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a) Low pass filter First Order
V0(s) K
H (s)
Vi(s) s 1
Second Order
V0 (s) K
H (s)
Vi(s) 1
s 2
s 1
Q
b) High pass filter First Order
Second Order
V0 (s) Ks2
H (s)
Vi(s) 1
s 2
s 1
Q
c) Band pass filter
Ks
H (s) 2
1
s 2
s 1
Q
Q c
B
d) Band reject/stop filter : Twin T Band Stop
Pass‐band gain = 1
Center/ Cut‐off frequency =
Quality factor =
Band Stop with higher Q factor
E‐12 Resistor / Capacitor Values
1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.2, 2.7, 3.3, 3.9, 4.7, 5.6, 6.8, and 8.2; multiplied by the decade value.
Few thumb rules:
1. Apply frequency scaling by replacing
s
s →
c new / c old to get new TF
s2 c
2
2. How to transform LPF to BPF replace s → in the 1st order LPF
Bs
Transfer Function (TF)
So,
Bs
H (s)
s 2 Bs c
BP 2
c
Q
B