MACHINE

ELEMENTS 2
 TOPICS:
 BODIES IN PURE ROLLING CONTACT
- Cylinders in pure rolling contact
- Cones in pure rolling contact
 BELTS AND PULLEYS
 STEPPED PULLEYS
 CHAINS AND SPROCKETS
 GEARS AND GEAR TRAINS
 CAMS
- Point Follower
- Roller Follower
BELTS AND PULLEYS
 BELTS AND PULLEYS
Definition of Terms:
• Belt
- is a loop of flexible material used to link two or more rotating shafts mechanically, most often
parallel. Belts may be used as a source of motion, to transmit power efficiently or to track
relative movement.

• Pulley
- a wheel on an axle or shaft that is designed to support movement and redirect tension.

• Stepped Pulleys
- is a system of pulleys made up of many different sizes. The typical step pulley consists of a two- to
four-pulley configuration. This type of step pulley is found on equipment such as a drill press where
different operational speeds can be produced simply by changing the belt to a different pulley size.
 BELTS AND PULLEYS
Theory:
Sometimes it is necessary to have such a belt connection between two shafts that the speed
of the driven shaft may be changed readily while the speed of the driving shaft remains
constant. One means of accomplishing that is a pair of pulleys each of which has several
diameters. Such pulleys are known as stepped pulleys.
In designing such a pair of pulleys, two factors must be taken into account. (1) The ratio of
the diameters of the successive pairs of steps must be such as to give the desired speed ratios.
(2) The sum of the diameters of any pair of steps must be such as to maintain the proper
tightness of the belt for all positions. This second consideration makes the problem of design
considerably more complicated.
Two cases arise: (1) the design of the pulleys for a crossed belt; and (2) the design for an
open belt.
 Typical Belt Drives
Two types of belt drives, an open belt drive and a crossed belt
drive. In both the drives, a belt is wrapped around the pulleys.
Let us consider the smaller pulley to be the driving pulley. This
pulley will transmit motion to the belt and the motion of the
belt in turn will give a rotation to the larger driven pulley. In
open belt drive system the rotation of both the pulleys is in the
same direction, whereas, for crossed belt drive system, opposite
direction of rotation is observed.
 NOMENCLATURE OF OPEN BELT DRIVE

Where:
dL – diameter of the larger pulley
dS – diameter of the smaller pulley
L – angle of wrap/contact of the
larger pulley
S – angle of wrap/contact of the
smaller pulley
C – Center distance between the
two pulleys
OPEN BELT DRIVE FORMULA

 BASICFORMULA:
L = 180° + 2β
S = 180° - 2β
where,

LO = Length of open belt

 NOMENCLATURE OF CROSS BELT DRIVE

Where:
dL – diameter of the larger pulley
dS – diameter of the smaller pulley
L – angle of wrap/contact of the
larger pulley
S – angle of wrap/contact of the
smaller pulley
C – Center distance between the
two pulleys
CROSS BELT DRIVE FORMULA

 BASIC FORMULA:
L = S = 180° + 2β

where,

LC = Length of cross belt

 CONE PULLEYS / STEPPED PULLEYS

Sometimes the driving shaft is driven by

the motor which rotates at constant speed
but the driven shaft is designed to be driven
at different speeds. This can be easily done
by using stepped or cone pulleys as shown.
The cone pulley has different sets of radii
and they are selected such that the same
belt can be used at different sets of the
cone pulleys.
CONE PULLEYS / STEPPED PULLEYS

Let,
Nd be the speed of the driving shaft which is constant
Nn be the speed of the driven shaft when the belt is on
the nth step
rn be the radius of the nth step of driving pulley.
Rn be the radius of the nth step of the driven pulley.
where n is an integer, 1, 2, . . .
CONE PULLEYS / STEPPED PULLEYS

 The speed ratio is inversely proportional to the pulley radii

For the second pair , and similarly .

In order to use the same belt on all the steps, the length of
the belt should be the same i.e. L1 = L2 = …= Ln
Example:

1. A shaft runs at 800 rpm and drives another shaft at 150 rpm through belt drive. The diameter of the
driving pulley is 60 mm. Determine the diameter of the driven pulley.

Given: Solution:
NS = 800 rpm (a) NSDS = NLDL
NL = 150 rpm DL = NSDS / NL
DS = 60 mm DL = (800 rpm)(60 mm) / (150 rpm)
DL = 320 mm
Required:
DL
Example:

  A belt drive connects two pulleys 1.2m and 0.5m in diameter on shafts 4m apart. Compute the length of
2.
the belt for (a) open belt drive, and (b) cross belt drive.

Given: Solution:
DS = 0.5 m (a)
DL = 1.2 m
C=4m

Required: (b)
LO
LC
 Example:
  Two shafts 30 in. apart, each carrying a four-step pulley, are to be connected by an open belt. The driving
3.
shaft is to turn 150 rpm while the driven shaft is to turn 50, 150, 250, and 600 rpm. The smallest step of the
driver is 10 in. in diameter. Find the diameters of all the steps.

Given: Solution:
C = 30 in. NdD1 = N2D2
Nd = 150 rpm 150(10) = 50 (D2)
N2 = 50 rpm D2 = 30 in.
N4 = 150 rpm
N6 = 250 rpm
N8 = 600 rpm
D1 = 10 in.
Required:
D1 , D2 , D3 , D4 , D5 , D6 , D7 , D8
 Example:
  Two shafts 30 in. apart, each carrying a four-step pulley, are to be connected by an open belt. The driving
3.
shaft is to turn 150 rpm while the driven shaft is to turn 50, 150, 250, and 600 rpm. The smallest step of the
driver is 10 in. in diameter. Find the diameters of all the steps.

Solution

N5D5 = N6D6 N3D3 = N4D4

150D5 = 250D6 150D3 = 150D4
D6 = (3/5)(D5) D3 = D4

D5 = 25.9685 in. D3 = D4 = 21.061 in.

D6 = 15.5811 in.

N7D7 = N8D8 D7 = 31.3512 in.

150D7 = 600D8 D8 = 7.8378 in.
D7 = 4D8