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Problem Statement
We have to understand the scotch yoke mechanism to understand the (Scotch-Yoke)
mechanism inside the combustion engines.
Objectives
To demonstrate the action of a simple crank-driven Scotch Yoke mechanism.
To determine graphically the relationship between the linear displacement of the
scotch yoke and the angular displacement of the crank.
To observe phenomenon the graphs of the ⍬-d ,v-⍬ and a-⍬.
Apparatus
A simple crank-driven Scotch Yoke
Software
Virtual Lab
Theory
The Scotch yoke (also known as slotted link mechanism) is a reciprocating motion
mechanism, converting the linear motion of a slider into rotational motion, or vice versa.
The piston or other reciprocating part is directly coupled to a sliding yoke with a slot that
engages a pin on the rotating part. The location of the piston versus time is a sine wave of
constant amplitude, and constant frequency given a constant rotational speed.
Kinematic Diagram
Rotational speed
Rotational speed or speed of revolution of an object rotating around an axis is the number
of turns of the object divided by time, specified as revolutions per minute (rpm),
revolutions per second (rev/s), or radians per second (rad/s).
The symbol for rotational speed is and radial distance r, are related by the following
equation.
Reciprocating motion
It is also called reciprocation, is a repetitive up-and-down or back-and-forth linear motion.
It is found in a wide range of mechanisms, including reciprocating engines and pumps.
The two opposite motions that comprise a single reciprocation cycle are called strokes.
For example, inside an internal combustion engine (a type of reciprocating engine), the
expansion of burning fuel in the cylinders periodically pushes the piston down, which,
through the connecting rod, turns the crankshaft. The continuing rotation of the crankshaft
drives the piston back up, ready for the next cycle. The piston moves in a reciprocating
motion, which is converted into circular motion of the crankshaft, which ultimately propels
the vehicle or does other useful work.
Applications
This setup is most commonly used in control valve actuators in high-pressure oil
and gas pipelines.
Although not a common metalworking machine nowadays, crude shapers can use
Scotch yokes. Almost all those use a Whitworth linkage, which gives a slow speed
forward cutting stroke and a faster return.
It has been used in various internal combustion engines, such as the Bourke
engine, SyTech engine, and many hot air engines and steam engines.
The term scotch yoke continues to be used when the slot in the yoke is shorter
than the diameter of the circle made by the crank pin. For example, the side rods
of a locomotive may have scotch yokes to permit vertical motion of intermediate
driving axles.
What is essentially a Scotch yoke, is used in the Tide-Predicting Machine No. 2 to
generate a sinusoidal motion.
This configuration is most commonly used in control valve actuators in high
pressure pipelines and pipelines. Although not a common metal machine today,
crude formers can use Scotch yokes. Almost all who use a Whitworth link, which
gives a slow forward speed race and a faster return.
It has been used in various internal combustion engines, such as the Bourke
engine, the SyTech engine, and many hot air engines and steam engines.
The term Scotch yoke is still used when the slot in the yoke is shorter than the
diameter of the circle formed by the crank pin. For example, the side bars of a
locomotive may have flake yokes to allow vertical movement of the intermediate
drive shafts.
Procedure
1) Take proper instructions from teacher or instructor.
2) Place the apparatus on the proper place.
3) Set the apparatus to zero on both linear and circular scale.
4) Now rotate the circular disk by 20 degree and note the reading on the linear
scale.
5) Repeat the step 4 until the disk moves completely at the angle of 360 degrees.
6) Take another reading of the whole process.
7) Make a graph of s-t, v-t and a-t graphs from the readings.
8) Analyze the mechanism on any software.
1 0 0 0 0
3 40 7 6.5 6.75
4 60 15.5 16 15.75
5 80 27.5 28 27.75
6 100 40 40 40
13 240 53 53 53
17 320 8 8 8
18 340 2 2 2
19 360 0 0 0
Results
S-⍬ graph
80
70
60
50
Linear distance
40
30
20
10
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Angular displacement
As in Graph shown as angle increases the linear distance increases with speed and
maximum at 180 degree the linear displacement becomes 69.5 and then start to decrease according
to its mechanism with same behavior as it increases.
V-⍬ graph
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
velocity
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
⍬
0.01
0.005
Acceleration
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-0.005
-0.01
-0.015
Angle
Displacement Curve
Displacement graph of link that moves on the linear scale with respect to time. It shows that in
displacement is nearly equal with equal interval of time. It forms a sinusoidal wave. Blue curve
shows that displacement is changing as time passes.
Velocity Curve
Velocity graph of link that moves on the linear scale with respect to time. It shows that in starting
velocity (change in displacement) is nearly equal with equal interval of time. It forms a sinusoidal
wave, so when displacement continuously changes with time the velocity also changes with time.
Green curve shows that velocity is changing with respect to the time.
Acceleration Curve
Acceleration graph of link that moves on the linear scale with respect to time. It shows that in
starting displacement is nearly equal with equal interval of time. As displacement and velocity
form a sinusoidal wave so acceleration is also sinusoidal wave because acceleration is also
derivative of velocity. As velocity changes continuously, acceleration also changes. Red curve
shows that acceleration is changing with respect to the time.
Difference
The difference in displacement graph is that in first we plot with distance and in software
is plot on displacement.
The difference in the velocity is due to when we use apparatus practically due to friction
and other things we can’t obtain proper sinusoidal. That is difference between the graph
of velocities.
The difference of acceleration is same as velocity difference plus effect of difference of
the velocity graph.
Comments
The scale in this apparatus is in the millimeter and so convenient to count.
The experiment is the so interesting and difficult to specially to draw graph.
It helps a lot to understand the phenomenon in the engine of piston.
It tell us to conversion of reciprocating motion and rotating motion into each
other.
Conclusion
From the graph attained, we can determine graphically the relationship between the linear
displacement of the sliding block and angular displacement of the input crank for a Scotch
Yoke mechanism. This setup is most commonly used in control valve actuators in high
pressure oil and gas pipelines. It has been used in various internal combustion engines,
such as the Bourke engine, Syn Tech engine, and many hot air engines and steam engines.
We are also able to demonstrate the action of a Scotch Yoke mechanism.
Precautions
The driving the mechanism enough to cause serious injury if you get in its way. Keep
long hair and loose clothing well away from all the mechanism and its area. If you need to
modify the mechanism for some reason, first review may be any visual or understanding
mistake and if not then inform the instructor. Make sure your lab partner knows what you
are doing.
References