FACULTY OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL

ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF GEOTECHNICAL &
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSIC LABORATORY

REPORT

SUBJECT CODE BFC 21303

TEST CODE & TITLE LAB 2 – GEOLOGICAL MAPPING
COURSE CODE BFF
TESTING DATE 10 JANUARY 2011
STUDENT NAME MUHAMMAD RIDHWAN BIN KAMARUDIN (DF100038)
SECTION/GROUP SECTION 1
GROUP MEMBER NAMES 1. MUHAMMAD IKHWAN BIN ZAINUDDIN (DF100018)
2.MUHAMMAD ZAMIR BIN SAMEON (DF100065)
3. MUKHLIS BIN ADAM (DF100080)
4. MUHAMMAD NUH BIN AHMAD ZAIRI (DF100093)
5. HANISAH BINTI HAMZAH (DF100052)
LECTURER/ INSTRUCTOR/ IR. AGUS BIN SULAEMAN
TUTOR NAME
REPORT RECEIVED DATE 17 JANUARY 2011
MARKS ATTENDANCE, /15%
DISCIPLINE &
INVOLVEMENT
DATA ANALYSES /20%
RESULT /20%
DISCUSSION /25%
CONCLUSION /20%
TOTAL /100%
EXAMINER COMMENT RECEIVED STAMP
1.0 TOPIC : HORIZONTAL BEDDING ( LAB 2A)

1.1 OBJECTIVE
To plot ground profile and rock formations from geological map - horizontal beddings.

1.2 LEARNING OUTCOMES

a) Students should able to plot subsurface profile.
b) Students should able to understand the geological structure in subsurface profile.
c) Students should able to understand a history of the geological area.

1.3 THEORY
A geological map is one which shows in the first place, the occurrence and
distribution of the rocks at the surface of the ground. Conventional sign may show
certain facts of observation about them. The geological map allows the geological
structure of the country to be inferred.

Beds of rocks are bounded by bedding surfaces, which may be horizontal,

tilted or bent in any form or direction. A series of beds which have been laid down
regularly one on the other, and which may be treated as a whole, form a conformable
series. It follows that the lower beds are the older. In such a series of bedding
surfaces are parallel. Each bedding surface is usually common to two beds of rock,
being the top of one and the bottom of the one next above. In the simplest case,
these surfaces are planes: bedding planes.

1.4 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

i. Geological Map ( Map 3 – Appendix A )
ii. Graph paper/drawing paper - A4 size
iii. Ruler
iv. Pencils
v. Colour pencils (optional)
1.5 PROCEDURE

1.5.1 Plot the cross-section with the horizontal and vertical scales accordingly to the
scale of the geological map on a piece of graph paper or blank sheet. Refer
Figure 1.1. The vertical scale is normally exaggerated to improve visibility of
the profile.
1.5.2 Draw a line to join the line of cross-section on the map, says A - B.
1.5.3 Using a blank piece of paper, mark the points of intersection accordingly
between the lines with the contours respective to its heights.
1.5.4 Transfer the points to the cross-section profile respective to the heights of the
contours.
1.5.5 Join the points to form the profile of the ground elevation.

1.6 RESULT AND ANALYSIS

By referring to Map 3,

 Complete the outcrop of each rock-type on the given map.

 Plot the outcrop of each rock - type on the cross-section profile.

Height (m)
500
400
300
200
100
0
X Y

Figure 1.1 – Plotting format for X-section

1.7 QUESTION AND DISCUSSSION

Based on the theory of geological contact, write a summary (not more than 150
words) about the geological history of the area.

When sediment is initially deposited, it is laid down in horizontal layers called

strata. The study and correlations of these layers is called stratigraphy. In any
sedimentary succession that has not been overturned, the oldest strata occur on the
bottom. This may seem blatantly obvious, but as you will see shortly, this is an
important and terribly useful rule for interpreting geological maps and perspective
diagrams of areas where bedding has been tilted, folded or faulted. You must always
determine where the oldest rocks are in a sedimentary succession (a thick sequence
of sedimentary rock). In other words, you have to determine which way is "up."

Horizontal bedding usually indicates that little or no structural deformation has

occurred to a sedimentary succession. These situations are quite common in
sedimentary basins and in regions flanking active mountain belts. Sediment derived
from the erosion of the mountains is laid down in successively younger layers
according to the Law of Superposition.

Horizontal bedding may give rise to very simple geological maps or rather
complex ones. The controlling factor of map complexity is intensity of erosion and
depth of incision along river valleys. In general, deeper and steeper river valleys give
rise to more complex geological maps.
1.8 CONCLUSION

Structural features are most readily recognized in the sedimentary rocks.

They are normally deposited in more or less regular horizontal layers that accumulate
on top of each other in an orderly sequence. Bedding planes are of great importance
to military engineers. They are planes of structural weakness in sedimentary rocks,
and masses of rock can move along them causing rock slides. Since over 75 percent
of the earth's surface is made up of sedimentary rocks, military engineers can expect
to frequently encounter these rocks during construction.

Undisturbed sedimentary rocks may be relatively uniform, continuous, and

predictable across a site. These types of rocks offer certain advantages to military
engineers in completing horizontal and vertical construction missions. They are
relatively stable rock bodies that allow for ease of rock excavation, as they will
normally support steep rock faces. Sedimentary rocks are frequently oriented at
angles to the earth's "horizontal" surface. Therefore, movements in the earth's crust
may tilt, fold, or break sedimentary layers. Structurally deformed rocks add complexity
to the site geology and may adversely affect military construction projects by
contributing to rock excavation and slope stability problems.

Vegetation and overlying soil conceal most rock bodies and their structural
features. Outcrops are the part of a rock formation exposed at the earth's surface.
Such exposures, or outcrops, commonly occur along hilltops, steep slopes, streams,
and existing road cuts where ground cover has been excavated or eroded away.
Expensive delays or failures may result when military engineers do not determine the
subsurface conditions before committing resources to construction projects.

Therefore, where outcrops are scarce, deliberate excavations may be

required to determine the type and structure of subsurface materials. To interpret the
structure of the bedrock, the military engineer must measure and define the trend of
the rock on the earth's surface.
2.0 TOPIC : INCLINED BEDDING - FOLD ( LAB 2B )

2.1 OBJECTIVE
To plot ground profile and rock formations from geological map – inclined beddings.

2.2 LEARNING OUTCOMES

a) Students should able to plot subsurface profile.
b) Students should able to understand the geological structure in subsurface profile.
c) Students should able to understand a history of the geological area.

2.3 THEORY
A geological map is one, which shows in the first place, the occurrence and
distribution of the rocks at the surface of the ground. Conventional sign may show
certain facts of observation about them. The geological map allows the geological
structure of the country to be inferred.

Beds of rocks are bounded by bedding surfaces, which may be horizontal,

tilted or bent in any form or direction. A series of beds which have been laid down
regularly one on the other, and which may be treated as a whole, form a conformable
series. It follows that the lower beds are the older. In such a series of bedding
surfaces are parallel. Each bedding surface is usually common to two beds of rock,
being the top of one and the bottom of the one next above. In the simplest case,
these surfaces are planes: bedding planes.

2.4 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

i. Geological Map ( Map 7 – Appendix B )
ii. Graph paper/drawing paper - A4 size
iii. Ruler
iv. Pencils
v. Colour pencils (optional)

2.5 PROCEDURE

2.5.1 Plot the cross-section with the horizontal and vertical scales accordingly to the
scale of the geological map on a piece of graph paper or blank sheet.
Refer Figure 1.1. The vertical scale is normally exaggerated to improve
visibility of the profile.
2.5.2 Draw a line to join the line of cross-section on the map, says A - B.
2.5.3 Using a blank piece of paper, mark the points of intersection accordingly
between the lines with the contours respective to its heights.
2.5.4 Transfer the points to the cross-section profile respective to the heights of the
contours.
2.5.5 Join the points to form the profile of the ground elevation.
2.6 RESULT AND ANALYSIS

By referring to Map 7,

 Highlights the rock boundary to focus for determination of strike line.

 Select two pints within the marked boundary of similar heights.
 Draw the line between the two points to indicate the first strike line. Its value
corresponding to two value of the contour.
 Select another point (of ascending @ descending contour value).
 Draw a line that touches the parallel the select point to the first strike line.
 Measure the distance (say, d1) cut at right angles to the parallel lines.
 Determine the angle of dip of the fold.
 Similarly, repeat similar procedure to the other wings of the fold.
 Identify the thickness of the outcrop.

2.7 QUESTIONS
Explain types of fold (with the aid of diagram) and discuss how this structure
occurred.

The term fold is used in geology when one or a stack of originally flat and
planar surfaces, such as sedimentary strata, are bent or curved as a result of plastic
deformation. Sedimentary folds are those due to slumping of sedimentary material
before it is lithified. Folds in rocks vary in size from microscopic crinkles to mountain-
sized folds. They occur singly as isolated folds and in extensive fold trains of different
sizes, on a variety of scales.

Folds form under varied conditions of stress, hydrostatic pressure, pore

pressure, and temperature - hydrothermal gradient, as evidenced by their presence in
soft sediments, the full spectrum of metamorphic rocks, and even as primary flow
structures in some igneous rocks. A set of folds distributed on a regional scale
constitutes a fold belt, a common feature of orogenic zones.

Folds are commonly formed by shortening of existing layers, but may also be
formed as a result of displacement on a non-planar fault (fault bend fold), at the tip of
a propagating fault (fault propagation fold), by differential compaction or due to the
effects of a high-level igneous intrusion.

Monocline
A monocline is a step-like fold in rock strata consisting of a zone of steeper
dip within an otherwise horizontal or gently-dipping sequence. Monoclines may be
formed in several different ways:

i. By differential compaction over an underlying structure, particularly a large fault

at the edge of a basin due to the greater compatibility of the basin fill, the
amplitude of the fold will die out gradually upwards.
ii. By mild reactivation of an earlier extensional fault during a phase of inversion
causing folding in the overlying sequence.
iii. As a form of fault propagation fold during upward propagation of an extensional
fault in basement into an overlying cover sequence.
iv. As a form of fault propagation fold during upward propagation of a reverse fault in
basement into an overlying cover sequence.
Anticline
In structural geology, an anticline is a fold that is convex up and has its oldest
beds at its core. The term is not to be confused with antiform, which is a purely
descriptive term for any fold that is convex up. Therefore if age relationships between
various strata are unknown, the term antiform must be used.

On a geologic map, anticlines are usually recognized by a sequence of rock

layers that are progressively older toward the center of the fold because the uplifted
core of the fold is preferentially eroded to a deeper stratigraphic level relative to the
topographically lower flanks. The strata dip away from the center, or crest, of the fold.
If an anticline plunges, the surface strata will form Vs that point in the direction of
plunge. Anticlines are typically flanked by synclines although faulting can complicate
and obscure the relationship between the two. Folds typically form during crustal
deformation as the result of compression that accompanies orogenic mountain
building.

Syncline
In structural geology, a syncline is a fold, with younger layers closer to the
center of the structure. A synclinorium is a large syncline with superimposed smaller
folds.[1]. Synclines are typically a downward fold, termed a synformal syncline (ie. a
trough); but synclines that point upwards can be found when strata have been
overturned and folded (an antiformal syncline).

On a geologic map, synclines are recognized by a sequence of rock layers

that grow progressively younger, followed by the youngest layer at the fold's center or
hinge, and by a reverse sequence of the same rock layers on the opposite side of the
hinge. If the fold pattern is circular or elongate circular the structure is a basin. A
notable syncline is Wyoming's Powder River Basin. Folds typically form during crustal
deformation as the result of compression that accompanies orogenic mountain
building.
Dome
In structural geology, a dome is a deformational feature consisting of
symmetrically-dipping anticlines; their general outline on a geologic map is circular or
oval. The strata in a dome are upwarped in the center; if the top of a dome is eroded
off, the result will be a series of concentric strata that grow progressively older from
the outside-in, with the oldest rocks exposed at the center.

Many geologic domes are too large to be appreciated from the surface, and
are apparent only in maps. Well-known regional structural domes include the Llano
Uplift and the Ozark Dome. Localized domes may be formed when magma forms a
shallow intrusion warping the overlying strata. Salt domes are formed above
a diapiric intrusion of low density evaporite rocks.

Basin
A structural basin is a large-scale structural formation of rock strata formed by
tectonic warping of previously flat lying strata. Structural basins are geological
depressions, and are the inverse of domes. Some elongated structural basins are
also known as synclines. Structural basins may also be sedimentary basins, which
are aggregations of sediment that filled up a depression or accumulated in an area;
however, many structural basins were formed by tectonic events long after the
sedimentary layers were deposited.

Basins appear on a geologic map as roughly circular or elliptical, with

concentric layers. Because the strata dip toward the center, the exposed strata in a
basin are progressively younger from outside-in, with the youngest rocks in the
center. Basins are often large in areal extent, often hundreds of kilometers across.
Structural basins are often important sources of coal, petroleum, and groundwater.
2.8 CONCLUSION
Conclude your results especially by rate its effect on outcrop layer in relation to the
civil engineering or construction industry etc.

Base on the map sketch, we can see every layer of rock effect from folding.
We must follow step by step every each procedure to sketch true line of fold. Folds
are a bend of flexure in layered rocks. It is the most common kind of deformation in
layered rocks usually well collusion of developed in great mountain systems due to
collusions of tectonic plates.

The map also showed layer anticlines and synclines where upward fold is an
anticline and downward is syncline. Anticline is an up-arched or convex upward fold
with oldest rock layers in its core, whereas a syncline is down-arched or concave
upward fold in which the youngest rock layer in its core. Lempung upward from origin
structure when we saw from x – y cross section.

Geological maps graphically communicate vast amounts of geologic

information. A geological map represents the projection on a flat piece of paper of the
intersection between geological 3D features with the surface topography with added
benefit of depicting the relative age, composition and relationships among rocks and
sediments at and near the earth’s surface.

Therefore, based on the ground profile and rock formations, there is occurring
of inclined bedding which bent in any from and direction. The bedding of shale
forming a shape seems like a cane. On the shale, there is bedding of sandstone
(represented by yellow colour). Sandstone is the youngest among three of these
rocks. Clay stone is the oldest among the rocks because it is located and covering
the lowest area or position of the contour.
 LINE X – Y (APPENDIX B)
ROCK BOUNDARY DIP DIRECTION STRIKE DIP ANGLE CALCULATION IN GRAPH

0.8cm 160m At X-axis, 1cm = 200m

CB 700m
100m α 200m
α
CB 600m
32⁰
⁰ y
CB 700 90⁰ 0⁰ / 360⁰ 1cm : 200m
CB 600 0.8cm x 200m = 160 m At Y-axis, 1cm = 50 m

Dip Direction = 90⁰ Tan 32⁰ = y

Dip Angle = α 200
y = 250 m
Tan α = 100
160 y = 250 m
α = 32⁰ 50 m
y = 2.5 cm

0.9cm 180m At X-axis, 1cm = 200m

BA 700m
100m α 200m
α
BA 600m
29⁰
⁰ y
1cm : 200m
BA 700 0.9cm x 200m = 180 m At Y-axis, 1cm = 50 m
BA 600 90⁰ 0⁰ / 360⁰
Dip Direction = 90⁰ Tan 29⁰ = y
Dip Angle = α 200
y = 111 m
Tan α = 100
180 y = 111 m
α = 29⁰ 50 m
y = 2.2 cm
 LINE X – Y (APPENDIX B)
ROCK BOUNDARY DIP DIRECTION STRIKE DIP ANGLE CALCULATION IN GRAPH

0.8cm 160m At X-axis, 1cm = 200m

AB 500m
α 200m
100m
α 32⁰
AB 400m y
AB 500 270⁰ 180⁰ ⁰
AB 400 1cm : 200m At Y-axis, 1cm = 50 m
0.8cm x 200m = 160 m
Tan 32⁰ = y
Dip Direction = 270⁰ 200
Dip Angle = α y = 250 m

Tan α = 100 y = 250 m

160 50 m
α = 32⁰ y = 2.5 cm

0.9cm 180m At X-axis, 1cm = 200m

α BC 500m
100m 200m
α 32⁰
BC 400m y
⁰
BC 500 1cm : 200m At Y-axis, 1cm = 50 m
BC 400 0.9cm x 200m = 180 m
270⁰ 180⁰ Tan 29⁰ = y
Dip Direction = 270⁰ 200
Dip Angle = α y = 111 m

Tan α = 100 y = 111 m

180 50 m
α = 29⁰ y = 2.2 cm
 LINE X – Y (APPENDIX B)
ROCK BOUNDARY DIP DIRECTION STRIKE DIP ANGLE CALCULATION IN GRAPH

0.8cm 160m At X-axis, 1cm = 200m

CB 400m
100m α 200m
α
CB 300m
32⁰
⁰ y
CB 400 90⁰ 0⁰ / 360⁰ 1cm : 200m
CB 300 0.8cm x 200m = 160 m At Y-axis, 1cm = 50 m

Dip Direction = 90⁰ Tan 32⁰ = y

Dip Angle = α 200
y = 250 m
Tan α = 100
160 y = 250 m
α = 32⁰ 50 m
y = 2.5 cm
3.0 TOPIC : FAULT BEDDING (LAB 2C)

3.1 OBJECTIVE
To plot ground profile and rock formations from geological map – faulted bedding.

3.2 LEARNING OUTCOMES

a) Students should able to plot subsurface profile.
b) Students should able to understand the geological structure in subsurface profile.
c) Students should able to understand a history of the geological area.

3.3 THEORY
A geological map is one, which shows in the first place, the occurrence and
distribution of the rocks at the surface of the ground. Conventional sign may show
certain facts of observation about them. The geological map allows the geological
structure of the country to be inferred.

Beds of rocks are bounded by bedding surfaces, which may be horizontal,

tilted or bent in any form or direction. A series of beds which have been laid down
regularly one on the other, and which may be treated as a whole, form a conformable
series. It follows that the lower beds are the older. In such a series of bedding
surfaces are parallel. Each bedding surface is usually common to two beds of rock,
being the top of one and the bottom of the one next above. In the simplest case,
these surfaces are planes: bedding planes.

3.4 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

i. Geological Map ( Map 14 – Appendix C )
ii. Graph paper/drawing paper - A4 size
iii. Ruler
iv. Pencils
v. Colour pencils (optional)
3.5 PROCEDURE

3.5.1 Plot the cross-section with the horizontal and vertical scales accordingly to the
scale of the geological map on a piece of graph paper or blank sheet.
Refer Figure 1.1. The vertical scale is normally exaggerated to improve
visibility of the profile.
3.5.2 Draw a line to join the line of cross-section on the map, says A - B.
3.5.3 Using a blank piece of paper, mark the points of intersection accordingly
between the lines with the contours respective to its heights.
3.5.4 Transfer the points to the cross-section profile respective to the heights of the
contours.
3.5.5 Join the points to form the profile of the ground elevation.

3.6 RESULT AND ANALYSIS

By referring to Map 14,

 Determine the dip and strike of the coal seams.

 Determine the thickness of sandstone outcrop.
 Determine the dip and strike of the fault.
 Plot the rock outcrop and fault on the cross-section profile.

3.7 QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSION

Explain types of fault (with the aid of diagram) and discuss how this structure
occurred.

Normal Fault
A normal fault occurs when the crust is extended. Alternatively such a fault
can be called an extensional fault. The hanging wall moves download, relative to the
footwall. A downthrown block between two normal faults dipping towards each other
is called a graben. An upthrown block between two normal faults dipping away from
each other is called a horst. Low-angle fault with regional tectonic significance may
be designated detachment faults.

Reverse Fault
A reverse fault occurs primarily across lithological units whereas a thrust
usually occurs within or at a low angle to lithological units. It is because of this that it
is often difficult to recognize thrusts because their deformation and dislocation can be
difficult to detect when they occur within the same rocks without appreciable offset of
lithological contacts.

If the angle of the fault plane is low (generally less than 20 degrees from the
horizontal) and the displacement of the overlying block is large (often in the kilometer
range) the fault is called an overthrust. Erosion can remove part of the overlaying
block, creating a fenster (or window) when the underlying block is only exposed in a
relatively small area. When erosion removes most of the overlying block, leaving only
island-like remnants resting on the lower block, the remnants are called klippen
(singular klippe)
Lateral Fault
A fault in which slips in such a way that the two sides move with a predominantly
lateral motion (with respect to each other). There are two kinds of lateral slip: right-
lateral and left-lateral. They can be distinguished by standing on one side of the fault,
facing the fault (and, of course, the other side), and noting which way the objects
across the fault have moved with respect to you. If they have moved to your right, the
fault is right-lateral. If the motion is to the left, then the fault is left-lateral.

Oblique-Slip Faults
A fault which has a component of dip-slip and a component of strike-slip is termed
an oblique-slip fault. Nearly all faults will have some component of both dip-slip and
strike-slip, so defining a fault as oblique requires both dip and strike components to
be measurable and significant. Some oblique faults occur within
transtensional and transpressional regimes, others occur where the direction of
extension or shortening changes during the deformation but the earlier formed faults
remain active.
The hade angle is defined as the complement of the dip angle; it is the angle between
the fault plane and a vertical plane that strikes parallel to the fault.
3.8 CONCLUSION
Conclude your results especially by rate its effect on outcrop layer in relation to the
civil engineering or construction industry etc.

As the result, we can describe from this experiment is at the end of this, we
will knew a categories of fault was happen in our earth. From the diagram in the
graph, we can see more details about the fault were occurred in the earth crust.
Faults are fractures which have had displacement of the rocks along them.

A detailed geological map shows what it is you are standing on, where similar
rocks or sediments may be found, how old they are, what they are composed of, how
they formed, how they have been affected by faulting, folding or other geological
processes and what existing or potential mineral resources and geological hazards
are nearby. Geologic information shown on maps is necessary for countless reason,
from finding natural resources (water, minerals, oil and gas) to evaluating
fundamental part of the environment that controls distribution of plants and animals.
General purpose geological maps address all of these themes.

The adjacent rock masses slipped past one another in response to tension,
compression of shearing stress. Fault plane is the plane of dislocation along which
movements occur during faulting. Fault commonly create zones of broken ground –
weaker and lass stable than the adjacent rock. Sudden movements along fault may
cause earthquakes.

The creation and behaviors of faults, in both an individual small fault and
within the greater fault zones which define the tectonic plates, is controlled by the
relative motion of rocks on either side of the fault surface. Because of friction and the
rigidity of the rock, the rocks cannot simply glide or flew past each other. Rather,
stress builds up in rocks and when it reaches a level that exceeds the strain
threshold, the accumulated potential energy is released as strain, which is focused
into a plane along which relative motion is accommodated.
 LINE X – Y (APPENDIX C)
ROCK BOUNDARY DIP DIRECTION STRIKE DIP ANGLE CALCULATION IN GRAPH

1.2cm 240m At X-axis, 1cm = 200m

ABC 800m
100m α 200m
α
ABC 700m
22.6⁰
180⁰ + 10⁰ 90⁰ + 10⁰ y
AB 800 =190⁰ =100⁰ ⁰
AB 700 1cm : 200m At Y-axis, 1cm = 50 m
1.2cm x 200m = 240 m
Tan 22.6⁰= y
Dip Direction = 190⁰ 200
Dip Angle = α y = 83.25 m

Tan α = 100 y = 83.25 m

240 50 m
α = 22.6⁰ y = 1.7 cm

0.3cm 60m At X-axis, 1cm = 200m

SS 500m
100m α 200m
α
SS 400m
59⁰
⁰ y
ABC 500 180⁰ + 10⁰ 90⁰ + 10⁰ 1cm : 200m At Y-axis, 1cm = 50 m
ABC 400 =190⁰ =100⁰ 0.3cm x 200m = 60 m
Tan 59⁰ = y
Dip Direction = 190⁰ 200
Dip Angle = α y = 332.9 m

Tan α = 100 y = 332.9 m

60 50 m
α = 59⁰ y = 6.7 cm
 LINE X – Y (APPENDIX C)
ROCK BOUNDARY DIP DIRECTION STRIKE DIP ANGLE CALCULATION IN GRAPH

1.2cm 240m At X-axis, 1cm = 200m

BC 400m
100m α 200m
α
22.6⁰
180⁰ + 10⁰ 90⁰ + 10⁰ BC 300m y
BC 400 =190⁰⁰ =100⁰ ⁰
BC 300 1cm : 200m At Y-axis, 1cm = 50 m
1.2cm x 200m = 240 m
Tan 22.6⁰ = y
Dip Direction = 190⁰ 200
Dip Angle = α y = 83.25 m

Tan α = 100 y = 83.25 m

240 50 m
α = 22.6⁰ y = 1.7 cm

1.1cm 220m At X-axis, 1cm = 200m

BC 300m
100m α 200m
α
24.4⁰
BC 200m y
⁰
AB 300 180⁰ + 9⁰ 90⁰ + 9⁰ 1cm : 200m At Y-axis, 1cm = 50 m
AB 200 =189⁰ =99⁰ 1.1cm x 200m = 220 m
Tan 24.4⁰= y
Dip Direction = 189⁰ 200
Dip Angle = α y = 90.7 m

Tan α = 100 y = 90.7 m

220 50 m
α = 24.4⁰ y = 1.8 cm
 LINE P – Q (APPENDIX C)
ROCK BOUNDARY DIP DIRECTION STRIKE DIP ANGLE CALCULATION IN GRAPH

0.3cm 60m At X-axis, 1cm = 200m

BC 500m
100m α 200m
α
BC 400m
59⁰
180⁰ + 10⁰ 90⁰ + 10⁰ y
BC 500 =190⁰ =100⁰ ⁰
BC 400 1cm : 200m At Y-axis, 1cm = 50 m
0.3cm x 200m = 60 m
Tan 59⁰ = y
Dip Direction = 190⁰ 200
Dip Angle = α y = 332.9 m

Tan α = 100 y = 332.9 m

60 50 m
α = 59⁰ y = 6.7 cm

1.2cm 240m At X-axis, 1cm = 200m

BC 400m
100m α 200m
α
22.6⁰
BC 300m y
⁰
BC 400 180⁰ + 10⁰ 90⁰ + 10⁰ 1cm : 200m At Y-axis, 1cm = 50 m
BC 300 =190⁰ =100⁰ 1.2cm x 200m = 240 m
Tan 22.6⁰ = y
Dip Direction = 190⁰ 200
Dip Angle = α y = 83.25 m

Tan α = 100 y = 83.25 m

240 50 m
α = 22.6⁰ y = 1.7 cm
 LINE P – Q (APPENDIX C)
ROCK BOUNDARY DIP DIRECTION STRIKE DIP ANGLE CALCULATION IN GRAPH

1.1cm 220m At X-axis, 1cm = 200m

BC 300m
100m α 200m
α
24.4⁰
180⁰ + 9⁰ 90⁰ + 9⁰ BC 200m y
AB 300 =189⁰ =99⁰ ⁰
AB 200 1cm : 200m At Y-axis, 1cm = 50 m
1.1cm x 200m = 220 m
Tan 24.4⁰= y
Dip Direction = 189⁰ 200
Dip Angle = α y = 90.7 m

Tan α = 100 y = 90.7 m

220 50 m
α = 24.4⁰ y = 1.8 cm