cations which include an ATS route designator, the (AWOS) — An automated weather reporting system
track to or from significant points (way-points), dis- which transmits local real-time weather data directly
tance between significant points, reporting require- to the pilot.
ments and, as determined by the appropriate ATS
authority, the lowest safe altitude. AWOS-A Only reports altimeter setting.
ATS SURVEILLANCE SERVICE — A term used to AWOS-A/V Reports altimeter setting plus visibility.
indicate a service provided directly by means of an AWOS-1 Usually reports altimeter setting, wind
ATS surveillance system. data, temperature, dewpoint and
ATS SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM — A generic term density altitude.
meaning variously, ADS-B, PSR, SSR or any compa- AWOS-2 Reports same as AWOS-1 plus
rable ground-based system that enables the identifi- visibility.
cation of aircraft.
AWOS-3 Reports the same as AWOS-2 plus
NOTE: A comparable ground-based system is one cloud/ceiling data.
that has been demonstrated, by comparative assess-
ment or other methodology, to have a level of safety AUTOMATED WEATHER SENSOR SYSTEM
and performance equal to or better than monopulse (AWSS) — A surface weather observing system
SSR. similar to AWOS and ASOS, providing all the weather
AUTOMATIC DEPENDENT SURVEILLANCE information furnished by ASOS systems. The AWSS
(ADS) — A surveillance technique, in which air- sensor suite automatically collects, measures, pro-
craft automatically provide, via a data link, data cesses, and broadcasts surface weather data includ-
derived from on-board navigation and position fixing ing altimeter setting, temperature and dew point,
systems, including aircraft identification, four-dimen- cloud height and coverage, visibility, present weather
sional position and additional data as appropriate. (rain, drizzle, snow), rain accumulation, freezing rain,
thunderstorms, fog, mist, haze, freezing fog, as well
AUTOMATIC DEPENDENT SURVEILLANCE — as wind speed, direction, and gusts.
BROADCAST (ADS-B) — A means by which air-
craft, aerodrome vehicles and other objects can BALKED LANDING — A landing manoeuvre that is
automatically transmit and/or receive data such as unexpectedly discontinued below DA(H)/MDA(H) or
identification, position and additional data, as appro- beyond MAP.
priate, in a broadcast mode via a data link. BASE TURN — A turn executed by the aircraft during
AUTOMATIC DEPENDENT SURVEILLANCE — the initial approach between the end of the outbound
CONTRACT (ADS-C) — A means by which the track and the beginning of the intermediate or final
terms of an ADS-C agreement will be exchanged approach track. The tracks are not reciprocal.
between the ground system and the aircraft, via a NOTE: Base turns may be designated as being made
data link, specifying under what conditions ADS-C either in level flight or while descending, according to
reports would be initiated, and what data would be the circumstances of each individual procedure.
contained in the reports. BLIND TRANSMISSION — A transmission from one
NOTE: The abbreviated term “ADS” contract is com- station to another station in circumstances where
monly used to refer to ADS event contract, ADS two-way communication cannot be established but
demand contract or an emergency mode. where it is believed that the called station is able to
AUTOMATIC TERMINAL INFORMATION SERVICE receive the transmission.
(ATIS) — The automatic provision of current, routine BRAKING ACTION (GOOD, FAIR, POOR, NIL) —
information to arriving and departing aircraft through- A report of conditions on the airport movement area
out 24 hours or a specified portion thereof: providing a pilot with a degree/quality of braking that
– Data link-automatic terminal information service might be expected. Braking action is reported in
(D-ATIS). The provision of ATIS via data link. terms of good, fair, poor, or nil.
– Voice-automatic terminal information service BRIEFING — Oral commentary on existing and/or
(Voice-ATIS). The provision of ATIS by means of expected conditions.
continuous and repetitive voice broadcasts. BROADCAST — A transmission of information relat-
AUTOMATED SURFACE OBSERVATION SYSTEM ing to air navigation that is not addressed to a specific
(ASOS) — The Automated Surface Observation station or stations.
System, in the United States, is a surface weather CARDINAL ALTITUDES OR FLIGHT LEVELS —
observing system implemented by the National “Odd” or “Even” thousand-foot altitudes or flight lev-
Weather Service, the Federal Aviation Administra- els; e.g., 5000, 6000, 7000, FL60, FL250, FL260,
tion and the Department of Defense. It is designed FL270.
to support aviation operations and weather fore- CATCH POINT — A fix/waypoint that serves as a
cast activities. The ASOS provides continuous transition point from the high altitude waypoint nav-
minute-by-minute observations and performs the igation structure to the low altitude structure or an
basic observing functions necessary to generate an arrival procedure (STAR).
aviation routine weather report (METAR) and other
CEILING (ICAO) — The height above the ground or COMMUNITY AERODROME RADIO STATION
water of the base of the lowest layer of cloud below (CARS) — An aerodrome radio that provides
6000m (20,000ft) covering more than half the sky. weather, field conditions, accepts flight plans and
CEILING (USA) — The height above the earth’s sur- position reports.
face of the lowest layer of clouds or obscuring phe- COMPULSORY REPORTING POINTS — Reporting
nomena that is reported as “broken”, “overcast”, or points which must be reported to ATC. They are
“obscuration”, and not classified as “thin”, or “partial”. designated on aeronautical charts by solid triangles
CHANGE-OVER POINT — The point at which an air- or filed in a flight plan as fixes selected to define
craft navigating on an ATS route segment defined direct routes. These points are geographical loca-
by reference to very high frequency omnidirectional tions which are defined by navigation aids/fixes.
radio ranges is expected to transfer its primary navi- Pilots should discontinue position reporting over
gational reference from the facility behind the aircraft compulsory reporting points when informed by ATC
to the next facility ahead of the aircraft. that their aircraft is in “radar contact.”
NOTE: Change-over points are established to provide COMPUTER — A device which performs sequences
the optimum balance in respect of signal strength and of arithmetical and logical steps upon data without
quality between facilities at all levels to be used and human intervention.
to ensure a common source of azimuth guidance for NOTE: When the word “computer” is used in this
all aircraft operating along the same portion of a route document it may denote a computer complex, which
segment. includes one or more computers and peripheral
CHART CHANGE NOTICES — Jeppesen Chart equipment.
Change Notices include significant information CONDITIONAL ROUTES (CDR) (Europe) —
changes affecting Enroute, Area, and Terminal Category 1,2,3.
charts. Entries are published until the temporary
condition no longer exists, or until the permanent Category 1: Permanently plannable CDR during
change appears on revised charts. Enroute chart designated times.
numbers/panel numbers/letters and area chart identi- Category 2: Plannable only during times
fiers are included for each entry in the enroute portion designated in the Conditional
of the Chart Change Notices. To avoid duplication of Route Availability Message (CRAM)
information in combined Enroute and Terminal Chart published at 1500 for the 24 hour
Change Notices, navaid conditions, except for ILS period starting at 0600 the next day.
components, are listed only in the Enroute portion of Category 3: Not plannable. Usable only when
the Chart Change Notices. All times are local unless directed by ATC.
otherwise indicated. Vertical bars indicate new or
revised information. Chart Change Notices are only CONTROL AREA (ICAO) — A controlled airspace
an abbreviated service. Always ask for pertinent extending upwards from a specified limit above the
NOTAMs prior to flight. earth.
CIRCLING APPROACH / CIRCLE-TO-LAND CONTROLLED AERODROME — An aerodrome at
MANEUVER — An extension of an instrument which air traffic control service is provided to aero-
approach procedure which provides for visual cir- drome traffic.
cling of the aerodrome prior to landing. NOTE: The term “controlled aerodrome” indicates
CLEARANCE LIMIT — The point to which an aircraft that air traffic control service is provided to aero-
is granted an air traffic control clearance. drome traffic but does not necessarily imply that a
CLEARWAY — An area beyond the take-off runway control zone exists.
under the control of airport authorities within which CONTROLLED AIRSPACE — An airspace of
terrain or fixed obstacles may not extend above spec- defined dimensions within which air traffic control
ified limits. These areas may be required for certain service is provided to IFR flights and to VFR flights
turbine-powered operations and the size and upward in accordance with the airspace classification.
slope of the clearway will differ depending on when NOTE: Controlled airspace is a generic term which
the aircraft was certified. covers ATS airspace Classes “A”, “B”, “C”, “D”, and
CLOUD OF OPERATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE — A “E”.
cloud with the height of cloud base below 5000ft CONTROLLED FIRING AREA (USA) — [see SPE-
(1500m) or below the highest minimum sector alti- CIAL USE AIRSPACE (SUA)].
tude, whichever is greater, or a cumulonimbus cloud
CONTROLLED FLIGHT — Any flight which is subject
or a towering cumulus cloud at any height.
to an air traffic control clearance.
CODE (SSR CODE) — The number assigned to a
CONTROLLER-PILOT DATA LINK COMMUNICA-
particular multiple pulse reply signal transmitted by a
TIONS (CPDLC) — A means of communication
transponder in Mode A or Mode C.
between controller and pilot, using data link for ATC
COMMON TRAFFIC ADVISORY FREQUENCY communications.
(CTAF) (USA) — A frequency designed for the pur-
CONTROL ZONE (CTR) (ICAO) — A controlled
pose of carrying out airport advisory practices while
airspace extending upwards from the surface of the
operating to or from an uncontrolled airport. The
earth to a specified upper limit.
CTAF may be a UNICOM, Multicom, FSS, or tower
frequency.
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GLOSSARY
the precision approach or approach with vertical lished on a Jeppesen Enroute or Area chart to assist
guidance at which a missed approach must be initi- pilots who have previous knowledge of acceptance
ated if the required visual reference to continue the of these routes by ATC. Use of a Direct route may
approach has not been established. require prior ATC approval and may not provide ATC
NOTE: or Advisory services, or be acceptable in flight plans.
a. Decision altitude (DA) is referenced to mean sea DISCRETE CODE — A four-digit SSR Code with the
level (MSL) and decision height (DH) is refer- last two digits not being “00.”
enced to the threshold elevation. DISPLACED THRESHOLD — A threshold that is
b. The required visual reference means that sec- located at a point on the runway other than the
tion of the visual aids or of the approach area designated beginning of the runway.
which should have been in view for sufficient DISTRESS — A condition of being threatened by
time for the pilot to have made an assessment of serious and/or imminent danger and of requiring
the aircraft position and rate of change of posi- immediate assistance.
tion, in relation to the desired flight path. In Cat-
DISTRESS PHASE — A situation wherein there is
egory III operations with a decision height the
a reasonable certainty that an aircraft and its occu-
required visual reference is that specified for the
pants are threatened by grave and imminent danger
particular procedure and operation.
or require immediate assistance.
c. For convenience where both expressions are
DME DISTANCE — The line of sight distance (slant
used they may be written in the form “decision
range) from the source of a DME signal to the receiv-
altitude/height” and abbreviated “DA/H.”
ing antenna.
DECISION ALTITUDE/HEIGHT (DA/H) (FAA) — Is
a specified altitude/height in an instrument approach
procedure at which the pilot must decide whether
to initiate an immediate missed approach if the pilot
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EFFECTIVE DATE/TIME — NOTE: The actual time of leaving the holding point
FAA and Canada: Aeronautical information in will depend upon the approach clearance.
the U.S. and its territories is generally effec- EXTENDED OPERATION (ETOPS) — Any flight by
tive on the designated effective date at 09:01 an aeroplane with two turbine power-units where the
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). The effec- flight time at the one power-unit inoperative cruise
tive time applies to airspace, airways and flight speed (in ISA and still air conditions), from a point
procedures. It allows for implementation between on the route to an adequate alternate aerodrome, is
01:00 and 06:00 local standard time in the U.S. greater than the threshold time approved by the State
Local authorities may change the date or time of of the Operator.
implementation due to local operational consider- FAA AIR CARRIER OPERATIONS SPECIFICA-
ations. Check NOTAMs and contact local ATC for TIONS — Document issued to users operating under
information. Federal Aviation Administration Regulations (FAR)
International: The International Civil Aviation Parts 121, 125, 127, 129, and 135. Operations Spec-
Organization (ICAO) guidance specifies that ifications are established and formalized by FARs.
aeronautical information should be effective on The primary purpose of FAA Air Carrier Operations
the designated effective date at 00:00 Coordi- Specifications is to provide a legally enforceable
nated Universal Time (UTC). However national means of prescribing an authorization, limitation
and local authorities often change the effective and/or procedures for a specific operator. Operations
time to allow for implementation during the local Specifications are subject to expeditious changes.
night or at other times due to local operational These changes are usually too time critical to adopt
considerations. When an effective time other through the regulatory process.
than 00:00 UTC is used, ICAO requires that it be FEEDER FIX — The fix depicted on instrument
published in the official Aeronautical Information approach procedure charts which establishes the
Publication (AIP) of the country. Check NOTAMs starting point of the feeder route.
and contact local ATC for information.
FEEDER ROUTE — Routes depicted on instrument
ELEVATION — The vertical distance of a point or a approach procedure charts to designate routes for
level, on or affixed to the surface of the earth, mea- aircraft to proceed from the enroute structure to the
sured from mean sea level. initial approach fix (IAF).
EMERGENCY PHASE — A generic term meaning, FILED FLIGHT PLAN (FPL) — The flight plan as
as the case may be, uncertainty phase, alert phase filed with an ATS unit by the pilot or a designated
or distress phase. representative, without any subsequent changes.
ENGINEERED MATERIALS ARRESTING SYSTEM FINAL APPROACH COURSE — A bearing/radial/
(EMAS) — High-energy-absorbing material located track of an instrument approach leading to a runway
in the runway overrun that is designed to crush under or an extended runway centerline all without regard
the weight of an aircraft as the material exerts decel- to distance.
eration forces on the aircraft landing gear.
FINAL APPROACH (ICAO) — That part of an instru-
ENROUTE FLIGHT ADVISORY SERVICE (FLIGHT ment approach procedure which commences at the
WATCH) — A service specifically designed to pro- specified final approach fix or point, or where such a
vide, upon pilot request, timely weather information fix or point is not specified,
pertinent to the type of flight, intended route of flight,
a. at the end of the last procedure turn, base turn
and altitude. The FSSs providing this service are indi-
or inbound turn of a racetrack procedure, if spec-
cated on Jeppesen Enroute and Area charts.
ified; or
ESTIMATED ELAPSED TIME — The estimated
b. at the point of interception of the last track spec-
time required to proceed from one significant point
ified in the approach procedure; and ends at a
to another.
point in the vicinity of an aerodrome from which:
ESTIMATED OFF-BLOCK TIME — The estimated
1. a landing can be made; or
time at which the aircraft will commence movement
associated with departure. 2. a missed approach procedure is initiated.
ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVAL — For IFR flights, FINAL APPROACH AND TAKE-OFF AREA
the time at which it is estimated that the aircraft will (FATO) — A defined area over which the final phase
arrive over that designated point, defined by refer- of the approach manoeuvre to hover or landing is
ence to navigation aids, from which it is intended completed and from which the take-off manoeuvre
that an instrument approach procedure will be com- is commenced. Where the FATO is to be used by
menced, or if no navigation aid is associated with the performance Class 1 helicopters, the defined area
aerodrome, the time at which the aircraft will arrive includes the rejected take-off area available.
over the aerodrome. For VFR flights, the time at which FINAL APPROACH FIX (FAF) — The fix from
it is estimated that the aircraft will arrive over the aero- which the final approach (IFR) to an airport is exe-
drome. cuted and which identifies the beginning of the final
EXPECTED APPROACH TIME — The time at which approach segment. It is designated in the profile
ATC expects that an arriving aircraft, following a delay, view of Jeppesen Terminal charts by the Maltese
will leave the holding point to complete its approach Cross symbol for non-precision approaches and
for a landing. by the glide slope/path intercept point on precision
approaches. The glide slope/path symbol starts at
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GLOSSARY
the FAF. When ATC directs a lower-than-published c. when set to a pressure of 1013.2 hectopascals
Glide Slope/Path Intercept Altitude, it is the resultant (hPa), may be used to indicate flight levels.
actual point of the glide slope/path intercept. NOTE 2: The terms “height” and “altitude,” used in
FINAL APPROACH FIX (FAF) (AUSTRALIA) — A NOTE 1 above, indicate altimetric rather than geo-
specified point on a non-precision approach which metric heights and altitudes.
identifies the commencement of the final segment. FLIGHT PATH MONITORING — The use of ATS
The FAF is designated in the profile view of Jeppesen surveillance systems for the purpose of providing
Terminal charts by the Maltese Cross symbol. aircraft with information and advice relative to signif-
FINAL APPROACH FIX (FAF) OR POINT (FAP) icant deviations from nominal flight path, including
(ICAO) — That fix or point of an instrument approach deviations from the terms of their air traffic control
procedure where the final approach segment com- clearances.
mences. NOTE: Some applications may require a specific
FINAL APPROACH — IFR (USA) — The flight path technology, e.g. radar, to support the function of flight
of an aircraft which is inbound to an airport on a final path monitoring.
instrument approach course, beginning at the final FLIGHT PLAN — Specified information provided to
approach fix or point and extending to the airport air traffic services units, relative to an intended flight
or the point where a circling approach/circle-to-land or portion of a flight of an aircraft.
maneuver or a missed approach is executed.
NOTE: Specifications for flight plans are contained
FINAL APPROACH POINT (FAP) (USA) — The in ICAO Rules of the Air, Annex 2. A Model Flight
point, applicable only to a non-precision approach Form is contained in ICAO Rules of the Air and Air
with no depicted FAF (such as an on-airport VOR), Traffic Services, PANS-RAC (Doc 4444), Appendix 2
where the aircraft is established inbound on the final and ATC section.
approach course from the procedure turn and where
FLIGHT VISIBILITY — The visibility forward from the
the final approach descent may be commenced. The
cockpit of an aircraft in flight.
FAP serves as the FAF and identifies the beginning
of the final approach segment. FLIGHT WATCH (USA) — A shortened term for use
in air-ground contacts to identify the flight service sta-
FINAL APPROACH POINT (FAP) (AUSTRALIA) —
tion providing Enroute Flight Advisory Service; e.g.,
A specified point on the glide path of a precision
“Oakland Flight Watch.”
instrument approach which identifies the commence-
ment of the final segment. FLOW CONTROL — Measures designed to adjust
the flow of traffic into a given airspace, along a given
NOTE: The FAP is co-incident with the FAF of a local-
route, or bound for a given aerodrome, so as to
izer-based non-precision approach.
ensure the most effective utilization of the airspace.
FINAL APPROACH SEGMENT (FAS) — That seg-
FORECAST — A statement of expected meteorolog-
ment of an instrument approach procedure in which
ical conditions for a specified time or period, and for
alignment and descent for landing are accomplished.
a specified area or portion of airspace.
FLIGHT CREW MEMBER — A licensed crew mem-
GAMET AREA FORECAST — An area forecast in
ber charged with duties essential to the operation of
abbreviated plain language for low-level flights for
an aircraft during flight time.
a flight information region or sub-area thereof, pre-
FLIGHT DOCUMENTATION — Written or printed pared by the meteorological office designated by the
documents, including charts or forms, containing meteorological authority concerned and exchanged
meteorological information for a flight. with meteorological offices in adjacent flight informa-
FLIGHT INFORMATION CENTRE — A unit estab- tion regions, as agreed between the meteorological
lished to provide flight information service and alert- authorities concerned.
ing service. GBAS-LANDING SYSTEM (GLS) — A system for
FLIGHT INFORMATION REGION (FIR, UIR) — An Approach and Landing operations utilizing GNSS,
airspace of defined dimensions within which Flight augmented by a Ground-Based Augmentation Sys-
Information Service and Alerting Service are pro- tem (GBAS), as the primary navigational reference.
vided. GLIDE PATH (GP) (ICAO) — A descent profile deter-
FLIGHT INFORMATION SERVICE (FIS) — A service mined for vertical guidance during a final approach.
provided for the purpose of giving advice and informa- GLIDE SLOPE (GS) (USA) — Provides vertical guid-
tion useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights. ance for aircraft during approach and landing. The
FLIGHT LEVEL (FL) — A surface of constant atmo- glide slope/glidepath is based on the following:
spheric pressure which is related to a specific pres- a. Electronic components emitting signals
sure datum, 1013.2 hectopascals (hPa), and is sep- which provide vertical guidance by reference
arated from other such surfaces by specific pressure to airborne instruments during instrument
intervals. approaches such as ILS/MLS; or
NOTE 1: A pressure type altimeter calibrated in b. Visual ground aids, such as VASI, which provide
accordance with the Standard Atmosphere: vertical guidance for a VFR approach or for the
a. when set to a QNH altimeter setting, will indicate visual portion of an instrument approach and
altitude; landing.
b. when set to a QFE altimeter setting, will indicate
height above the QFE reference datum;
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GLOSSARY
– Precision approach (PA) procedure. An instru- that are provided by States. The watch is coordinated
ment approach procedure using precision lateral by ICAO with the co-operation of other concerned
and vertical guidance with minima as determined international organizations.
by the category of operation. INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZA-
NOTE: Lateral and vertical guidance refers to the TION (ICAO) — A specialized agency of the United
guidance provided either by: Nations whose objective is to develop the principles
a. a ground-based navigation aid; or and techniques of international air navigation and to
foster planning and development of international civil
b. computer-generated navigation data.
air transport.
INSTRUMENT DEPARTURE PROCEDURE (DP)
LAND AND HOLD SHORT OPERATIONS
(USA) — A preplanned instrument flight rule (IFR)
(LAHSO) — Operations which include simultaneous
air traffic control departure procedure printed for pilot
take-offs and landings and/or simultaneous landings
use in graphic and/or textual form. DPs provide tran-
when a landing aircraft is able and is instructed by
sition from the terminal to the appropriate enroute
the controller to hold short of the intersecting runway
structure.
/ taxiway or designated hold short point. Pilots are
INSTRUMENT METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS expected to promptly inform the controller if the hold
(IMC) — Meteorological conditions expressed in short clearance cannot be accepted.
terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling,
LANDING AREA — That part of a movement area
less than the minima specified for visual meteorolog-
intended for the landing or take-off of aircraft.
ical conditions.
LANDING DISTANCE AVAILABLE (LDA) (ICAO) —
NOTE 1: The specified minima for visual meteorolog-
The length of runway which is declared available and
ical conditions are contained in ICAO Rules of the Air,
suitable for the ground run of an airplane landing.
Annex 2, Chapter 4.
LATERAL NAVIGATION (LNAV) — Provides the
NOTE 2: In a control zone, a VFR flight may proceed
same level of service as the present GPS stand-alone
under instrument meteorological conditions if and as
approaches. LNAV minimums support the following
authorized by air traffic control.
navigation systems: WAAS, when the navigation
INTERMEDIATE APPROACH SEGMENT — That solution will not support vertical navigation; and,
segment of an instrument approach procedure GPS navigation systems which are presently autho-
between either the intermediate approach fix and the rized to conduct GPS/GNSS approaches.
final approach fix or point, or between the end of a
LATERAL NAVIGATION / VERTICAL NAVIGATION
reversal, racetrack or dead reckoning track procedure
(LNAV/VNAV) — Identifies APV minimums devel-
and the final approach fix or point, as appropriate.
oped to accommodate an RNAV IAP with vertical
INTERMEDIATE FIX (IF) — A fix that marks the end guidance, usually provided by approach certified
of an initial segment and the beginning of the inter- Baro-VNAV, but with lateral and vertical integrity
mediate segment. In RNAV applications this fix is nor- limits larger than a precision approach or LPV. LNAV
mally defined by a fly-by waypoint. stands for Lateral Navigation; VNAV stands for Ver-
INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (ICAO) — Any airport tical Navigation. These minimums can be flown by
designated by the Contracting State in whose territory aircraft with a statement in the Aircraft Flight Manual
it is situated as an airport of entry and departure for (AFM) that the installed equipment supports GPS
international air traffic, where the formalities incident approaches and has an approach-approved baro-
to customs, immigration, public health, animal and metric VNAV, or if the aircraft has been demonstrated
plant quarantine and similar procedures are carried to support LNAV/VNAV approaches. This includes
out. Class 2, 3 and 4 TSO-C146 WAAS equipment.
INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (USA) — Relating to Aircraft using LNAV/VNAV minimums will descend
international flight, it means: to landing via an internally generated descent path
based on satellite or other approach approved VNAV
a. An airport of entry which has been designated
systems. WAAS equipment may revert to this mode
by the Secretary of Treasury or Commissioner of
of operation when the signal does not support “pre-
Customs as an international airport for customs
cision” or LPV integrity.
service.
LEVEL — A generic term relating to the vertical
b. A landing rights airport at which specific per-
position of an aircraft in flight and meaning variously,
mission to land must be obtained from customs
height, altitude or flight level.
authorities in advance of contemplated use.
LOCAL AIRPORT ADVISORY (LAA) — A service
c. Airports designated under the Convention on
provided by flight service stations or the military at
International Civil Aviation as an airport for use
airports not serviced by an operating control tower.
by international air transport and/or international
This service consists of providing information to arriv-
general aviation.
ing and departing aircraft concerning wind direction
INTERNATIONAL AIRWAYS VOLCANO WATCH and speed, favored runway, altimeter setting, perti-
(IAVW) — International arrangements for monitoring nent known traffic, pertinent known field conditions,
and providing warnings to aircraft of volcanic ash in airport taxi routes and traffic patterns, and authorized
the atmosphere. instrument approach procedures. This information is
NOTE: The IAVW is based on the co-operation of avi- advisory in nature and does not constitute an ATC
ation and non-aviation operational units using infor- clearance.
mation derived from observing sources and networks
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GLOSSARY
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GLOSSARY
aeronautical facility, service, procedure or hazard, the facilities can be altered in intensity. All lighting is illu-
timely knowledge of which is essential to personnel minated for a period of 15min (except for 1-step and
concerned with flight operations. 2-step REILs which may be turned off by keying the
NO-TRANSGRESSION ZONE (NTZ) — In the con- mike 5 or 3 times, respectively).
text of independent parallel approaches, a corridor Suggested use is to always initially key the mike 7
of airspace of defined dimensions located centrally times; this assures that all controlled lights are turned
between the two extended runway centre lines, where on to the maximum available intensity. If desired,
a penetration by an aircraft requires a controller inter- adjustment can then be made, where the capability is
vention to manoeuvre any threatened aircraft on the provided, to a lower intensity (or the REIL turned off)
adjacent approach. by keying the mike 5 and/or three times. Approved
OBSERVATION (METEOROLOGICAL) — The eval- lighting systems may be activated by keying the mike
uation of one or more meteorological elements. as indicated below:
OBSTACLE ASSESSMENT SURFACE (OAS) — A KEY MIKE FUNCTION
defined surface intended for the purpose of determin-
ing those obstacles to be considered in the calcula- 7 times within 5 Highest intensity available
tion of obstacle clearance altitude/height for a specific seconds
APV or precision approach procedure. 5 times within 5 Medium or lower intensity
OBSTACLE CLEARANCE ALTITUDE (OCA) OR seconds (Lower REIL or REIL Off)
OBSTACLE CLEARANCE HEIGHT (OCH) — The 3 times within 5 Lowest intensity available
lowest altitude or the lowest height above the ele- seconds (Lower REIL or REIL Off)
vation of the relevant runway threshold or the aero- Due to the close proximity of airports using the same
drome elevation as applicable, used in establishing frequency, radio controlled lighting receivers may be
compliance with appropriate obstacle clearance cri- set at a low sensitivity requiring the aircraft to be rel-
teria. atively close to activate the system. Consequently,
NOTE 1: Obstacle clearance altitude is referenced even when lights are on, always key mike as directed
to mean sea level and obstacle clearance height is when overflying an airport of intended landing or just
referenced to the threshold elevation or in the case prior to entering the final segment of an approach.
of non-precision approaches to the aerodrome ele- This will assure the aircraft is close enough to acti-
vation or the threshold elevation if that is more than vate the system and a full 15min lighting duration is
7ft (2m) below the aerodrome elevation. An obstacle available.
clearance height for a circling approach is referenced PILOT-IN-COMMAND (PIC) — The pilot responsible
to the aerodrome elevation. for the operation and safety of the aircraft during flight
NOTE 2: For convenience when both expressions are time.
used they may be written in the form “obstacle clear- PITCH POINT — A fix/waypoint that serves as a tran-
ance altitude/height” and abbreviated “OCA/H.” sition point from a departure procedure or the low alti-
OBSTACLE FREE ZONE (OFZ) (ICAO) — The tude ground-based navigation structure into the high
airspace above the inner approach surface, inner altitude waypoint system.
transitional surfaces, and balked landing surface and POINT-IN-SPACE APPROACH (PinS) — The
that portion of the strip bounded by these surfaces, point-in-space approach is based on a basic GNSS
which is not penetrated by any fixed obstacle other non-precision approach procedure designed for
than a low-mass and frangibly mounted one required helicopters only. It is aligned with a reference point
for air navigation purposes. located to permit subsequent flight manoeuvring or
OBSTRUCTION CLEARANCE LIMIT (OCL) — The approach and landing using visual manoeuvring in
height above aerodrome elevation below which the adequate visual conditions to see and avoid obsta-
minimum prescribed vertical clearance cannot be cles.
maintained either on approach or in the event of a POINT-IN-SPACE REFERENCE POINT (PRP) —
missed approach. Reference point for the point-in-space approach as
OPERATIONAL CONTROL — The exercise of identified by the latitude and longitude of the MAPt.
authority over the initiation, continuation, diversion PRECISION APPROACH (PA) PROCEDURE —
or termination of a flight in the interest of the safety [see INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE
of the aircraft and the regularity and efficiency of the (IAP)].
flight.
PRECISION APPROACH RADAR (PAR) — Primary
OPERATOR — A person, organization or enterprise radar equipment used to determine the position of
engaged in or offering to engage in an aircraft oper- an aircraft during final approach, in terms of lateral
ation. and vertical deviations relative to a nominal approach
PILOT CONTROLLED LIGHTING (PCL) (USA) — path, and in range relative to touchdown.
(For other states see Air Traffic Control Rules and NOTE: Precision approach radars are designated
Procedures.) to enable pilots of aircraft to be given guidance by
Radio control of lighting is available at selected air- radio communication during the final stages of the
ports to provide airborne control of lights by keying approach to land.
the aircraft’s microphone. The control system con-
sists of a 3-step control responsive to 7, 5, and/or
3 microphone clicks. The 3-step and 2-step lighting
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PRECISION OBJECT FREE ZONE (POFZ) (FAA) mediate/final approach segment. Procedure alti-
— A volume of airspace above an area beginning tudes/heights are never below the Segment Minimum
at the runway threshold, at the threshold elevation, Altitude (SMA) or Segment Minimum Safe Altitude
and entered on the extended runway centerline. The (SMSA).
standard POFZ is 200ft (60m) long and 800ft (240m) PROCEDURE TURN (PT) (ICAO) — A maneuver in
wide. The POFZ must be kept clear when an air- which a turn is made away from a designated track
craft on a vertically guided final approach is within two followed by a turn in the opposite direction to permit
nautical miles (NM) of the runway threshold and the the aircraft to intercept and proceed along the recip-
reported ceiling is below 250ft and/or visibility less rocal of the designated track.
than ¾ statute miles (SM) (or runway visual range
NOTE 1: Procedure turns are designated “left” or
below 4000ft). The POFZ is considered clear even
“right” according to the direction of the initial turn.
if the wing of the aircraft holding on a taxiway wait-
ing for runway clearance penetrates the POFZ; how- NOTE 2: Procedure turns may be designated as
ever, neither the fuselage nor the tail may infringe being made either in level flight or while descending,
on the POFZ. For approaching aircraft, in the event according to the circumstances of each individual
that a taxiing/parked aircraft or vehicle is not clear procedure.
of the POFZ, air traffic control will provide advisories PROCEDURE TURN (PT) (USA) — The maneuver
to the approaching aircraft regarding the position of prescribed when it is necessary to reverse direction
the offending aircraft/vehicle. In this case the pilot to establish an aircraft on the intermediate approach
of the approaching aircraft must decide to continue segment or final approach course. The outbound
or abort the approach. When the reported ceiling is course, direction of turn, distance within which the
below 800ft or visibility less than 2SM, departing air- turn must be completed, and minimum altitude are
craft must do the following. When there is an air traffic specified in the procedure. However, unless other-
control tower (ATCT) in operation, plan to hold at the wise restricted, the point at which the turn may be
ILS hold line and hold as directed by air traffic control. commenced and the type and rate of turn are at the
When there is no operating ATCT, honor the ILS hold discretion of the pilot.
line and do not taxi into position and take-off if there PROCEDURE TURN INBOUND — That point of
is an approaching aircraft within 2NM of the runway a procedure turn maneuver where course reversal
threshold. has been completed and an aircraft is established
PRE-DEPARTURE CLEARANCE (PDC) — An inbound on the intermediate approach segment or
automated Clearance Delivery system relaying ATC final approach course. A report of “procedure turn
departure clearances from the FAA to the user net- inbound” is normally used by ATC as a position report
work computer for subsequent delivery to the cockpit for separation purposes.
via ACARS (Airline/Aviation VHF data link) where PROFILE — The orthogonal projection of a flight path
aircraft are appropriately equipped, or to gate print- or portion thereof on the vertical surface containing
ers for pilot pickup. the nominal track.
PRESSURE ALTITUDE — An atmospheric pressure PROGNOSTIC CHART — A forecast of a specified
expressed in terms of altitude which corresponds to meteorological element(s) for a specified time or
that pressure in the Standard Atmosphere. period and a specified surface or portion of airspace,
PREVAILING VISIBILITY — The greatest visibility depicted graphically on a chart.
value, observed in accordance with the definition “vis- PROHIBITED AREA (ICAO) (USA) — [see SPECIAL
ibility”, which is reached within at least half the hori- USE AIRSPACE (SUA)].
zon circle or within at least half of the surface of the
QFE — [see ALTIMETER SETTING]
aerodrome. These areas could comprise contiguous
or non-contiguous sectors. QNE — [see ALTIMETER SETTING]
NOTE: This value may be assessed by human QNH — [see ALTIMETER SETTING]
observation and/or instrumented systems. When RACETRACK PROCEDURE (ICAO) — A procedure
instruments are installed, they are used to obtain the designed to enable the aircraft to reduce altitude dur-
best estimate of the prevailing visibility. ing the initial approach segment and/or establish the
PRIMARY AREA — A defined area symmetrically aircraft inbound when the entry into a reversal proce-
disposed about the nominal flight track in which dure is not practical.
full obstacle clearance is provided. (See also SEC- RADAR — A radio detection device which provides
ONDARY AREA.) information on range, azimuth and/or elevation of
PRIMARY RADAR — A radar system which uses objects.
reflected radio signals. RADAR APPROACH — An approach, executed by
PRIMARY SURVEILLANCE RADAR (PSR) — A an aircraft, under the direction of a radar controller.
surveillance radar system which uses reflected radio RADAR CONTACT — The situation which exists
signals. when the radar position of a particular aircraft is seen
PROCEDURE ALTITUDE/HEIGHT — Are recom- and identified on a radar display.
mended altitudes/heights developed in coordination RADAR SEPARATION — The separation used
with Air Traffic Control requirements flown opera- when aircraft position information is derived from
tionally at or above the minimum altitude/height and radar sources.
established to accommodate a stabilized descent
at a prescribed descent gradient/angle in the inter-
q$z
GLOSSARY
RADAR WEATHER ECHO INTENSITY LEVELS — airport of intended operations. For those locations
Existing radar systems cannot detect turbulence. having an RNAV chart published with LNAV/VNAV
However, there is a direct correlation between minimums, a procedure note may be provided such
the degree of turbulence and other weather features as "DME/DME RNP-0.3 NA." This means that RNP
associated with thunderstorms and the radar weather aircraft dependent on DME/DME to achieve RNP-0.3
echo intensity. The National Weather Service has are not authorized to conduct this approach. Where
categorized radar weather echo intensity for precip- DME facility availability is a factor, the note may
itation into six levels. These levels are sometimes read "DME/DME RNP-0.3 authorized; ABC and
expressed during communications as “VIP LEVEL” 1 XYZ required." This means that ABC and XYZ
through 6 (derived from the component of the radar facilities have been determined by flight inspection
that produces the information — Video Integrator to be required in the navigation solution to assure
and Processor). The following list gives the “VIP RNP-0.3. VOR/DME updating must not be used for
LEVELS” in relation to the precipitation intensity approach procedures.
within a thunderstorm: RESCUE COORDINATION CENTER — A unit
responsible for promoting efficient organization of
Level 1. WEAK search and rescue service and for coordinating the
Level 2. MODERATE conduct of search and rescue operations within a
Level 3. STRONG search and rescue region.
Level 4. VERY STRONG RESCUE UNIT — A unit composed of trained per-
Level 5. INTENSE sonnel and provided with equipment suitable for the
expeditious conduct of search and rescue.
Level 6. EXTREME
RESTRICTED AREA (ICAO) (USA) — [see SPE-
RADIO ALTIMETER / RADAR ALTIMETER — Air- CIAL USE AIRSPACE (SUA)].
craft equipment which makes use of the reflection of REVERSAL PROCEDURE — A procedure designed
radio waves from the ground to determine the height to enable aircraft to reverse direction during the initial
of the aircraft above the surface. approach segment of an instrument approach proce-
RADIOTELEPHONY — A form of radio communica- dure. The sequence may include procedure turns or
tion primarily intended for the exchange of information base turns.
in the form of speech. RNAV APPROACH — An instrument approach pro-
RADIOTELEPHONY NETWORK — A group of cedure which relies on aircraft area navigation equip-
radiotelephony aeronautical stations which operate ment for navigation guidance.
on and guard frequencies from the same family and RNP TYPE — A containment value expressed as a
which support each other in a defined manner to distance in nautical miles from the intended position
ensure maximum dependability of air-ground com- within which flights would be for at least 95 percent of
munications and dissemination of air-ground traffic. the total flying time.
REDUCED VERTICAL SEPARATION MINIMUMS EXAMPLE: RNP 4 represents a navigation accuracy
(RVSM) — A reduction in the vertical separation of plus or minus 7.4km (4NM) on a 95 percent con-
between FL290 – FL410 from 2000ft to 1000ft. tainment basis.
REGIONAL AIR NAVIGATION AGREEMENT — ROUTE MINIMUM OFF-ROUTE ALTITUDE (Route
Agreement approved by the Council of ICAO nor- MORA) — This is an altitude derived by Jeppesen.
mally on the advice of a regional air navigation The Route MORA altitude provides reference point
meeting. clearance within 10NM of the route centerline
REPETITIVE FLIGHT PLAN (RPL) — A flight plan (regardless of the route width) and end fixes. Route
related to a series of frequently recurring, regularly MORA values clear all reference points by 1000ft in
operated individual flights with identical basic fea- areas where the highest reference points are 5000ft
tures, submitted by an operator for retention and MSL or lower. Route MORA values clear all refer-
repetitive use by ATS units. ence points by 2000ft in areas where the highest
REPORTING POINT — A specified geographical reference points are 5001ft MSL or higher. When a
location in relation to which the position of an aircraft Route MORA is shown along a route as “unknown” it
can be reported. is due to incomplete or insufficient information.
REQUIRED NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE RUNWAY — A defined rectangular area on a land
(RNP) — A statement of navigation position accuracy aerodrome prepared for the landing and take-off of
necessary for operation within a defined airspace. aircraft.
RNP is performance-based and not dependent on a RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTS (ICAO) — Are provided for
specific piece of equipment. RNP includes a descrip- a runway intended for use at night or for a precision
tive number, the value being an indicator of the size approach runway intended for use by day or night.
of the containment area (e.g., RNP-0.3, RNP-1, Runway edge lights shall be fixed lights showing vari-
RNP-3, etc.). The different values are assigned to able white, except that:
terminal, departure, and enroute operations. Some a. in the case of a displaced threshold, the lights
aircraft have RNP approval in their AFM without a between the beginning of the runway and
GPS sensor. The lowest level of sensors that the FAA the displaced threshold shall show red in the
will support for RNP service is DME/DME. However, approach direction; and
necessary DME signal may not be available at the
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b. a section of the lights 600m or one-third of the RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE (RVR) — The range over
runway length, whichever is the less, at the which the pilot of an aircraft on the centre line of a
remote end of the runway from the end at which runway can see the runway surface markings or the
the take-off run is started, may show yellow. lights delineating the runway or identifying its centre
RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTS (USA) — Lights used line.
to outline the edges of runways during periods SAFETY-SENSITIVE PERSONNEL — Persons who
of darkness or restricted visibility conditions. The might endanger aviation safety if they perform their
light systems are classified according to the inten- duties and functions improperly including, but not lim-
sity or brightness they are capable of producing: ited to, crew members, aircraft maintenance person-
they are the High Intensity Runway Lights (HIRL), nel and air traffic controllers.
Medium Intensity Runway Lights (MIRL), and the SEARCH AND RESCUE SERVICES UNIT — A
Low Intensity Runway Lights (RL). The HIRL and generic term meaning, as the case may be, rescue
MIRL systems have variable intensity controls, where coordination center, rescue subcenter or alerting
the RLs normally have one intensity setting. post.
a. The runway edge lights are white, except on SECONDARY AREA — A defined area on each side
instrument runways amber replaces white on of the primary area located along the nominal flight
the last 2000ft or half of the runway length, track in which decreasing obstacle clearance is pro-
whichever is less, to form a caution zone for vided. (See also PRIMARY AREA).
landings.
SECONDARY RADAR — A radar system wherein a
b. The lights marking the ends of the runway emit radio signal transmitted from a radar station initiates
red light toward the runway to indicate the end the transmission of a radio signal from another sta-
of runway to a departing aircraft and emit green tion.
outward from the runway end to indicate the
SECONDARY SURVEILLANCE RADAR (SSR) — A
threshold to landing aircraft.
surveillance radar system which uses transmitters/
RUNWAY HOLDING POSITION — A designated receivers (interrogators) and transponders.
position intended to protect a runway, an obstacle
SEGMENT MINIMUM ALTITUDE (SMA), or SEG-
limitation surface, or an ILS/MLS critical/sensitive
MENT MINIMUM SAFE ALTITUDE (SMSA) — An
area at which taxiing aircraft and vehicles shall stop
altitude that provides minimum obstacle clearance in
and hold, unless otherwise authorized by the aero-
each segment of a non-precision approach. Segment
drome control tower.
minimum (safe) altitudes can be considered “do not
NOTE: In radiotelephony phraseologies, the expres- descend below” altitudes and can be lower than pro-
sion “holding point” is used to designate the runway- cedure altitudes which are specifically developed to
holding position. facilitate a constant rate or stabilized descent.
RUNWAY INCURSION — Any occurrence at an aero- SEGMENTS OF AN INSTRUMENT APPROACH
drome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, PROCEDURE — An instrument approach proce-
vehicle or person on the protected area of a surface dure may have as many as four separate segments
designated for the landing and take-off of aircraft. depending on how the approach procedure is struc-
RUNWAY MARKINGS — tured.
a. Basic marking — Markings on runways used for ICAO —
operations under visual flight rules consisting of a. Initial Approach — That segment of an instru-
centerline markings and runway direction num- ment approach procedure between the initial
bers and, if required, letters. approach fix and the intermediate approach fix
b. Instrument marking — Markings on runways or, where applicable, the final approach fix or
served by nonvisual navigation aids and point.
intended for landings under instrument weather b. Intermediate Approach — That segment of
conditions, consisting of basic marking plus an instrument approach procedure between
threshold markings. either the intermediate approach fix and the
c. All-weather (precision instrument) marking — final approach fix or point, or between the end
Marking on runways served by nonvisual pre- of a reversal, race track or dead reckoning track
cision approach aids and on runways having procedure and the final approach fix or point,
special operational requirements, consisting of as appropriate.
instrument markings plus landing zone mark- c. Final Approach — That segment of an instru-
ings and side strips. ment approach procedure in which alignment
RUNWAY STRIP — A defined area including the run- and descent for landing are accomplished.
way and stopway, if provided, intended: d. Missed Approach Procedure — The procedure
a. to reduce the risk of damage to aircraft running to be followed if the approach cannot be contin-
off a runway; and ued.
b. to protect aircraft flying over it during take-off or USA —
landing operations. a. Initial Approach — The segment between the
initial approach fix and the intermediate fix or
the point where the aircraft is established on the
intermediate course or final course.
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GLOSSARY
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Restricted Area (USA) — Airspace designated SUBSTITUTE ROUTE — A route assigned to pilots
under Part 73, within which the flight of air- when any part of an airway or route is unusable
craft, while not wholly prohibited, is subject because of navaid status.
to restriction. Most restricted areas are des- SUNSET AND SUNRISE — The mean solar times
ignated joint use and IFR/VFR operations in of sunset and sunrise as published in the Nautical
the area may be authorized by the controlling Almanac, converted to local standard time for the
ATC facility when it is not being utilized by the locality concerned. Within Alaska, the end of evening
using agency. Restricted areas are depicted on civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight,
enroute charts. Where joint use is authorized, as defined for each locality.
the name of the ATC controlling facility is also
SURFACE MOVEMENT GUIDANCE AND CON-
shown.
TROL SYSTEM (SMGCS) (USA) — Provisions for
g. Warning Area (USA) — A warning area is guidance and control or regulation for facilities, infor-
airspace of defined dimensions from 3NM out- mation, and advice necessary for pilots of aircraft
ward from the coast of the United States, that and drivers of ground vehicles to find their way on the
contains activity that may be hazardous to airport during low visibility operations and to keep
nonparticipating aircraft. The purpose of such the aircraft or vehicles on the surfaces or within the
warning areas is to warn nonparticipating pilots areas intended for their use. Low visibility operations
of the potential danger. A warning area may be for this system means reported conditions of RVR
located over domestic or international waters or 1200 or less.
both.
SURVEILLANCE APPROACH (ASR) — An instru-
SPECIAL VFR FLIGHT — A VFR flight cleared by ment approach wherein the air traffic controller issues
air traffic control to operate within a control zone in instructions, for pilot compliance, based on aircraft
meteorological conditions below VMC. position in relation to the final approach course
STANDARD INSTRUMENT ARRIVAL (STAR) (azimuth), and the distance (range) from the end
(ICAO) — A designated instrument flight rule (IFR) of the runway as displayed on the controller’s radar
arrival route linking a significant point, normally on scope. The controller will provide recommended
an ATS route, with a point from which a published altitudes on final approach if requested by the pilot.
instrument approach procedure can be commenced. SURVEILLANCE RADAR — Radar equipment used
STANDARD INSTRUMENT DEPARTURE (SID) to determine the position of an aircraft in range and
(ICAO) — A designated instrument flight rule (IFR) azimuth.
departure route linking the aerodrome or a specified TAKE-OFF DISTANCE AVAILABLE (TODA)
runway of the aerodrome with a specified point, (ICAO) — The length of the take-off run avail-
normally on a designated ATS route, at which the able plus the length of the clearway, if provided.
enroute phase of a flight commences.
TAKE-OFF RUN AVAILABLE (TORA) (ICAO) — The
STANDARD INSTRUMENT DEPARTURE (SID) length of runway declared available and suitable for
(USA) — A preplanned instrument flight rule (IFR) the ground run of an airplane taking off.
air traffic control departure procedure printed for pilot
TAXIING — Movement of an aircraft on the surface of
use in graphic and/or textual form. SIDs provide tran-
an aerodrome under its own power, excluding take-off
sition from the terminal to the appropriate enroute
and landing.
structure.
TAXIWAY — A defined path on a land aerodrome
STANDARD ISOBARIC SURFACE — An isobaric
established for the taxiing of aircraft and intended to
surface used on a world-wide basis for representing
provide a link between one part of the aerodrome and
and analyzing the conditions in the atmosphere.
another, including:
STANDARD TERMINAL ARRIVAL ROUTE (STAR)
Aircraft Stand Taxilane — A portion of an apron
(USA) — A preplanned instrument flight rule (IFR) air
designated as a taxiway and intended to provide
traffic control arrival procedure published for pilot use
access to aircraft stands only.
in graphic and/or textual form. STARs provide transi-
tion from the enroute structure to an outer fix or an Apron Taxiway — A portion of a taxiway system
instrument approach fix/arrival waypoint in the termi- located on an apron and intended to provide a
nal area. through taxi route across the apron.
STATION DECLINATION — The orientation with Rapid Exit Taxiway — A taxiway connected to a
respect to true north of VHF transmitted signals. runway at an acute angle and designed to allow
The orientation is originally made to agree with the landing aeroplanes to turn off at higher speeds
magnetic variation (an uncontrollable global phenom- than are achieved on other exit taxi-ways and
enon) at the site. Hence station declination (fixed by thereby minimizing runway occupancy times.
man) may differ from changed magnetic variation TERMINAL CONTROL AREA (ICAO) — A control
until the station is reoriented. area normally established at the confluence of ATS
STOPWAY — A defined rectangular area on the routes in the vicinity of one or more major aero-
ground at the end of take-off run available prepared dromes.
as a suitable area in which an aircraft can be stopped TERMINAL ARRIVAL AREA (FAA) / TERMINAL
in the case of an abandoned take-off. AREA ALTITUDE (TAA) (ICAO) — Provides a
seamless and efficient transition from the enroute
structure to the terminal environment to an underly-
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GLOSSARY
ing RNAV instrument approach procedure for FMS participating VFR aircraft. Service provided in a
and/or GPS equipped aircraft. Minimum altitudes TRSA is called Stage III Service. Pilots’ participation
depict standard obstacle clearances compatible is urged but is not mandatory.
with the associated instrument approach procedure. THRESHOLD (THR) — The beginning of that portion
TAAs will not be found on all RNAV procedures, of the runway usable for landing.
particularly in areas with a heavy concentration of
THRESHOLD CROSSING HEIGHT (TCH) — The
air traffic. When the TAA is published, it replaces the
theoretical height above the runway threshold at
MSA for that approach procedure. A standard race-
which the aircraft’s glide slope antenna (or equiva-
track holding pattern may be provided at the center
lent position) would be if the aircraft maintains the
IAF, and if present may be necessary for course
trajectory of the ILS glide slope, MLS glide path or
reversal and for altitude adjustment for entry into the
charted descent angle.
procedure. In the latter case, the pattern provides
an extended distance for the descent as required TOTAL ESTIMATED ELAPSED TIME — For IFR
by the procedure. The published procedure will be flights, the estimated time required from take-off to
annotated to indicate when the course reversal is not arrive over that designated point, defined by refer-
necessary when flying within a particular TAA (e.g., ence to navigation aids, from which it is intended
"NoPT"). Otherwise, the pilot is expected to execute that an instrument approach procedure will be com-
the course reversal under the provisions of 14 CFR menced, or, if no navigation aid is associated with
Section 91.175 (USA). The pilot may elect to use the the destination aerodrome, to arrive over the destina-
course reversal pattern when it is not required by tion aerodrome. For VFR flights, the estimated time
the procedure, but must inform air traffic control and required from take-off to arrive over the destination
receive clearance to do so. aerodrome.
TERMINAL VFR RADAR SERVICE (USA) — A TOUCHDOWN — The point where the nominal glide
national program instituted to extend the terminal path intercepts the runway.
radar services provided instrument flight rules (IFR) NOTE: “Touchdown” as defined above is only a datum
aircraft to visual flight rules (VFR) aircraft. The pro- and is not necessarily the actual point at which the
gram is divided into four types of service referred to aircraft will touch the runway.
as basic radar service, terminal radar service area TOUCHDOWN ZONE ELEVATION (TDZE) — The
(TRSA) service, Class “B” service and Class “C” highest elevation in the first 3000ft of the landing sur-
service. face.
a. Basic Radar Service — These services are TRACK — The projection on the earth’s surface of
provided for VFR aircraft by all commissioned the path of an aircraft, the direction of which path at
terminal radar facilities. Basic radar service any point is usually expressed in degrees from North
includes safety alerts, traffic advisories, limited (true, magnetic or grid).
radar vectoring when requested by the pilot, and
TRAFFIC ALERT AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE
sequencing at locations where procedures have
SYSTEM (TCAS) — An airborne collision avoidance
been established for this purpose and/or when
system based on radar beacon signals which oper-
covered by a letter of agreement. The purpose
ates independent of ground-based equipment.
of this service is to adjust the flow of arriving
IFR and VFR aircraft into the traffic pattern in a TCAS-I generates traffic advisory only;
safe and orderly manner and to provide traffic TCAS-II generates traffic advisories, and resolution
advisories to departing VFR aircraft. (collision avoidance) advisories in the vertical plane.
b. TRSA Service — This service provides, in addi- TRAFFIC AVOIDANCE ADVICE — Advice provided
tion to basic radar service, sequencing of all by an air traffic services unit specifying manoeuvres
IFR and participating VFR aircraft to the pri- to assist a pilot to avoid a collision.
mary airport and separation between all partici- TRAFFIC INFORMATION — Information issued by
pating VFR aircraft. The purpose of this service an air traffic services unit to alert a pilot to other
is to provide separation between all participating known or observed air traffic which may be in prox-
VFR aircraft and all IFR aircraft operating within imity to the position or intended route of flight and to
the area defined as a TRSA. help the pilot avoid a collision.
c. Class “B” Service — This service provides, in TRANSITION ALTITUDE (TA) — The altitude in the
addition to basic radar service, approved sep- vicinity of an airport at or below which the vertical
aration of aircraft based on IFR, VFR, and/or position of an aircraft is controlled by reference to
weight, and sequencing of VFR arrivals to the altitudes (MSL).
primary airport(s).
TRANSITION HEIGHT — The height in the vicinity
d. Class “C” Service — This service provides, of an airport at or below which the vertical position
in addition to basic radar service, approved of an aircraft is expressed in height above the airport
separation between IFR and VFR aircraft, and reference datum.
sequencing of VFR aircraft, and sequencing of
TRANSITION LAYER — The airspace between the
VFR arrivals to the primary airport.
transition altitude and the transition level. Aircraft
TERMINAL RADAR SERVICE AREA (TRSA) descending through the transition layer will use
(USA) — Airspace surrounding designated airports altimeters set to local station pressure, while depart-
wherein ATC provides radar vectoring, sequencing
and separation on a full-time basis for all IFR and
ing aircraft climbing through the layer will be using VIBAL — (Visibilité Balise) Is the method whereby
standard altimeter setting (QNE) of 29.92 inches of a human observer (or pilot in take-off position) deter-
Mercury, 1013.2 millibars, or 1013.2 hectopascals. mines the RVR by counting specific markers adjacent
TRANSITION LEVEL (TL) — The lowest flight level to the runway or by counting runway edge lights.
available for use above the transition altitude. VISIBILITY (ICAO) — The ability, as determined by
TROPICAL CYCLONE — Generic term for a atmospheric conditions and expressed in units of dis-
non-frontal synoptic-scale cyclone originating over tance, to see and identify prominent unlighted objects
tropical or sub-tropical waters with organized con- by day and prominent lighted objects by night.
vection and definite cyclonic surface wind circulation. a. Flight Visibility — The visibility forward from the
TROPICAL CYCLONE ADVISORY CENTRE cockpit of an aircraft in flight.
(TCAC) — A meteorological centre designated b. Ground Visibility — The visibility at an aero-
by regional air navigation agreement to provide drome as reported by an accredited observer.
advisory information to meteorological watch offices, c. Runway Visual Range (RVR) — The range over
world area forecast centres and international OPMET which the pilot of an aircraft on the centerline of
databanks regarding the position, forecast direction a runway can see the runway surface markings
and speed of movement, central pressure and maxi- or the lights delineating the runway or identifying
mum surface wind of tropical cyclones. its centerline.
TURN ANTICIPATION — Turning maneuver initiated VISIBILITY (USA) — The ability, as determined by
prior to reaching the actual airspace fix or turn point atmospheric conditions and expressed in units of dis-
that is intended to keep the aircraft within established tance, to see and identify prominent unlighted objects
airway or route boundaries. by day and prominent lighted objects by night. Visibil-
UNCERTAINTY PHASE — A situation wherein ity is reported as statute or nautical miles, hundreds
uncertainty exists as to the safety of an aircraft and of feet or meters.
its occupants. a. Flight Visibility — The average forward horizon-
UNMANNED FREE BALLOON — A non-power- tal distance, from the cockpit of an aircraft in
driven, unmanned, lighter-than-air aircraft in free flight, at which prominent unlighted objects may
flight. be seen and identified by day and prominent
NOTE: Unmanned free balloons are classified as lighted objects may be seen and identified by
heavy, medium or light in accordance with specifica- night.
tions contained in ICAO Rules of the Air, Annex 2, b. Ground Visibility — Prevailing horizontal visibil-
Appendix 4. ity near the earth’s surface as reported by the
UPPER-AIR CHART — A meteorological chart relat- United States National Weather Service or an
ing to a specified upper-air surface or layer of the accredited observer.
atmosphere. c. Prevailing Visibility — The greatest horizontal
URGENCY — A condition concerning the safety of an visibility equaled or exceeded throughout at
aircraft or other vehicle, or of some person on board least half the horizon circle which need not
or within sight, but which does not require immediate necessarily be continuous.
assistance. d. Runway Visibility Value (RVV) — The visibility
VECTORING — Provision of navigational guidance determined for a particular runway by a trans-
to aircraft in the form of specific headings, based on missometer. A meter provides a continuous indi-
the use of an ATS surveillance system. cation of the visibility (reported in miles or frac-
tions of miles) for the runway. RVV is used in lieu
VERTICAL NAVIGATION (VNAV) — That function
of prevailing visibility in determining minimums
of RNAV equipment which provides guidance in the
for a particular runway.
vertical plane.
e. Runway Visual Range (RVR) — An instru-
VERTICAL PATH ANGLE (VPA) (ICAO) — Angle of
mentally derived value, based on standard
the published final approach descent in Baro-VNAV
calibrations, that represents the horizontal dis-
procedures.
tance a pilot will see down the runway from
VERTICAL PATH ANGLE (VPA) (USA) — The the approach end; it is based on the sighting
descent angle shown on some non-precision of either high intensity runway lights or on the
approaches describing the geometric descent path visual contrast of other targets whichever yields
from the Final approach fix (FAF), or on occasion the greater visual range. RVR, in contrast to
from an intervening stepdown fix, to the Threshold prevailing or runway visibility, is based on what
Crossing Height (TCH). This angle may or may not a pilot in a moving aircraft should see look-
coincide with the angle projected by a Visual Glide ing down the runway. RVR is horizontal visual
Slope Indicator (VASI, PAPI, PLASI, etc.) range, not slant visual range. It is based on the
VERY HIGH FREQUENCY (VHF) — The frequencies measurement of a transmissometer made near
between 30MHz and 300MHz (200MHz – 3GHz is the touchdown point of the instrument runway
considered as UHF in the Aviation). and is reported in hundreds of feet. RVR is
VFR FLIGHT — A flight conducted in accordance used in lieu of RVV and/or prevailing visibility in
with the visual flight rules. determining minimums for a particular runway.
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GLOSSARY
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