Mass Transfer method

1.) Determine lake evaporation for a month in which

– average temperature = 20°C,
– average wind speed at 8 m = 15 km/h=9.32mile/hr
– average relative humidity is 50%

Solution
Saturated vapor pressure above water surface
Air temperature above surface ≈ water temperature = 15 °C
Vapor pressure at height of 8 m
−4278.6
8 ( 20+242.79 )
e s=2.7489× 10 e

es(20 °C) = 23.3 mb

e = RH es = 0.5×23.3 = 11.7 mb
E=0.0269 (1+ 0.1u ) ( e s −e a )

¿ 0.0269[ 1+0.1 ( 9.32 ) ](17−11.7)

¿ 0 .275 cm/day

2.) .) On 24 January 2013, the observed climate data at Austin

Bergstrom Airport data are: temperature 17°C, relative humidity
83%,and wind speed 2.013 mile/hr. Determine the potential evaporation
by Mass Transfer Method

Solution:
−4278.6
8 ( 17+242.79 )
e s=2.7489× 10 e

es(17 °C) = 19.34 mb

e = RH es = 0.83×19.34 = 16.05 mb
E=0.0269 (1+ 0.1u ) ( e s −e a )

¿ 0.0269[1+0.1(2.013)](19.34−16.05)

¿ 0.106 cm/day

Penman Equation
1.) Estimate daily evaporation using Penman’s formula with the
following
data:Ta=32.2°C, u=20 mi/hr, RH=30%, Rn=400 cal/cm²-day.
SOLUTION:
−4278.6
2.7489 ×10 8 × 4278.6 ( 32.2+242.79 )
∆=
(( 32.2+242.79 )2
e
)
∆=2.72 mb/° C
−4278.6
8 ( 32.2+242.79 )
e s=2.7489× 10 e
e s=48.1 mb
e a=( 0.3 )( 48.1 )
e a=14.43 mb

Le =597.3−0.57(32.2)
Le =579 cal / g
Ea =( 1× 579 ) ¿
Ea =¿1574.64 cal/cm²-day

E= ( ∆+∆ γ )( R )+( ∆+γ γ )( E )

n a

2.72 0.66
E=( 2.72+0.66 )( 400 )+( 2.72+0.66 ) ( 1574.64 )
cal 1
c m −day 579 )
(
E=629.37 2

cm
E=1. 09
day
2.) On 24 January 2013, the observed climate data at Austin Bergstrom
Airport data are: temperature 17°C, relative humidity 83%,Net radiation
107 cal/cm²-f-day and wind speed 2.013 mile/hr. Determine the
potential evaporation by Penman Equation.

Solution:
 −4278.6
2.7489 ×10 8 × 4278.6 ( 17+242.79 )
∆=
( ( 17+242.79 )2
e
)
∆=1.226 mb/° C
−4278.6
8 ( 17+242.79 )
e s=2.7489× 10 e
e s=19.34 mb
e a=( 0.83 )( 19.34 )
e a=16.05 mb

Le =597.3−0.57(17)
Le =587.61 cal /g
Ea =( 1× 587.61 ) ¿
Ea =¿62.47 cal/cm²-day

E= ( ∆+∆ γ )( R )+( ∆+γ γ )( E )

n a

1.226 0.66
E=( 1.226+0.66 )( 107 )+( 1.226+0.66 )( 62.47 )
cal 1
c m −day 587.61 )
(
E=91.42 2

E=0.156 cm/day

Empirical Method

1.) A reservoir with a surface area of 250hectares had the

following average values of parameters during a week :
water temperature = 20o C, relative humidity = 40% wind
velocity at 1.0 m above ground = 16km/h. Estimate the
average daily evaporation from the lake and volume of
water Evaporated from the lake during that one week
Solution :
ew = 17.54 mm of Hg
ea = 0.40 x 17.54 = 7.02 mm of Hg
u9 = wind velocity at a height of 9.0 m above ground
u1 = 16 km/h
u9 = ?

uh = C (h) 1/7
uh = C (1) 1/7 = 16 km/h
u9/u1 = C ((9) 1/7) / C ((1) 1/7)
u9 = u1 (9) 1/7 = 16 (9) 1/7 = 21.9 km/h
By Meyer’s formula
E = 0.36 (17.54 – 7.02) (1 + 21.9/16) = 8.97 mm/day
Evaporated volume in 7 days = 7 x 8.97/1000 x 250
x10000 = 157,000 m3

Water Balance Method

1.) For an area the annual precipitation is 1300 mm/year and
annual evapotranspiration is 800 mm/year. What is the average
runoff if there is no storage during the year?

P = R + E + change in S
∆=P-R-E
∆=1300-0-800
∆=500 mm/year
Direct Measurement
1.) The following are mean daily pan evaporation
measurements (in./day) from Class A pan. Assuming a
pan coefficient of 0.68, estimate the evaporation rate from
dam in unit of depth.
Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Epan 0.22 0.26 0.25 0.28 0.26 0.21 0.22

Solution:
0.22+0.26+0.25+ 0.28+ 0.26+0.21+0.22
Ave Epan = 7
Ave Epan = 0.2429
E = Epan x Kpan
E= 0.2429 (0.68)
E = 0.1652 in./day