myF 1 mq;fpfspd; ghFghLk; ngauPLk;

cap u p a y; myF 1
mq;fpfspd; ghFghLk; ngauPLk;
Nju; r ; r p
mq;fpfspd; ghFghl;bw;Fk; ngauPlL
; f;Fk; epak Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk;
1' 1 nghUj;jkhd ghFghl;L ² mq;fpfspd; gpujhd gpupTfs;
Kiwfs; %yk; ² jhtuq;fs; ² tpyq;Ffs; ² Ez;zq;fpfs;
mq;fpfisg; ² jhtug; ghFghl;Lg; gpukhzq;fs;
ghFgLj;Jthu;. ² G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs;
³ xU tpjj
; piyj; jhtuq;fs; ³ ,U tpjj
; piyj; jhtuq;fs;
² G+f;fhj; jhtuq;fs;
³ tpj;Jj; Njhd;Wk; jhtuq;fs;
³ tpj;Jj; Njhd;whj;; jhtuq;fs;
² tpyq;Fg; ghFghl;Lg; gpukhzq;fs;
² Ks;se;jz;bypfs;
³ rPye;jNuw;whf;fs; ³ mdyplhf;fs;
³ nkhyf;fhf;fs; ³ Mj;jpug;Nghlhf;fs;
² Ks;se;jz;Lspfs;
³ kPd;fs; ³ <&lf thopfs; ³ efUapu;fs;
³ gwitfs; ³ KiyA+l;bfs;
² Ez;zq;fpfs;
³ gw;wPupahf;fs; ³ my;fhf;fs; ³ gq;fRfs;
³ Guw;wNrhthf;fs; ³ ituRf;fs;

1' 2' m q ; f p ,dq;fis ² ,Unrhw; ngauPL

NtWgLj; j pf; fhl; L t ² ,Unrhw; ngauPl;L Fwptof;Ffs; (Convensions)
jw;fhf tpQ;QhdG+u;tg;
ngauPl;ilg;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.

,ytr
,ytrtpepNahfj; jpw;jfpw;hf
tpepNahfj; fhf 11
 capupay;

1.1 mq;fpfspd; ghFghL

cU 1.1 jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs;> Ez;zq;fpfs;

cyfpy; thOk; kpy; y pad; f zf; f hd mq; f pfis tpQ; Q hdpfs;
,dq;fz;Ls;sdu;. ,e;j msthd my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l mq;fpfs; cyfpy;
tho;e;J mope;J NghapUf;fyhk;. NkYk;> Gjpa mq;fpfs; vjpu;fhyj;jpy;
tpQQ; hdpfshy; fz;lwpag;glyhk;. ,t;thwhd mq;fpfs; mtw;wpd; gUkd;> mikg;G>
tbtk;> elj;ij vd;gtw;wpy; xd;wpypUe;n ; jhd;W NtWgLfpdw
; d. vdNt> ,t;thwhd
kpfg;ngupa mq;fpg; gy;tifikiaf; fw;gjw;F mtw;iwg; ghFgLj;JtJ
mtrpakhfpwJ. gy;NtW ghFghl;L Kiwfs; ,jw;nfdf; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.
mq;fpfSf;fpilapyhd $u;g;Gj; njhlu;Gfis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;w ghFghl;L
KiwahdJ ,aw;ifg; ghFghl;L Kiw vdg;gLk;. c-k; : juk; - 6 ,y;> mq;fpfis
jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs; vd tifg;gLj;jyhk; vdf; fw;Ws;Nshk;. gpwpnjhU
re;ju;gg
; j;jpy; mq;fpfis Nguq;fpfs;> Ez;zq;fpfs; vd tifg;gLj;jpf; fw;Ws;Nshk;.
,t;tyfpy; mq;fpfis %d;W gpujhd njhFjpfshfg; gpupj;Jf; fw;Nghk;.
² jhtuq;fs; ² tpyq;Ffs; ² Ez;zq;fpfs;
jhtug; ghFghl;bd; gpukhzq;fs;
mq;fpfs; nfhz;Ls;s Fwpj;j rpy ,ay;Gfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
mit ghFgLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mt;thW gad;gLj;jg;gl;l ,ay;Gfs; njspthfj;
njupaf;$bajhfTk; mtw;Wf;fhd jdpjJ
; tkhd ,ay;GfshfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
G+f;fisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;> G+f;fisf; nfhz;buhik vd;Dk; ,ay;GfNs
jhtu tifg;gLj;jypd; gpujhd mbg;gilahff; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. G+f;fis
cUthf;Fk; jhtuq;fs; G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs; vdg;gLk;. G+f;fis cUthf;fhj
jhtuq;fs; G+f;fhj; jhtuq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
cq; f Sf; F j; njupAkh?
mq;fpfspd; ghFghl;L tuyhw;wpy; nwhNgu;l.; vr;.tpww
; hfu; vDk; mnkupff
; capupayhsupdhy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Ie;J ,uhr;rpag; ghFghL Five Kingdom Classification Kf;fpakhff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,g;ghFghl;L Kiwapy; mq;fpfs; nkhdwh> Gnuhb];uh> gq;fR> gpshd;Nu>
mdpkhypah Mfpa Ie;J ,uhr;rpaq;fshfg; ghFgLj;jg;gl;ld. etPd ghFghl;L Kiwapy;
mq;fpfs; 3 Ngupuhr;rpaq;fspd; fPo; mlf;fg;gl;Ls;s 6 ,uhr;rpaq;fspd; fPo;
ghFgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,g;ghFghLk; tUq;fhyj;jpy; khw;wq;fSf;F cs;shfyhk;.
2 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 myF 1 mq;fpfspd; ghFghLk; ngauPLk;

G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs;
G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;f mq;fk; G+thFk;. G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fspd;
#yfj;jpypUe;J goq;fs; cUthFk;. goq;fspDs; tpj;Jfs; fhzg;gLk;. mjhtJ>
tpj;Jfs; goj;jpdhy; #og;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs; tpj;J
%bAspj; jhtuq;fs; (Angiosperms) vdg;gLk;.
,uz;L tpj;jpiyfisf; nfhz;l tpj;J ; fis cUthf;Fk; jhtuq;fs; ,U
tpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fs; vdg;gLk;. xU tpj;jpiyia kl;Lk; nfhz;l tpj;;Jfis
cUthf;Fk; jhtuq;fs; xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fs s; vdg;gLk;.

cU 1.2 rpy G+f;Fe; jhtuq;fs;

,U tpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspd; rpy
,ay; G fs;
1' ,uz;L tpj;jpiyfisf; nfhz;l
tpjJ; fis cUthf;Fk;.
2' jz;L fpis nfhs;Sk;.
3' MzpNtu;j; njhFjpiaf; nfhz;lJ.
mjpy; gf;f Ntu;fs; fhzg;gLk;.
4' ,iyfs; tiyAU euk;gikg;igf;
nfhz;lit.
5. ehw;ghj;Js;s my;yJ Ik;ghj;Js;s
G+ff
; s; fhzg;gLk;.
c-k;: kh> NghQ;rp> kpsfha;
xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspd; rpy
,ay; G fs;
1' xU tpj; j piyiaf; nfhz; l
tpj;Jfis cUthf;Fk;.
2' jz;L fpis nfhs;shJ.
3' MzpNtu;j; njhFjp fhzg;glhJ.
ehu;Ntu;j; njhFjp fhzg;gLk;.
4' ,iyfs; rkhe;ju euk;gikg;igf;
nfhz;lit.
5. Kg;ghj;Js;s G+f;fs; fhzg;gLk;.
c-k; : njd;id> gid> %q;fpy;>
Gy;> ney;

cU 1.3 ,U tpj;jpiyj; jhtuk; cU 1.4 xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuk;

(fpisfs; nfhz;l jz;L) (fpisfs; mw;w jz;L)
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 3
 capupay;

G+f;fhj; jhtuq;fs;
G+ff
; hj; jhtuq;fis tpjJ
; fis cUthf;fhj G+ff
; hj; jhtuq;fs;> tpjJ
; fis
cUthf;Fk; G+f;fhj; jhtuq;fs; vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
— tpj;Jfis cUthf;Fk; G+f;fhj; jhtuq;fs;
tpj;Jfis cUthf;Fk; G+f;fhj; jhtuq;fspy; tpj;Jfs; goq;fspDs;
cUthfhJ jpwe;j epiyapy; fhzg;gLk;. ,jdhy;> ,it tpj;J %bapypj;
jhtuq;fs
s; vdg;gLk;.
c-k; : ² kLg;gid (irf;f]; - Cycas) ² igd]; (Pinus)
² kLg;gid

Mz; > ngz; jhtuq; f s; vd

ntt;Ntwhff; fhzg;gLk;. ngz; jhtuj;jpy;
fhzg;gLk; khtpj;jpapiyfspy; jpwe;j
#y; t pj; J fs; Njhd; W fpd; w d. fUf;
cU 1.5 (b) fl;lypd; gpd;du; Njhd;Wk; tpj;Jk; jpwe;j
khtpj; j papiy tpj;jhFk;.

cU 1.5 (a) ² igd];

kLg; g id
,it $k;Gspjj ; htuq;fs; (conifers)
vd miof;fg;gLk;. ej;jhu; kuk; vd
miof;fg;gLk; jhtuKk; ,t; tifapNy
mlq;Fk;. ,j;jhtuq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;
$k;GfSs; (cones) jpwe;j tpjJ
; fs; Njhd;Wk;.

— tpj;Jfis cUthf;fhj
G+f;fhj; jhtuq;fs;
tpj;Jfis cUthf;fhj G+f;fhj;
jpwe;j
jhtug; gpupTfs; rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
tpj; J fisf;
cU 1.6 nfhz;l $k;G ,it tpjj ; pfs; %ykhf ,dk; ngUf;Fk;.
$k;Gspj; jhtuk;
² gpupNahgPww
; h (Bryophyta)
² njNuhigw;wh ^Pterophyta&
² iyf;Nfhigw;wh ^Lycophyta&
² gpupNahgPw;wh (Bryophyta)
,it NkYk; ,uz;L tifahfg;
gpupf;fg;gLk;.
1' <uYUj; jhtuq;fs; (Liverworts)
c- k;: khu;ff
; hd;rpah (Marchantia)
cU 1.7 cU 1.8 2' ghrpj; jhtuq;fs; (Mosses)
khu; f ; f hd; r pah NghfNdw; w k; c-k;: NghfNdw;wk; (Pogonatum)
4 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 myF 1 mq;fpfspd; ghFghLk; ngauPLk;

² njNuhigw;wh ^Pterophyta&
gd;dq;fs; ^Ferns& ,jpylq;Fk;.
c-k;: neg;Nuhnyg;gp]; (Nephrolepis)
ry;tPdpah ( Salvinia)
biwNdupah (Drynaria)
kug;gd;dk; (Cythea)
² iyf;Nfhigw;wh ^Lycophyta)
cU 1.9 cU 1.10 c-k;: nryh[pndy;yh (Selaginella)
nryh[pdy; y h neg; N uhnyg; g p]; ;

tpyq;Fg; ghFghl;bd; gpukhzq;fs;

tpyq; F fisg; ghFgLj; j ypy;
Ks;se;jz;L nfhz;ldth> Ks;se;jz;L
mw;witah vd;w ,ay;G mbg;gilahff;
nfhs;sg;gLk;. Ks;se;jz;ilf;
nfhz; L s; s tpyq; F fs; Ks; s e;
Ks;se;jz;byp tpyq;F Ks;se;jz;Lsp jz;Lspfs; vdg;gLk;. Ks;se;jz;ilf;
(jj;Jntl;b) tpyq;F (vyp) nfhz; b uhj tpyq; F fs; Ks; s e;
cU 1.11 jz;bypfs; vdg;gLk;.
Ks; s e; j z; b yp f s;
Ks;se;jz;bypfs; mlq;Fk; rpy tpyq;Ff; fzq;fs; tUkhW:
1' rPye;jNuw;wh (epNlupah)
2' mdyplh (Jz;Lgl;l clyikg;Gila GOf;fs;)
3' nkhyf;fh (nkd;Dlypfs;)
4' Mj;jpug;Nghlh (%l;Lf;fhypfs;)
rPye;jNuw;wh
Ijuh> ,OJkPd; (Jelly fish)> fly; mdpkdp> KUiff;fw; nghypg;Gfs; (coral)
Mfpad ,f;fzj;jpy; mlq;Fk; rpy mq;fpfs; MFk;.
² rPye;jNuw;WfSf;Fupa nghJthd ,ay;Gfs;
• cly; nkd;ikahdJ@ Miur; rkr;rPuhdJ.
• cly; ,U gil nfhz;lJ.
• ed;dPu;> ctu;ePu; Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; thoplkhff; nfhz;lit.
• cjuf;fyd;Fop guprf; nfhk;Gfshy; #og;gl;l xU Jthuj;jhy; (tha;) ntspj; jpwf;Fk;.
• ngUk;ghYk; epiyahf thOk;;.
rPye;jNuw;whf;fspd; cly; mikg;Gf;Nfw;g mtw;iw ,U $l;lq;fshf
tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
« nghypg;G mikg;Gilait - ngUk;ghYk; Mjhuj;jpy; xl;b thOk;.
« nkJrh mikg;Gilait - Rakhf ePe P j
; pj; jpupAk;.
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 5
 capupay;
nghypg;Gfspd; cly; cUis tbthdJ. clypd; Xu; me;jj;jpy; tha;
mike;Js;sJ. mjidr; #o guprf;nfhk;Gfs; tisa tbtpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
flydpkdp> Ijuh> KUiff;fw; nghypg;G Mfpatw;wpy; nghypg;G mikg;G kl;Lk;
fhzg;gLk;.
nkJrh> tpupff ; g;gl;l Filapd; mikg;ig xj;Jf; fhzg;gLk;. ,t;t ; ikg;gpd;
tpspkG
; fspy; guprf; nfhk;Gfs; fhzg;gLk;. Fil Nghd;w mikg;gpd; fPo; kj;jpapYs;s
ntspePl;lj;jpd; me;jj;jpy; tha; fhzg;gLk;. ,OJkPd; nkJrh mikg;igf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;. mjpy; nghypg;G mikg;G xLf;fg;gl;Lf; fhzg;gLk;.

cq; f Sf; F j; njupAkh?

nghypg;Gfspy; Gwj;Njhw;gil %yk;
Ruf;fg;gLk; mNkhdpaq; fhgNdw;W>
Ijuh ,OJkPd; fly; ePupYs;s fy;rpaq; FNshiul;Lld;
jhf;fkile;J cUthf;fg;gLk; fy;rpak;
fhgNdw; N w KUiff; f w; g hiwfis
cUthf; F fpd; w d.
flydpkdp
KUiff;fw; nghypgG
; fs;
cU 1.12 rPye;jNuw;whf;fs;

mdyplh
kz;GO> yPr; (ml;il)> ePup]; Mfpad mdyplh fzj;jpw;Fupa cjhuzq;fshFk;.
² mdyplhTf;Fupa nghJthd ,ay;Gfs;
• ,it ,U gf;fr; rkr;rPu; nfhz;l tpyq;Ffs; MFk;.
• cly; %d;W gilfshy; MdJ.
• clw;RtUf;Fk; FlYf;Fk; ,ilapy; clw;Fopg; gha;kj;ijf; nfhz;l clw;Fop
fhzg;gLk;.
• cly; cl;Gwj;NjAk; ntspg;Gwj;NjAk; Jz;Lgl;ljhff; fhzg;gLk;.
• td;ikahd rpypu;Kl;fs; fhzg;gLk; (yPr; ml;il jtpu).
• <uypg;ghd #oypy; thOk;.
kz;GO ^Earthworm&
kz;GOf;fs; kz;zpy; tis Njhz;b
thOk;. yPr; ml;ilapd; clypd; ,uz;L
me;jq;fspYk; cwpQr ; pfs; fhzg;gLk;. Kd;
Kidapy; thiar; Rw;wp cwpQr ; pf
; s; fhzg;
gLfpdw ; d. mjd; %yk; tpUe;J toq;fpapypUe;J
FUjpia cwpQr ; pf; Fbf;Fk;. Mjhug;giliag;
gw;Wtjw;fhd cwpQr ; p clypd; gpd; me;jj;jpy;
fhzg;gLk;. ,J ,lg;ngau;rr ; pfF
; cjTfpdw ; d. yPr; (ml;il)
yPr; jiuapy; <uypgg; hd ,lq;fspYk; ed;duP >; fly;euP ; ^Leech& ePup];
Mfpatw;wpYk; fhzg;gLk;. ePup]; fw;ghq;fhd ^Nereis&
flw;fiuapy; kz;zpDs; FopNjhz;b thOk;. cU 1.13 rpy mdyplh tpyq;Ffs;
5
6 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 myF 1 mq;fpfspd; ghFghLk; ngauPLk;

Mj; j p u g; N ghlh (%l; L f; f hyp f s; )

tpyq;F ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; kpff;$ba ,dg; gy;tifikiaf; nfhz;l fzk;
,JthFk;. jw;NghJ tpyq;F ,uhr;rpaj;jpYs;s 75% tpyq;Ffs; Mj;jpug;Nghlh
fzj;ijr; Nru;e;jd vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
² Mj;jpug;Nghlhtpd; nghJ ,ay;Gfs;
cq; f Sf; F j; njupAkh?
• cly; Jz;Lgl;lJ. fly; eP u pd; Nkw; g ug; g pYs; s
• %l;Lfisf; nfhz;l J}f;fq;fs; fhzg;gLk;. G+r;rpapdq;fs; rpytw;iwj; jtpu
• ifw;wpdpdhy; Md Gwtd;$L fhzg;gLk;. flypDs; G+r;rpapdq;fs;
• ePu; my;yJ epyj;jpy; thOk;. fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.

Mj;jpug;Nghlhf;fspy; G+r;rpfNs mjpf ,dg; gy;tifikia cs;slf;fpa

gpupthFk;. G+r;rpfs; jiu> ePu;> thd; Mfpa #oy;fspy; thOk;.
c-k; : vWk;Gfs;> tPl;L <> tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rp> Jk;gp> fug;ghd;> fiwahd;> Esk;G.
czT KiwNfw;gg; G+r;rpfspy; thAWg;Gfs; gy;NtW tpjkhf
,irthf;fkile;Js;sd.
c-k;: • ntl;b cz;Zk; - tz;L> vWk;G
• cwpQ;rpf; Fbj;jy;- tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rp
• Fj;jp cwpQ;rpf; Fbj;jy; - Esk;G> ney;%l;Lg;G+r;rp> go <
gy G+r;rp;fs; jhtug; gPilfs; vd;w tifapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd.
mit gapu;r;nra;ifapy; ngUksT Nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
c-k;;: njd;dq; fUtz;L (coconut black beetle)> go <> ney; %l;Lg;G+r;rp

Njs; kutl;il
tz;zj;Jg; G+r;rp ,why;

tz;L

Jk;gp kl;ilj;Njs;
ez;L ghzf;fps; rpye;jp
NjdP

cU 1.14 Mj;jpug;Nghlh fzj;ijr; Nru;e;j gy;NtW tpyq;Ffs;

Mj;jpug;Nghlhitr; Nru;ej
; tpyq;FfSs; kutl;il epyj;jpy; <uypgg
; hd gFjpfspy;
thOk;. kl;ilj;Njs;> rpye;jpfs;> Njs; Mfpad jiuapd; cyu;thd gpuNjrq;fspy;
thOk;. Ngd;> njs;S Mfpad tpyq;Ffspd; clypy; xl;Lz;zpahf thOk;.
,why;> rpq;fp ,why;> ez;L Mfpad ePupy; thOk;.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 7
 capupay;

nkhyf;fh (nkd;Dlypfs;)
ej;ij> Xby;yh ej;ij> fztha; Mfpad nkhyf;fh fzj;Jf;;Fupa
cjhuzq;fshFk;.
² nkhyf;fhTf;Fupa nghJthd ,ay;Gfs;;
• Jz;lq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;glhj
nkd;ikahd cly; fhzg;gLk;. ej;ij
• jiu my;yJ ePupy; thOk;. kl;b
• nkd;%b cliy %bf; fhzg;gLk;.
• mNefkhdtw;wpy; Gwtd;$L fhzg;gLk;.
• jiy> clyfj; jpzpT> jirr;nrwpthd Xby;yh ej;ij
ghjk; vd;Dk; %d;W gFjp;fshy; cly;
MdJ.
• mNdfkhd nkhyf;fhf;fs; fy;rpaq; xf;Nwhg];
fhgNdw; w hyhd Xl; i lf; (Gwtd;
$l;ilf;) nfhz;Ls;sd. XL cU 1.15
ghJfhg;ig mspf;fpd;wJ. rpy nkhyf; fh tpyq;Ffs;
rpy nkhyf;fhf;fspd; tapw;Wg;Gwkhfj; jir nrwpe;j ghjk; fhzg;gLk;.
c-k;: ej;ij. rpy nkhyf;fhf;fspy; fz; nfhz;l czu;rr ; pAs;s guprf; nfhk;Gfs;
fhzg;gLk;.
c-k; : ej;ij> kl;b
Ks;se;jz;Lspfs;
Ks;se;jz;ilf; nfhz;l tpyq;Ffs; Ks;se;jz;Lspfs; vdg;gLk;. ,it
Ie;J tFg;Gfshf tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
1' kPd;fs; (Pisces) 4' gwitfs; (Aves)
2' <&lf thopfs; (Amphibia) 5' KiyA+l;bfs; (Mammalia)
3' efUapuf ; s; (Reptilia)
kPd;fs;
² kPd;fSf;Fupa nghJthd ,ay;Gfs;
• cly; mUtpf;Nfhl;L tbtk; nfhz;lJ.
• cly; <uypg;ghd nrjpy;fshy; %lg;gl;lJ.
• Rthrk; G+f;fs; %yk; eilngWk;.
• ,ikfsw;w fz;fs; fhzg;gLk;.
• cliyj; jhq;Ftjw;F mftd;$L
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
• ,jak; ,uz;L miwfshy; MdJ.
• #oy; ntg;gf; FUjp nfhz;lit.
cU 1.16 kPd; • nrl;ilfisg; gad;gLj;jp ,lk;ngaUk;.
8 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 myF 1 mq;fpfspd; ghFghLk; ngauPLk;
kPd;fs; ePupy; tho;tjw;F Vw;wthW ,irthf;fkile;j clyikg;igf;
nfhz;Ls;s Ks;se;jz;Lsp tpyq;FfshFk;. cly; mUtpf;Nfhl;L tbtk;
nfhz;ljhff; fhzg;gLtjhy; mit ePUs; ,yFthf ,lk;ngaUfpd;wd.
ePe;Jtjw;Fk; clypd; rkepiyiag; NgZtjw;Fk; Vw;wthW nrl;ilfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

cq; f Sf; F j; njupAkh?

kPd;fisf; frpapioa kPd;fs;> vd;G kPd;fs; vd ,uz;L tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;.

Rwh> jpUf;if Mfpad frpapioa kPd;fs; MFk;. #iu> td;#iu Mfpad
vd;G kPd;fshFk;. frpapioak; nkd;ikahdJ. frpapioa kPd;fspd; td;$L
KOtJk; frpapioaj; j hy; MdjhFk; . G+g; g psTfs; cly; Nkw; g ug; g py;
jdpj;jdpahfj; jpwe;jpUf;Fk;.
vd;G kPd;fspd; td;$L KOikahf vd;Gfshy; MdjhFk;. G+g;gpsTfs;
G+%bapdhy; %lg;gl;bUf;Fk;. G+g;gpsTfs; Clhfg; G+f;fs; Gwj;Nj jpwe;jpUf;Fk;.

<&lf thopfs; (mk;gpgpah)

ePur
; #
; oiy thoplkhff; nfhz;l %jhijaiu cilaJk; ePur ; #
; oypypUe;J
gbg;gbahfj; jiur;#oypy; tho;tjw;F ,irthf;fkile;jJkhd mq;fpfs;
<&lfthopfs; vdg;gLk;. $u;g;gpd; mbg;gilapy; jiur; #oypy; tho;tjw;F
,irthf;fkile;j Kjy; capupdf;$l;lk; <&lfthopfs; MFk;. <&lf thopfs;
ePupy; jkJ tho;f;if tl;lj;jpd; Muk;g epiyiaf; fopf;fpd;wd.

² <&lf thopfspd; nghJ ,ay;Gfs;

• ,lk;ngau;tjw;F tpuy;fisf; nfhz;l mtatq;fs; fhzg;gLk;.
• nrjpy;fsw;w> Rug;gpfs; nfhz;l nkd;ikahd <uypg;ghd Njhy; fhzg;gLk;.
• <uypgg
; hd Njhy;> tha;fF
; op> Rthrg;ig Mfpad %yk; thAg;gupkhw;wk;; eilngWk;.
• tho;f;if tl;lj;ijg; G+uzg;gLj;j ePu; mtrpakhFk;. (ePu; tho; epiyfisf;
nfhz;l tho;f;if tl;lk; c-k; : Kl;il> thw;Ngj;ij)
• ,jak; %d;W miwfisf; nfhz;lJ.
• #oy; ntg;gf; FUjp nfhz;lJ.
c -k; : Njiu> jtis> rykhz;lu;

jtis
rykhz;lu;
cU 1.17 <&lf thopfs;

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 9
 capupay;
efUapu; f s; (nug; j P y pah)
Kw;WKOjhfj; jiuapy; tho;tjw;F Kjd; Kjypy; ,irthf;fkile;j
tpyq;FfNs efUapu;fs; MFk;.
² efUapu;fspd; nghJ ,ay;Gfs; mdnfhz;lh

• Rug;gpfs; mw;w> cyu;ej

; > nrjpyf
; s;
nfhz;l Njhy; fhzg;gLk;.
• Rthrg;ig %ykhf thAg; Kjiy
gupkhw;wk; eilngWk;. gy;yp
• nky;ypa nkd;rt;T (Njhy; Nghd;w)
Xl;bdhy; #og;gl;l Kl;ilfis
jiuapy; ,Lk;.
• mtatq; f isf; (fhy; f isf; ) Mik
rhiug;ghk;G
nfhz; l efUapu; f spd; tpuy; cU 1.18 rpy efUapu;fs;
Edpfspy; cfpu;; fhzg;gLk;.
• ,jak; ehd; F miwfisf; nfhz; b Uf; F k; ,jatiw KOikahfg;
gpupf;fg;gl;bUf;fhJ.
• #oy; ntg;gf; FUjp nfhz;l tpyq;fhFk;.
ngUk;ghyhd efUapuf; s; mtatq;fisf; (fhy;fisf;) nfhz;litahFk;.
Kjiy> fguf; n fha; a h> gy; y p> cLk; G > ghk; G > Mik Mfpad ,jw; F
cjhuzq;fshFk;. rpy efUapuf ; s; fhy;fs; mw;witahFk;. ghk;GfspwF
; f; fhy;fs;
Kw;whf ,y;yhJ NghAs;sd. rhiu> Gilad;> ehfk;> kiyg;ghk;G> mdf;nfhz;lh
Nghd;wd rpy ghk;G ,dq;fshFk;.
gwitfs;
jiu> ePu>; thd; #oypy; fhzg;glf;$ba Ks;se;jz;Ls;s tpyq;FfshFk;.
² gwitfspd; nghJthd ,ay;Gfs;
• jiu> ePu; my;yJ thd; #oypy; thOk;.
• thdpy; ,lk;ngau;tjw;F Vw;wthW
mUtpfN ; fhl;LUt tbtj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
• %sp; tpUj;jpaile;J fhzg;gLk;.
• Kd; d tatq; f s; gwg; g jw; F Vw; w thW
rpwFfshf ,irthf;fkile;Js;sd.
ngd;Fapd; gUe;J
jPfN
; fhop • elf;fTk;> ePej
; Tk;> ,iuiag; gpbf;fTk; Vw;w
Kiwapy; gpdd ; tatk; (fhy;fs;) fhzg;gLk;.
• fhy;fs; nrjpy;fshy; %lg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
• cly; ,wf;iffshy; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
; fhj;jp • myF fhzg;gLk;@ mjpy; gw;fs; fhzg;glhJ.
kPdn
thj;J • Rthrg;igfs; %yk; Rthrpf;Fk;.
cU 1.19 rpy gwitfs; • ehd; F miwfisf; nfhz; l ,jak;
fhzg;gLk;.
10 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 myF 1 mq;fpfspd; ghFghLk; ngauPLk;
• rpwj;jyile;j Kd;dtatk; ,wf;iffshy; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• khwhf; FUjp (,sQ;#l;Lf; FUjp) ntg;gepiy cilaJ.
• Kl;ilapl;Lf; FQ;R nghupg;gjd; %yk; ,dk; ngUf;Ffpd;wd.
• td;ikahd Xl;bdhyhd Kl;ilfis ,Lk;.
jw;NghJ capu;thOk; ngupa gwit jPf;Nfhop MFk;. kpfr; rpwpa gwit
Njd;rpl;L (Humming bird) MFk;.
KiyA+l; b fs;
Ks;se;jz;Ls;s tpyq;Ffspy; $u;gG
; uPjpapy; cau; epiyapy; cs;s tpyq;Ff;
$l;lk; KiyA+l;bfs; MFk;.

² KiyA+l;bfspd; nghJ ,ay;Gfs;

• Njhy; cNuhkq;fspdhy; %lg;gl;bUf;Fk;. Njhypy; gy;NtW Rug;gpfs; fhzg;gLk;
(tpau;itr; Rug;gp> nea;r; Rug;gp).
• jhapd; fUg;igapy;; tpUj;jpaile;J gpwf;Fk; ,se;ijf;F Kiyr;Rug;gpapdhy;
Ruf;fg;gLk; ghiy Cl;b tsu;f;Fk;.
• Gwr; nrtpr;NrhizAk; fz;zpy; ,ikf;fj;jf;f ,ikfSk; fhzg;gLk;;.
• ,jak; ehd;F miwfshy; MdJ.
• khwhf; FUjp (,sQ;#l;Lf; FUjp) ntg;gepiy nfhz;lit.
• jiu> ePu;> thd;#oy;fspy; thOk;.

flw;rpqf
; k;
vyp ntsthy;
jhuh myF
gpshw;wpg];

eha;
mzpy;
jpkpqf
; pyk;; khd;
cU 1.20 rpy KiyA+l;bfs;
KiyA+l;bfshd jhuh myF nfhz;l gpshw;wpgg ; ];> vWk;Gz;zp (Ant eater)
Mfpad Fl;baPDtjpyi ; y. ,it Kl;ilapLk; KiyA+lb ; fs; MFk;. jpkpqf
; pyk; flypy;
tho;f
; pdw
; NghJk; mJ kPdd;W. mJ xU KiyA+lb ; ahFk;. mjd; Rthr mq;fk; Rthrg;igfs;
MFk;. ntsthy; gwf;Fk; KiyA+lb ; ahFk;. ntsthypd; rpwFfs; gwitfspd; rpwFfis
tpl NtWgl;lit. mit Njhypdhyhd;dg;gl;l nky;ypa xspGf tplf; $ba
nkd;rt;tpdhy; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ntsthypd; gpdd ; tatq;fs; typik Fiwe;jitahFk;.
,jdhy;> mtw;why; jiuapy; elf;f ,ayhJ.
kdpjd; kpfTk; rpwj;jyile;j %isiaf; nfhz;l KiyA+l;bahFk;. Qhgf
rf;jp> Ngr;rhw;wy;> fUj;JfisAk; czu;rr
; pfisAk; ntspapLk; jd;ik> njhlu;GgLj;Jk;
jd;ik> Ez;zwpT> ,uz;L fhYz;ikAld; $ba epkpu;e;j epiy vd;git kdpjd;
nfhz;Ls;s tpNrl Mw;wy;fshFk;.
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 11
 capupay;

Ez;zq;fpfs;
,it ntWq;fz;Zf;Fg; Gyg;glhjdthFk;. ,j;njhFjpapy; gw;wPupah>
EZf;Ff;fhl;bf;Fupa my;fh> gq;fR> Guw;NwhNrhth> ituR Mfpa mq;fpf; $l;lq;fs;
mlq;Fk;.
gw;wPupah
ituRf;F mLj;j kpfr; rpwpa mq;fpf$
; l;lk; gw;wuP pah MFk;. Vida mq;fpfs;
capu;tho Kbahj rhjfkw;w #oy;fspYk; gw;wuP pahf;fspdhy; tho KbAk;.

gw;wuP pahf; fyj;jpd; ntspgG

; wkhf fyr;Rtu; fhzg;gLk;. rpy gw;wuP pahf;fspy;
fyr;RtUf;F ntspNa rspa kly; fhzg;glyhk;. fyr;Rtiu mLj;J cl;Gwkhff;
fynkd;rt;T fhzg;gLfpwJ. mjDs; KjYU fhzg;gLk;. gw;wPupahf; fyj;jpy;
jpl;lkhd fU fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. fyj;jpd; kj;jpapy; epA+f;fpspf;fkpyq;fs;;
fhzg;gLk;. ,tw;iwr; #o;e;J fUnkd;rt;T fhzg;glhJ.
fyq;fspd; tbtj;jpw;fika gw;wPupahf;fs; ehd;F tiffshfg; gpupf;fg;gLk;.
1' nfhf;f]; (Cocci) - NfhsTUthdJ 2' grpyR (Bacilli) - NfhYUthdJ
3' ];gpupyy
; k; (Spirillum) - RUspAUthdJ 4' tpgu; pNah (Vibrio) - fhw;Gs;sp tbthdJ
cq; f Sf; F j; njupAkh?

² mq;fpfs; thof;$ba vy;yhr;

#oy;fspYk; gw;wuP pahf;fs; tho;fpd;wd.
fLikahd #oy; epge; j idfisf;
nfhz;l Mu;bf; gpuNjr gdp kiy
NfhYU grpyR nfhf;fR fspYk; ,aw;if nte;eP&w;WfspYk;
cU 1.21 gw;wPupah tiffs; rKj;jpu mbg;gFjpapYk; $l
gw;wPupahf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

rpytif gw;wPupahf;fs; jw;NghrzpfshFk;. mit xspj;njhFg;G ,urhadj;

njhFg;G vd;gd %yk; czitj; jahupff ; pdw; d. rpy gw;wuP pahf;fs; Vida mq;fpfs;
jahupf;Fk; cztpy; jq;fpapUf;Fk;. NtW rpy gw;wPupahf;fs; ,we;j jhtu> tpyq;F
cly;fisg; gpupifailar; nra;tjd; %yk; jkJ Nghriziag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;.
,it mOfy;tsup gw;wuP pahf;fs; vdg;gLk;. rpy gw;wuP pahf;fs; xl;Lz;zpfshf thOk;.
rpy gw;wPupahf;fs; tspkz;ly iejuridg; gjpf;Fk; Mw;wy; cilad.
xl;rpridg; gad;gLj;jhJ rf;jpiag; gpwg;gpf;ff;$ba gw;wPupahf;fs; fhw;wpd;wp
tho; gw;wPupahf;fs; vdg;gLk;. mNdf fhw;Wtho; gw;wPupahf;fspdhy; ,we;j jhtu>
tpyq;Fg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ff; fopTfs; Mfpad gpupifahf;fj;jpw;F
cl;gLtjhy;; jhtuq;fspdhy; mfj;JwpQ;rf;$ba epiyf;F vspa gjhu;j;jq;fshf
mit khw;wg;gLk;.
ghiy ciwar; nra;aTk; Nahfl;> ghw;fl;b vd;gtw;wpd; jahupgg ; pYk; gw;wuP pahf;fs;
gad;gLfpdw ; d. NkYk; Njhy; gjdply;> Njapiy gjdply;> Njq;fha; kl;il> rzy;
vd;gtw;wpypUe;J ehu;fs; gpupjn
; jLj;jy; Nghd;wtw;Wf;Fk; gw;wuP pahf;fs; cjTk;.
12 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 myF 1 mq;fpfspd; ghFghLk; ngauPLk;
rpy ,yf;Nuh grpy]; gw;wPupahf;fs; czTg; ghijapy; tho;e;J czTr;
rkpghl;by; cjTfpd;wd. tpw;wkpd; K I cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; gw;wPupahf;fSk; vkJ
rkpghl;Lj; njhFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
rpy gw;wuP pahf;fs; kdpjDf;Fj; jPqF
; tpistpff
; f;$baitahFk;. ,it Neha;
tpistpf;fpd;w gw;wPupahf;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;. gw;wPupahj; njhw;Wjyhy;; Vw;gLk;
Neha;fs; rpy tUkhW:

² the;jpNgjp ² faNuhfk;
² nfhNdhwpah ² <u;g;Gtyp cq; f Sf; F j; njupAkh?
² neUg;Gf; fha;rr
; y; ² rpgpyp];
² njhONeha; ² F\;lNuhfk;
² bg;jPupah (njhz;ilf;fug;gd;)

cq; f Sf; F j; njupAkh?

raNdh gw;wuP pah (Cyano bacteria) gpupitr;

Nru; e ; j mq; f pfs; gw; w P u pahit xj; j
,ay; G fisf; nfhz; b Uf; F k; . ,it
jpl; l khd fUitf; nfhz; b uhj
fhuzj;jpdhy;> cau; mq;fpfspypUe;J
NtWgLfpd;wd. jhtuq;fspy;
fhzg; g Lk; gr; i r epwg; n ghUSf; F
Nkyjpfkhf ,t;tq;fpfspy; ePy
epwg;nghUSk; fhzg;gLtjhy; ,it
ePyg;gr;ir my;fhf;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
c -k;: ypk;gpah (Lynbya). mdgpdh (Ana-
baena)> ikf;Nuhrp];b]; (Mycrocystis).
gw; w P u pahf; f s; gpsT Kiw %yk;
,dg;ngUf;fkilfpd;wd. xt;nthU
gw;wuP pahf; fyj;jpYk; ,U$w;Wg; gpsT
Vw;gl;L ,uz;L gw;wPupahf; fyq;fs;
cUthf;fg;gLk;. kzpj;jpahyj;Jf;F
260 000 vd;w vz;zpf;ifapy; ,it
Jupjkhf ,dk;ngUf;Ffpd;wd.

; huzpahd fhrNeha;f; fhuzpahd

epA+Nkhdpah Neha;ff
bg;Nshnfhf;f]; gw;wuP pah kNah gw;wuP pah
rpgpyp]; Nehia Vw;gLj;Jk;
jpupgN
; ghdpkh gw;wuP pah
<u;gG
; typ Neha;fF
; f;
xt;thik fhuzkhf Njhypy; fhuzkhd Fnsh];ub P ak;;
nfhg;Gsq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; gw;wuP pah
];ugpNyhnfhf;fR gw;wuP pah

the;jpNgjp
Neha;ff ; huzpahd
njhz;ilaow;rp Neha;ff ; huzpahd neUg;Gf; fha;rr
; y; tpg;upNah gw;wuP pah
];nug;Nuhnfhf;f]; gw;wuP pah Neha;ff
; huzpahd
ry;nkhndy;yh gw;wuP pah
cU 1.22 gy;NtW gw;wPupah tiffs;

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 13
 capupay;

my;fh
gr;iraj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;s vspa mq;fpfNs my;fhf;fs; MFk;. my;fhf;fs;
jw;NghrzpfshFk;. mNdf my;fhf;fs; ePu; tho;td. rpy my;fhf;fs; <uypg;ghd
kz;> fw;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; kPJ thOk;. rpy my;fhf;fs; jdpf;fyk; nfhz;lit.
mNdfkhdit gy; fyj;jhy; MditahFk;.
my;fhf;fs; 500 nm - 30 m tiuahd
NtWgl;l gUkd;fspy; fhzg;gLk; (1nm = 10−9m).
my; f hf; f spd; clyhdJ nka; ,iy>
nka;j;jz;L> nka; Ntu; vd tpaj;jkile;J
fhzg;glhJ. ,t;thwhd tpaj;jkilahj cly;>
gpuptpyp vd miof;fg;gLk;. gy;fy my;fhf;fspd; gr;ir my;fh fgpy my;fh
cly; jl; i lahd gpuptpypahfNth fpis
nfhz; l jhfNth my; y J fpisnfhs; s hj
,ioAUthfNth fhzg;gLk;.
gy;NtW epwq;fspy; my;fhf;fs;
fhzg;gLk;. mtw;wpd; epwj;jpwF
; Vw;g mit rptg;G
rptg;G my;fh
my;fhf;fs;> fgpy my;fhf;fs;> gr;ir my;fhf;fs;
vdg; ngauplg;gl;Ls;sd.
cq; f Sf; F j; njupAkh? jaw;wk;
grpgpf; rKj;jpuj;jpy; cs;s 'Kelp' vd;Dk;
my;fh ,dk; 100 m ePsk; tiu tsuf;$baJ. cU 1.23 rpy my;fh tiffs;

gq;fR cq; f Sf; F j; njupAkh?

nfhf;fR
gq; f Rfs; jdpf; f y my; y J G+rz
,iofshyhd clyikg;igf; nfhz;lit.
G+rz ,iofs; fpis nfhz;lit. Foha;
tbthdit. ,g;G+rz ,iofs; xd;W Nru;e;J
G+rz tiyia (mycelium) cUthFk;. fyr;Rtu;
ifw;wpdhy; Mf;fg;gl;lJ.
,tw; w py; gr; i rak; fhzg; g lhik ,iyf;fd;
fhuzkhf czitj; jhNk jahupf;ff;$ba
Mw;wy; ,tw;Wf;F ,y;iy. mNefkhd gq;fRfs;
,we;j jhtu> tpyq;F clw; gFjpfspypUe;J cU 1.24 ,iyf;fd;
Nghriziag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjhy; mOfy; rpy my;fhf;fs; gq;fRfSld;
tsupfshFk;. rpy gq;fRfs; xl;Lz;zpfs; MFk;. xd;wpa thop <l;lj;ijf; fhl;Lk;.
,it ,iyf;fd;fs; vdg;gLk;.
vkJ md;whl tho;tpy; fhzf;$ba
gq;fRfs; rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
• ngdprpypd; vd;Dk; Ez;Zapu;f; nfhy;ypiaj; jahupf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
n g d p r p y p a k ; n e h l ; N l w ; w k ; (Penicilium notatum), k J t k ; M f p a d
m];Nfhikrpw;Nw]; ^Ascomycetes& vd;Dk; gpuptpDs; mlq;Fk;.
14 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 myF 1 mq;fpfspd; ghFghLk; ngauPLk;
• ghz; G+Q; r zk; vd; D k; kpA+f; f u; ( Mucor)> iwNrhg]; (Rhizopus)>
irf;Nfhikrpw;Nw]; ^Zygomycetes& vd;Dk; gpuptpDs; mlq;Fk;.
• fhshd;fs; grpbNahikrpwN
; w]; (Basidiomycetes) tifiar; Nru;ej
; gq;fRfshFk;.
,tw;wpd; ,dg;ngUf;f mikg;G ntWk; fz;Zf;F Gyg;glf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.

Guw; w Nrhth
mkPgh> gukPrpak;> ,A+f;fpspdh Guw;w
Nrhtd; f Sf; f hd cjhuzq; f shFk; .
jdpf;fyj;jpdhy; Md EZf;Ff;
fhl; b f; F upa vspa mq; f pfNs Guw; w
Nghypgg
; hjk; Nrhtd;fs; MFk;.
mkPgh (Amoeba)
FopaTUNthl; l j; j pw; F mika
mkPghtpd; clypd; tbtk; khWgLk;. vdNt>
gprpuf
; s;
,J jpl;lkhd tbtj;ijf; nfhz;buhJ.
FopaTUtpy; czTg; Gd; n tw; w plk; >
RUq;fj;jf;f Gd;ntw;wplk; vd;gd
fhzg;gLk;.

ePu;epiyfspy; fhzg;gLk;
gukPrpak; ^Paramecium&
jaw; w q; f s; > gw; w P u pahf; f s; Mfpad
mkPghtpd; gpujhd czthFk;. mkPgh
Nghypg;ghjq;fis cUthf;fp czitj;
rTf;F Kis jpd;Fopar; nray; %yk; cs;nsLj;Jf;
nfhs;Sk;. ,lg;ngau;r;rpf;fhd fl;likg;
,A+f;fpspdh ^Euglena&
Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; Guw;wNrhtd;fis
cU 1.25 rpy Guw;wNrhtd;fs; tifg; g Lj; j yhk; . ,jw; f ika gprpu;
nfhz; l it (gukP r pak; ) > rTf; F Kis
nfhz;lit (,A+f;fpspdh)> Nghypg;ghjk;
nfhz; l it (mkP g h) vd mtw; i w
tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

Ò Ò
cU 1.26 mkPgh jpd;Fopar; nray; %yk; czT cl;nfhs;Sk; Kiw

ituR
,Jtiu mwpag;gl;l mq;fpfspy; kpf kpf vspaJ ituR MFk;. ituRfs;
capUs;stw;wpwF; k; capuw;wtw;wpwF
; k; ,ilg;gl;l ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;litahFk;.
,J gw;wPupahtpd; gUkid tpl Mapuj;jpy;; xU gq;F gUkd; nfhz;ljhFk;. ,J
,yj;jpud; EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; fPo; kl;LNk Gyg;gLk;. Vida mq;fpfSld;
xg;gpLk;NghJ ituRfs; NtWgl;l ,ay;Gfisf; fhl;Lk;. kuGuPjpahd mq;fpg;
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 15
 capupay;
ghFghl;bd; ve;jj; njhFjpapYk; ituir cs;slf;f KbahJ. mNdf ituRfs;
Nehahf;fpfshf ,Ue;J ghjpg;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ituR xU fykd;W. mJ
epA+f; f pspf; f kpyj; i jAk; Guj ciwiaAk; nfhz; l mikg; g hFk; .
epA+f;fpspf;fkpykhf DNA - B xl;rp iwNghR epA+f;fpspf;fkpyk; my;yJ RNA -
iwNghR epa+f;fpspf;fkpyk; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLk;.
ituRfspDs; vt;tpj mDNrgj;
njhopw;ghLfSk; eilngwhJ.
Guj ciw fyq; f Sf; F ntspNa RahjP d khff;
epA+f;fpspf; mkpyk; fhzg; g Lk; N ghJ ituR capuw; w
^DNA, my;yJ RNA& ,urhadg; gjhu;j;jkhFk;.

rhjhuz jbkd; Nghd;w vspa

Neha;fspypUe;J gaq;fukhd vapl]
; ; Neha;
thy; Nghd;w Neha;fs; tiu ituRfspdhy;
Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
cU 1.27 iturpd; fl;likg;G
nghUj;jkhd tpUe;J toq;fpf;

cU 1.28 ,d;GSntd;rh ituR cU 1.29 jbkDf;Fupa ituR

fyk; fpilj;jTld; ituR> tpUe;Jtoq;fpf; fyj;jpd; fyr;Rtiuj; Jisj;J

fyj;jpDl; nry;Yk;. mjd; gpd;du; ituR jdJ DNA my;yJ RNA I
tpUe;Jtoq;fpapd; fyj;jpDs; nrYj;Jk;. mg;NghJ mf;fyj;jpDs; Mapuf;fzf;fhd
ituRfs; cUthf;fg;gLk;. tpUe;J toq;fpf; fyk; ntbg;gpw;F cs;shfp Gjpa
ituRf;fs; ntsptplg;gLk;. vdNt> ,dg;ngUf;fk; kl;LNk ,jdhy; Mw;wg;gLk;
capu;r; nrad;KiwahFk;. ituRfs; capUs;s fyj;jpDs; cs;sNghJ kl;LNk
,dg;ngUf;fQ; nra;fpd;wd. ituRfSf;F cjhuzkhf kpsfha; ,iyr; RUs;
ituR> nlq;F ituR> ,d;GSntd;rh ituR Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

16 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 myF 1 mq;fpfspd; ghFghLk; ngauPLk;

MNuhf;fpakhd
fyj;jpDs;
ituR
cl;GFjy;

fyj;jpDs; DNA
tpLtpff
; g;gly;

cU 1.30 ntz;Fopaq;fis Gjpa ituRfs;

Mf;fpukpj;Js;s vapl;]; ituR tpUe;Jtoq;fpf;
(14 400 klq;F cUg;ngUf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ) fyk; ntbg;gjdhy;
ntsptplg;gLfpdw; d
cU 1.31 ituR> tpUe;Jtoq;fpf;
fyj;jpid Mf;fpukpj;jy;

1.2 mq;fpfisg; ngauply;

xNu mq;fp ntt;NtW nkhopfspy; ntt;NtW
ngau;fisf; nfhz;L miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mNj
rkak; xNu ngaiuf; nfhz;L gy;NtW ,d mq;fpfs;
miof;fg;gLfpdw; re;ju;gg
; q;fSk; cs;sd. ,jdhy;>
mq;fpfis ,dq;fhz;gjpy; gy;NtW gpur;rpidfs;>
,lu;g;ghLfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. vdNt> mq;fpfisg;
ngaupLtjw;F ru;tNjr Kiwnahd;W Njitg;gl;lJ.
cU 1.32 fNuhy];
yP d pa]; ; ^1707-1778&
Guhjd fhye;njhl;Nl mq;fpfisg; ngaupLk; gy Kiwfs; fhzg;gl;lNghJk;
fNuhy]; ypNda]; (Carolus Linnaeus: 1707-1778) vd;gtuhy; 1735 Mk; Mz;by;
mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l tpQ;QhdKiwg; ngauPNl kpfg; nghUj;jkhdnjd
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. mJ ,Unrhw;ngauPl;L Kiw vdg;gLk;. jhtuq;fspd;
etPd ghFghl;L Kiwik kw;Wk; ngauPl;L Kiwik gw;wp 1753 ,y; mtuhy;
ntspaplg; g l; l Species Plantarum vd; D k; E}ypy; Fwpg; g plg; g l; b Ue; j J.
tpyq;FfSf;fhd etPd ghFghl;L Kiw gw;wp 1758 ,y; mtuhy; ntspaplg;gl;l
'Systema Naturea' vd;Dk; E}ypy; gj;jhk; gjpg;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. jw;NghJ
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s ,Unrhw; ngauPlL
; Kiwf;fika vy;yh capupdq;fSf;Fkhd
ngauPLfs; ,uz;L gFjpfisf; nfhz;ljhFk;. rhjpg;ngau; (Generic name) kw;Wk;
,dg;ngau; (Specific epithete) MfpadNt mitahFk;.
jw;NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ru;tNjrg; ngauPl;Lf;F mika ,yj;jPd;
nkhopapYs;s mq;fpfspd; tpQ;Qhdg; ngau;> Mq;fpy vOj;JfspNyNa vOjg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. mit rha;thd (Italics) vOj;Jfspy; mr;Rg;gjpgG
; r; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 17
 capupay;
ifnaOj;jhf vOjg;gLk;NghJ ,uz;L nrhw;fspd; fPNoAk; mbf;Nfhblg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. rhjpg;ngaupd; KjnyOj;J Mq;fpyg; NgnuOj;jpYk; mjd; Vida
vOj;JfSk; ,dg;ngaUk; rpwn
; wOj;jpYk; vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk;. cyfpYs;s midj;J
ehLfspYk; ,e;j epakg; ngauPl;L Kiwik gpd;gw;wg;gLtjdhy; ,jw;fika
mq;fpfis ,dq;fhz KbAk;.
nrt;tuj;ijapd; tpQ;Qhdg; ngau;
Hibiscus rosasinensis
rhjpg; ,dg;
ngau; ngau;

Njd; Njhilj; jhtuj;jpd; tpQ;Qhdg; ngau;

Citrus auruntium
1.333
cU 1.3 tPlb; y; tsu;ff
; g;gLk; rhjpg; ,dg;
G+id (Felis domestica) ngau; ngau;

tPlb
; y; tsu;ff
; g;gLk; G+idapd; tpQQ
; hdg; ngau;
Felis domestica
rhjpg; ,dg;
ngau; ngau;

tPlb
; y; tsu;ff
; g;gLk; ehapd; tpQQ
; hdg; ngau;
Canis familliaris
rhjpg; ,dg;
1.344
cU 1.3 tPlb; y; tsu;ff; g;gLk; ngau; ngau;
eha; (Canis familliaris)

rpy tpyq;Ffspd; tpQ;Qhdg; ngau;fs;

,yq;ifapd; Njrpa kyu; fgunfha;ah - Varanus salvator
ePNyhw;gyk; - ahid - Elephas maximus
Nymphaea stellata
ehf ghk;G - Naja naja
,yq;ifapd; Njrpa kuk;;
ehfkuk; - fhl;Lr; Nrty; - Gallus lafayetii
Mesua nagassarium
rpy jhtuq;fspd; tpQ;Qhdg; ngau;fs;
gyh - Artocarpus integrifolia
xg; g il
gl;lhzpf; fliy- Pisum sativum
capupay; E}y;fis thrpj;J
gy; N tW jhtuq; f spdJk; ghfy; - Momordica charantia
tpyq;FfspdJk; tpQ;Qhdg; my;yp - Nymphaea lotus
ngau;fs; mlq;fpa rpW fq;Fd; - Ipomea aquatica
E}nyhd;iw Mf;Ff.
(ts;sy; fPiu)

18 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 myF 1 mq;fpfspd; ghFghLk; ngauPLk;

nghopg; G
² fw;gjw;F trjpahf mq;fpfs; jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs;> Ez;zq;fpfs; vd
%d;whf tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
² G+f;fis cUthf;Fk; jhtuq;fs; xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fs;> ,Utpj;jpiyj;
jhtuq;fs; vd ,U tifg;gLk;.
² G+f;fis cUthf;fhj jhtuq;fs; G+f;fhj; jhtuq;fs; vdg;gLk;. G+f;fhj;
jhtuq;fs; tpj;Jfis cUthf;Fk; G+f;fhj;; jhtuq;fs;> tpj;Jfis cUthf;fhj
G+f;fhj; jhtuq;fs; vd ,U tifg;gLk;.
² igd];> kLg;gid (irf;fR) Mfpad jpwe;j tpj;Jfisf; nfhz;l G+f;fhj;
jhtuq;fs; MFk;. ghrp> gd;dk;> <uYUj; jhtuq;fs; Mfpad tpj;Jfis
cUthf;fhj G+f;fhj; jhtuq;fs; MFk;.
² Ks;se;jz;ilf; nfhz;bUj;jy;> Ks;se;jz;ilf; nfhz;buhik Mfpad
tpyq;Ffspd; ghFghl;bw;F mbg;gilahf mikfpwJ.
² Ks; s e; j z; i lf; nfhz; b uhj tpyq; F fs; Ks; s e; j z; b ypfs; vdg; g Lk; .
rPye;jNuw;whf;fs;> mdyplhf;fs;> nkhyf;fhf;fs;> Mj;jpug;Nghlhf;fs; Mfpad
,jw;F cjhuzq;fshFk;.
² Ks; s e; j z; i lf; nfhz; l Jk; mftd; $ L cs; s Jkhd tpyq; F fs;
Ks;se;jz;Lspfs; vdg;gLk;. ,tw;wpy; Ie;J gpupTfs; cs;sd. kPd;fs;>
<&lfthopfs;> efUapu;fs;> gwitfs;> KiyA+l;bfs; MfpaitNa mitahFk;.
² gw;wPupahf;fs;> EZf;Ff;fhl;bf;Fupa my;;fhf;fs;> gq;fRf;fs;> Guw;wNrhtd;fs;>
ituRfs; Mfpad Ez;zq;fpfs; vdg;gLk;.
² fNuhy]; ypNda]; vd;gtuhy; Kjd;Kjypy; mq;fpfSf;fhd ,Unrhw; ngauPl;L
Kiw mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;lJ. tpQ;Qhdg; ngau;fs; Mq;fpy vOj;Jfspdhy;
vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk; ,it mr;Rg; gjpg;gpf;Fk;NghJ rha;thd vOj;Jfs; (Italics
,dhy;) gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Kjw; nrhy;ypd; (rhjpg;ngau;) Kjy; vOj;J
NgnuOj;jhf mike;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ifnaOj;jpdhy; vOJk;NghJ rhjpg;ngau;>
,dg;ngau; Mfpatw;Wf;Ff; fPNo jdpj;jdpahf mbf;Nfhblg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

gapw; r p

1' (i) G+f;Fe; jhtuq;fs; ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fs;> xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fs;

vd ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. ,e;j ,uz;L jhtu tiffSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
gpujhd NtWghLfs; %d;W jUf.
(ii) tpj;Jfis cUthf;fhj G+f;fhj; jhtuq;fs; %d;W jUf.
(iii) tpj;Jfis cUthf;Fk; G+f;fhj; jhtuq;fs; (tpj;J %bapypj; jhtuq;fs;)
,uz;ilj; jUf.

2' (i) Ks; s e; j z; b ypfs; ehd; i fg; ngaupl; L mit xt; n thd; W f; F khd
cjhuzk; xt;nthd;W jUf.
(ii) kz;GO> yPr; ml;il Mfpad vg;gpuptpy; mlq;Ffpd;wd?
(iii) tpyq;F ,uhr;rpaj;jpDs;Ns mjpf ,dq;fisf;; nfhz;l gpupT vJ?
(iv) Mj;jpuNghlhf;fspd; gpujhd ,ay;Gfs; ehd;ifj; jUf.
(v) ej;ij> kl;b Mfpad ve;j tpyq;Fg; gpupitr; Nru;e;jit? mg;gpuptpd;
gpujhd ,ay;Gfs; %d;W jUf.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 19
 capupay;

3' rpy tpyq;Ffspd; glq;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.

A B

C D
(i) A, B, C, D Mfpa tpyq;Ffs; vt;tpyq;Fj; njhFjpapy; mlq;Fk;?
(ii) ,tw; W s; vt; t pyq; F ,uz; L miwfis cila ,jaj; i jf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ?
(iii) ,tw;Ws; vt;tpyq;F %d;W miwfis cila ,jaj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ?
(iv) ,tw; W s; vt; t pyq; F ehd; F miwfis cila ,jaj; i jf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ?
(v) A vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l tpyq;fpy; thAg; gupkhw;wk; vt;thW eilngWk;?
(vi) ,tw;Ws; khWk; FUjp ntg;gepiy nfhz;l tpyq;Ffs; ahit? khwhf;
FUjp ntg;gepiy nfhz;l tpyq;Ffs; ahit?

4' (i) gpd;tUk; tpyq;Ffspd; ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpLf.

A B C D

(ii) gw;wPupahj; njhw;Wf; fhuzkhf Vw;glf;$ba Neha;fs; ehd;F jUf.

(iii) ituRfshy; gug;gg;gLk; Neha;fs; %d;iwg; ngaupLf.
(iv) ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa kyu;> Njrpa kuk; Mfpatw;iwg; ngaupLf.
(v) ,uz;L jhtuq;fspdJk; ,uz;L tpyq;FfspdJk; tpQ;Qhdg; ngau;fis
vOJf.

20 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf