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Fluid Mechanics Engineering PDF
Fluid Mechanics Engineering PDF
MODEL ANALYSIS
FLOWS WITH GRAVITY FORCES
The condition for similarity of flows of the gravitational force is, the ratio of
inertia to gravity forces.
Froude number similarity
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Ex 2
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FLOWS WITH VISCOUS FORCES
If the flow is in a completely closed conduit such as pipe flows, inertia and
viscous force is chosen for dynamic similarity.
Reynolds number similarity
WCDKF-KDU 4
Ex 3
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1.8 MODELLING CRITERIA
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Flow Pattern
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DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND SIMILARITY
Consider automobile
experiment
Drag force is F = f (V, , µ, L)
Through dimensional analysis,
we can reduce the problem
to
= CD
where
and
=Re
The Reynolds number is the most well known and useful
dimensionless parameter in all of fluid mechanics.
EX 4 : Similarity between Model and Prototype
Cars
The aerodynamic drag of a new sports
car is to be predicted at a speed of
100.0 km/h at an air temperature of
25°C. Automotive engineers build a
one-fifth scale model of the car to test
in a wind tunnel. It is winter and the
wind tunnel is located in an unheated
building; the temperature of the wind
tunnel air is only about 5°C. Determine
how fast the engineers should run the
wind tunnel in order to achieve
similarity between the model and the
prototype.
Take ρ25=1.184 kg/m3 ρ5=1.269 kg/m3
µ25 = 1.849 x 10-5 kg/m.s
µ5 = 1.754 x 10-5 kg/m.s
Solution
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SOLUTION
FD,p = 107.2 N
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND SIMILARITY
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1.9 DISTORTED MODELS
In rivers and harbours the area is very much larger than the depth.
If the depth is represented in same scale as that of length and width, it will be
found that the depth of the model is extremely small.
The effects of this are
The depth in the model will be too small for the model to function
properly
The Re of the model becomes very low to be in the laminar region while
that of the prototype is in the turbulent region.
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Incomplete Similarity Flows with Free Surfaces
For the case of model testing of flows with free surfaces (boats and
ships, floods, river flows, aqueducts, hydroelectric dam spillways,
interaction of waves with piers, soil erosion, etc.), complications
arise that preclude complete similarity between model and prototype.
For example, if a model river is built to study flooding, the model is
often several hundred times smaller than the prototype due to limited
lab space. This may cause, for instance,
Increase the effect of surface tension
Turbulent flow laminar flow
To avoid these problems, researchers often use a distorted model in
which the vertical scale of the model (e.g., river depth) is
exaggerated in comparison to the horizontal scale of the model (e.g.,
river width).
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Ex 7
A model is to be constructed of 5.8 km length of a river. For the normal
discharge of 70 m3/s, it is known that the average depth and width of the
river are 2.5 m and 30 m respectively. The length of the lab channel is 30 m.
Recommend suitable scales for the model.
Assume μ = 1.14 x 10-3 Ns/m2
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1.10 MODEL TESTING OF SHIPS
Wave Frictional
resistance resistance
(inertia) (viscous)
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Incomplete Similarity Flows with Free Surfaces
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Incomplete Similarity Flows with Free Surfaces
and
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TESTING OF SHIP MODELS
Test the model based on Froude’s numbr
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TESTING OF SHIP MODELS
Skin friction resistance,
0.01
For For Re > 2 x 107
C f
1
R e
5
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Ex 9
A 1:25 scale model of a ship has a submerged area of 6 m2, a length of 5 m and
experiences a total drag of 25 N when towed through water with a velocity of 1.2
m/s. Estimate the total drag on the prototype when cruising at the corresponding
speed.
Assume μ = 1 x 10-3 Pa.s and ρ = 1030 kg/m3 for both model and the prototype.
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Ex 10
A proposed ocean going vessel is to have a length of 125 m at the water line
& wetted surface of 1600 m². Its steady speed is to be 35 km /hour. Tests on
the model of the vessel to a scale of 1:25 were made in a towing tank at a
velocity corresponding to wave making resistance. The total drag resistance
of the model was 25.2 N. Calculate the total drag of the prototype .
ρm = 1000 kg/m3 ρp = 1027 kg/m3
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