Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-

State Analysis
 Outline

• Introduction
• Nodal Analysis
• Mesh Analysis
• Superposition Theorem
• Source Transformation
• Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits
• OP Amp AC Circuits

Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 2

 Introduction
• In steady-state circuit response with sinusoidal
excitation, the phasor method enables the R, L, C as
an element of impedance whose function is the same
as a resistor such that generalized Ohm’s law can be
applied.
• Hence, all circuit analysis methods (Nodal, Mesh),
theorems (Superposition, Source transformation,
Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits) can be
applied to analyze ac circuits.

Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 3

 Steps to Analyze AC Circuits
• Steps to Analyze AC Circuits:
1. Transform the circuit to the phasor or frequency
domain.
2. Solve the problem using circuit techniques (nodal
analysis, mesh analysis, superposition, etc.).
3. Transform the resulting phasor to the time domain.

Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 4

 Nodal Analysis
Example 10.1
The basis of nodal analysis is Kirchhoff’s current law.

Q: Find ix in the circuit using nodal analysis.

Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 5

 Example 10.1 (cont.)

20 cos 4t  200,   4rad/s

1 H  j L  j 4
0.5 H  j L  j 2
1
0.1 F    j 2.5
jC

Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 6

 Example 10.1 (cont.)
• KCL at node 1
20  V1 V1 V1  V2
 
10  j 2.5 j4
 (1  j1.5) V1  j 2.5V2  20 (a )

• KCL at node 2

V1  V2 V2
2I x  
j4 j2
2 V1 V1  V2 V2
   ;  I x  V1 /  j 2.5, 
 j 2.5 j4 j2
 11V1  15V2  0 (b)

Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 7

 Example 10.1 (cont.)
(1  j1.5) V1  j 2.5V2  20 (a )

 11V1  15V2  0 (b)

Equation (a) and (b) can be put in matrix form as

1  j1.5 j 2.5 V1   20
 11     
 15  V2  0 

Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 8

 Example 10.1 (cont.)
Then,
1 300
V1    18.9718.43 V
 15  j 5
 220
V2  2   13.91198.3 V
 15  j 5

The current I x is given by:

V1 18.9718.43
Ix    7.59108.4A
 j 2.5 2.5  90
Transforming this to the time domain,
 ix (t )  7.59 cos(4t  108.4) A

Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 9

 Example 10.2
Q: Compute V1 and V2 in the circuit.

Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 10

 Example 10.2 (cont.)

For solving this problem, you have to take into

account nodal analysis with voltage source.

SUPER NODE!!!!!

“A supernode is formed by enclosing a

(dependent or independent) voltage source
connected between two nonreference nodes
and any elements connected in parallel with it”
Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 11
 Example 10.2 (cont.)
KCL at supernode:
V1 V2 V2
3  
 j 3 j 6 12
 36  j 4 V1  (1  j 2) V2 (a )
At supernode:
V1  V2  1045 (b)
By (a) and (b) 
36  40135  1  j 2  V2 
V2  31.41  87.18 V,
From equation (b),
V1  V2  1045
 25.87  70.48 V
Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 12
 Mesh Analysis
• Variables: Mesh Currents
• Apply KVL to each mesh to
get each independent
equation.
• If supermeshes are included,
– Apply KVL to each Excluded
Supermesh
supermesh to get 1 equation.
– Apply a related KCL for each
supermesh to get 1 more
equation. i2  i1  I S

Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 13

 Example 10.3
Q: Determine current Io in the circuit using mesh
analysis.

Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 14

 Example 10.3 (cont.)

KVL for mesh 1: (8  j10  j 2)I1  ( j 2)I 2  j10I 3  0 (a)

KVL for mesh 2: (4  j 2  j 2)I 2  ( j 2)I1  ( j 2)I 3  2090  0 (b)
For mesh 3: I 3  5,substituting this in Eqs. (a) and (b), we get

 (8  j8)I1  j 2I 2  j50 (c )

 j 2I1  (4  j 4)I 2   j 20  j10 (d )

Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 15

 Example 10.3 (cont.)
Equations (c) and (d) can be put in matrix form as

 I 2  6.12  35.22A
The desired current is:
I o  I 2  6.12144.78A
Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 16
 Example 10.4
Q: Solve Vo in the circuit using mesh analysis.

Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 17

 Example 10.4 (cont.)

KVL for mesh 1:  10  (8  j 2)I1  ( j 2)I 2  8I 3  0 (a)

For mesh 2: I 2  3 (b)
KVL for supermesh : (8  j 4)I 3  8I1  (6  j 5)I 4  j 5I 2  0 (c )

Because of the current source between meshes 3 and 4,

at node A I 4  I3  4 (d )
Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 18
 Example 10.4 (cont.)

Instead of solving the above four equations,

we reduce them to two by elimination.

Combining Eqs. (a) and (b),

8  j 2 I1  8I3  10  j6 (e)
Combining Eqs. (b) to (d),
8I1  14  j  I3  24  j35 (f)
Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 19
 Example 10.4 (cont.)
From Eqs. (e) and (f), we obtain the matrix equation

Current I1 is obtained as Hence,

Vo   j 2(I1  I 2 )   j 2(3.618274.5  3)
1
 I1   3.618274.5 A  7.2134  j 6.568  9.756  137.68 V

Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 20
 Superposition
• Superposition Principle
The voltage across (current through) an
element in a linear circuit is the algebraic
sum of the voltages across (currents through)
that element due to each independent source
acting alone.
• Turn off, killed, inactive source:
– independent voltage source: 0 V (short circuit)
– independent current source: 0 A (open circuit)
• Dependent sources are left intact.
Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 21
 Superposition Steps

• Steps to apply superposition principle

1. Turn off all independent sources except one
source. Find the output (voltage or current) due
to that active source using nodal or mesh analysis.
2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent
sources.
3. Find the total contribution by adding
algebraically all the contributions due to the
independent sources.

Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 22

 Superposition Theorem
Example 10.5
Q: Use the superposition theorem to find Io in the circuit.

Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 23

 Example 10.5 (cont.)
Let I o  Io  Io

Z 

For Io 
 j 2(8  j10)
Z  0.25  j 2.25
2 j  8  j10
j 20 j 20
Io  
4  j 2  Z 4.25  j 4.25
 2.353  j 2.353
Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 24
 Example 10.5 (cont.)
For Io

KVL fo rmesh 1: (8  j8)I1  j10I 3  j 2I 2  0 (a)

KVL fo rmesh 2: (4  j 4)I 2  j 2I1  j 2I 3  0 (b)
For mesh 3: I 3  5 (c )
90  j 40
 I2   2.647  j1.176
34 Hence,
Io  I 2 I o  Io  Io  5  j3.529
 6.12144.78A
Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 25
 Example 10.6
Q: Find vo of the circuit using the superposition theorem.

Since the circuit operates at three different frequencies, !

Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 26

 Example 10.6 (cont.)
Let vo  v1  v2  v3

V1  setting all sources to zero except the 5 V dc source

1
By voltage division  v1  5 1 V
1 4
Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 27
 Example 10.6 (cont.)
V2  setting all sources to zero except the ac voltage source

Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 28

 Example 10.6 (cont.)
V3  setting all sources to zero except the ac current source

 Z1

Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 29

 Example 10.6 (cont.)

We have:
v1  1 V

v2  2.498cos(2t  30.79)

v3  2.33cos(5t  80)  2.33sin(5t  10) V

So, then

v0 (t )  v1 (t )  v2 (t )  v3 (t )

v0 (t )  1  2.498cos(2t  30.79)  2.33sin(5t  10)V

Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 30

 Source Transformation

Vs
Vs  Z s I s  Is 
Zs

Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 31

 Example 10.7
Q: Calculus Vx in the circuit using the method of source
transformation.

Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 32

 Example 10.7 (cont.)
Find Vx.

Is

20  90
Is   4  90   j 4
5
5(3  j 4)
Vs  I s   5 || (3  j 4)    j 4
8  j4
  j 4(2.5  j1.25)  5  j10
By voltage division,
10 Vs
Vx  (5  j10)
2.5  j1.25  4  j13  10
 5.519  28 V
Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 33
 Thevenin and Norton Equivalent
Circuits

VTH  Z N I N ,

Z TH  Z N

VTh
ZTh  ZN 
IN

Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 34

 Example 10.8
Q: Obtain the Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b of
the circuit.

Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 35

 Example 10.8 (cont.)
Z Th  (8 ||  j 6)  (4 || j12)
 6.48  j 2.64
 8 j12 
VTh     12075
 8  j 6 4  j12 
 37.95220.31 V

Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 36

 Example 10.9
Q: Find the Thevenin equivalent of the circuit as seen
from terminals a-b.

Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 37

 Example 10.9 (cont.)

KCL at node 1: Set I s  3 for simplicity,

15  I 0  0.5I 0  I 0  10 KCL at node a:
KVL for loop: I s  3  I 0  0.5I 0  I 0  2
 I 0 (2  j 4)  0.5I 0 (4  j3)  VTh  0 KVL for loop L:
 VTh  10(2  j 4)  5(4  j3) Vs  I 0 (4  j3  2  j 4)  2(6  j )
  j 55 Vs 2(6  j )
 Z Th  
 55  90 V Is 3
Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 38
 Example 10.10
Q: Obtain current Io using Norton’s theorem.

Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 39

 Example 10.10 (cont.)

By current division,
ZN
I0  IN
Z N  (20  j15)
Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 40
 Example 10.10 (cont.)
(1) Z N can be found easily, Z N  5
(2) Apply mesh analysis to get I N .
KVL for mesh 1:
 j 40  (18  j 2)I1  (8  j 2)I 2  (10  j 4)I 3  0 (a)
KVL for the supermesh:
(13  j 2)I 2  (10  j 4)I 3  (18  j 2)I1  0 (b)
KCL at node a :
I3  I 2  3 (C )
(a) ~ (c) give
I N  I 3  3  j8
5
 I0  I N  1.46538.48 A
5  20  j15
Chap 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 41