Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PADDY TRANSPLANTER
A Thesis submitted to
AFFECTIONALY DEDICATED
TO MY
PARENTS
I hereby declare that this thesis or part thereof has not been submitted
University or Institute
for a Degree or
Diploma.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Development and performance testing of two
row paddy transplanter” submitted to the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Dr. Balasaheb
Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri (Maharashtra State) in the partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Technology
(Agricultural Engineering) in Farm Machinery and Power, embodies the results of bonafied
research work carried out by Ms. Kirti Suresh Desai under my guidance and supervision. No
part of the thesis has been submitted for any other degree, diploma or publication in any other
form.
The assistance and help received during the course of this investigation and source of the
literature have been duly acknowledged.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Development and performance testing of two
row paddy transplanter” submitted to the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Dr. Balasaheb
Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri (Maharashtra State) in the partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Technology
(Agricultural Engineering) in Farm Machinery and Power , embodies the results of bonafied
research work carried out by Ms. Kirti Suresh Desai under guidance and supervision of Dr.
P.U. Shahare, Head of Farm Power and Machinery, College of Agricultural Engineering and
Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli.
No part of the thesis has been submitted for any other degree, diploma or publication in
any other form.
I will always recall with pride the department of Farm Machinery and Power with all the
staff members for their helpful attitude and assistance during the entire course of study.
(Kirti S. Desai)
Table
Title Page No.
No.
4.1 Suitable conditions of the field and the seedlings 34
Plate 4.1
Figure Schematic representation of power flow of paddy
Title 37-38
Page no.
transplanter.
Fig. 4.1 Eight row riding type rice transplanter. 36
Plate 4.2 Honda engine (GHX 50) used for power 45-46
Fig. 4.2 Four row riding type rice transplanter. 36
transmission.
Fig. 4.3 Power transmission from engine to ground wheel 38
Plate 4.3 Gear box mountedmechanism.
on the transplanter for speed 45-46
and transplanting
Fig. 4.4 reduction 43
Indexing mechanism of transplanter for movement
Plate 4.4 Transplanting
of tray. mechanism of paddy transplanter 46-47
Plate 4.5
Fig. 4.5 Transplanting
Design of drivefork of oftransplanting
wheel transplanter.mechanism 46-47
44
Fig.4.6
Plate 4.6 Detail specifications of newly developed two row 48-49
46-47
Indexing mechanism
paddy transplanter.
Plate 4.7
Fig. 4.7 Tray of developed
Overall dimensionstwoof row paddy
newly transplanter.
developed two row 47-48
48-49
Plate 4.8 Float of developed
paddy transplanter. two row paddy transplanter 47-48
Fig. 5.1 Effect of settlement period on sinkage 59-60
Fig. 5.2 Effect of soil settlement period on puddling index. 59-60
LIST OF PLATES
Plate 4.9 Developed drive wheels for forward motion of 47-48
transplanter.
Plate 4.10 Newly developed two row paddy transplanter 47-48
Plate 4.11 Filling the mixture of soil, compost and silt in the 49-50
frame.
Plate 4.12 Spreading seeds on nursery bed. 49-50
Plate 4.13 Covering seeds with straw on nursery bed. 49-50
Plate 4.14 Raised seedlings in nursery bed after 21 day. 49-50
Abbreviation Description
cm Centimeter
eg. Example
et al and others
Fig. Figure
gm Gram
ha Hectare
hp Horse power
hr hour
i.e. That is
kg Kilogram
min. Minute
mm Millimetre
No. Number
ABSTRACT
by
Kirti Suresh Desai.
College of agricultural engineering and technology,
Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli-415712,
Dist. Ratnagiri, (Maharashtra)
2012.
Rice is the most important cereal food crop of India. It occupies about 23.3 per cent of
gross cropped area of the country. India has largest area under rice (44.6 million ha) and with the
production of about 142.5 million tonnes it ranks second only to China. In Maharashtra rice is
the second important crop of the people, which is grown over an area of 14.99 lakh hectares with
an annual rough rice production of 32.37 lakh tones. The highest productivity was observed in
Konkan region i.e. 2.56 t/ha (3.65 t/ha for rough rice). Rice transplanting can be done either by
direct seeding or transplanting. Transplanting seedlings in puddle soil with standing water is
widest spread technique used throughout the Asian countries. Traditional paddy cultivation is
laborious, expensive and time consuming. The cost of puddling and transplanting shares 50 % of
total production cost. The man days required for transplanting ranges from 40 to 50 man-days/ha.
Hence, there is a great need to mechanize the transplanting operation. In many parts of the
country 8 row self propelled transplanter (model – Yanji - Shakti) has been tried and it is found
useful. More weight, bigger size, transportation problem on fragmented land and hilly terrain of
Konkan restrict to adapt this machine. Hence, it is decided to develop two row paddy
transplanter using mat type seedling.
The newly developed transplanter consists of main frame, engine, gearbox, picking –
cum - transplanting mechanism, indexing mechanism and drive wheels. For designing, power
requirement was calculated for the machine. The total power required for removal of seedlings
and their placement and forward motion of machine was found to be 1.96 hp. The main frame
consists of mast, transplanting mechanism support and U-frame for tray support. Rollers were
mounted on the U-frame to restrict the movement of tray to horizontal plane. Based on the power
requirement the commercially available Honda-GXH- 50 was selected. The gear box having
speed reduction ratio 12.5: 1 is selected from the commercial market. Actuating type of
commercially available transplanting mechanism is used on the machine. It consists of one
transplanting arm, two fingers, two rocker arm and two needles. For the proper traction and
forward motion in field, it was decided to design a drive wheel of the transplanter. Simple clutch
system has been provided on the drive wheel for easy turning of the transplanter.
The newly developed machine was operated in field for filler trial. The result reveals that
the plant to plant spacing for newly developed transplanter was 16 cm. The planting depth of the
transplanter was observed to be 3 cm. The seedlings per hill were observed to be 5 and missing
hill were 3.33/ m2 respectively. The total numbers of hill/m2 area were obtained as 20. The
sinkage of the machine was observed to be 2 cm. Fuel consumption for the newly developed
transplanter was 0.89 l/ha. The operating speed of the transplanter was observed to be 1.58 km/h.
The field efficiency of the transplanter was 75.4%. Total time of operation was observed to be
21.01 h/ha. Time required for transplanting, turning, feeding the nursery was found to be 17.98,
0.93, 2.1 h/ha respectively. The field capacity of the transplanter was 0.0569 ha/h. The operating
cost of newly developed transplanter was Rs. 223.58 /h and Rs.1788 /ha. In general, the newly
developed transplanter worked satisfactorily in the field.
I. INTRODUCTION
Rice is known as the grain of life, and is synonymous with food for Asians. It is the staple
food of more than 60 percent of the world population. Rice is mainly produced and consumed in
the Asian region. India has the largest area under paddy in the world and ranks second in the
production after China. The rice plant belongs to the genus Oryza of Gramineae family. Sativa
rice varieties of the world are commonly grouped into three sub-species -viz. indica, japonica
and javanica. Rice grown in India belongs to the indica. Rice occupies 23.3 per cent of gross
cropped area of the country. Rice contributes 43 per cent of total food grain production and 46
per cent of total cereal production. Asia accounts for 90 per cent and 92 per cent of world's rice
area and production respectively. Thus, rice production, consumption and trade are concentrated
in Asia. Paddy is a primary food grain crop of India and occupies about 37 percent of the area
under food grains and contributed more than 40 percent of food grains production in the country
during 2000-01. (Anonymous, 2001.)
The total area under rice in India was 30.81 million hectares and production was 20.58
million tonnes during 1950-51. With the increase in population demand of rice have been
increased in the country. Thereafter various efforts with improved package of practices were
made to increase the production and productivity. Production has been increased considerably
and the country is self sufficient in rice so far. Maharashtra state is the third largest state in India.
The population of the state is 80 million which is 9.47 % of the country‟s total population. In
Maharashtra, rice is the second important crop of the people, which is grown over an area of
14.99 lakh hectares with an annual rough rice production of 32.37 lakh tones. The average
productivity of the state is 2.01 t/ha. Maharashtra ranks 13th place in rice production in country.
The area (7.32 lakh ha) of rice crop is more in Vidarbha region. The highest productivity was
observed in Konkan region i.e. 2.56 t/ha (Anonymous, 2009). National share of Maharashtra in
rice cultivation is about 5.3 per cent in area and 4 per cent in production.
There are two common seasons for rice growing in different parts of the country kharif
and rabi. Konkan area under rice cultivation is 4.14 million ha with production of 1.42 million
tonnes and productivity of 3448 kg/ha. The traditional rice farming system in India broadly
includes wetland (lowland) and dry land (upland) system. Cultural practices developed for varied
forms of these systems depend upon the soil type, season, rainfall pattern, irrigation source and
other growing conditions. Dry cultivation system is mainly confined to tracts which depend on
rains and do not have supplementary irrigation facilities. The fields are ploughed and harrowed
in summer for achieving the required tilth. The seed is sown directly with the onset of the
monsoon showers either by broadcasting the seed and sowing the seed behind the plough or
drilling. Wet cultivation system is prevalent in areas where adequate water supply is assured
either through rainfall or irrigation or both. Rice is generally grown by transplanting seedling in
flooded field conditions or direct sowing depending upon the availability of water.
Konkan region is basically a narrow strip of 40 km wide and running 750 km of length
from north to south, and is a hilly terrain lying between Sahyadri ranges in the east and Arabian
Sea in west. Here terrace farming is followed for paddy crop and the field size is small. In
Konkan region, wet land cultivation system is followed. The land is ploughed thoroughly and
puddled in 3-5 cm standing water. The puddling is largely done by bullock drawn country plough
and wooden planks in the region. In some of the pockets, the power tiller is used for puddling,
but the extent is very low.
Transplanting of rice seedlings requires more labours (40-50 man days /ha) and is time
consuming and drudgerious. Presently various types of transplanters are available for the
transplanting viz., manual transplanters, tractor mounted transplanters and self propelled
transplanters. The Yanji Shakti 8 row rice transplanter has been tried in various parts of the
country and its performance was encouraging. Its adoption is restricted due to small and
fragmented plots of Konkan region. Problems arose while shifting the machine from one plot to
the neighbouring plot because of bunds and terracing. Complete coverage of some of the plots
was not possible due to the irregular shape and bigger size of the transplanter. Proper levelling of
field is imperative for successful operation of the machine.
One of the Chinese model of transplanter was tried in Konkan region. The transplanter
was not robust in construction hence breaking of parts occurred when load increased. The
operator had to pull the transplanter which was drudgerious. The same was modified by
providing power for forward movement. With this, plant geometry was obtained as 30 cm × 7
cm. Absence of clutch resulted into turning problem. The optimum plant geometry could not be
received by the developed transplanter (Bhat, 2010).
Traditional method of transplanting requires huge man power. In spite of this, plant to
plant and row to row spacings are not achieved and hence mechanical weeding is not possible.
Optimizing plant density and timeliness of operation in paddy is considered essential for
optimizing paddy yield which may be possible if dependence on hired labour is minimized
(Chaudhary et. al., 2005). The available transplanter couldn‟t meet the requirement of Konkan
region due to their bigger size, transportation problem and different crop geometry, clutch
problem and weaker construction in some cases. Due to acute shortage of labours for field
operation, it is felt necessary to develop small, light weight transplanter which will be easily
transportable, easily turned and giving required plant geometry (i.e. 20-25 cm × 15 cm). It is high
time for mechanizing the transplanting operation. In view of the above, the present study was
undertaken on Development and performance testing of two row paddy transplanter. The
objectives of the study are,
Asian agriculture is rapidly increasing with the rise in farm mechanization support. Most
developing countries in the region are now in transition from labour intensive to control intensive
agriculture. Precision agriculture and automation is the current trend in agricultural
mechanization, (FFTC Annual Report, 2005). More than 50 per cent of country‟s population
depends fully or partially on rice as it constitutes the main cereal food crop of the diet. Paddy is
grown by transplanting under wetland conditions or direct sowing depending upon the
availability of water. The main difference between these two methods is that in direct seedling
method, the seeds are sown directly in wet or dry field; whereas in transplanting method
,seedling are first raised in seedbed in the nursery and uprooted for transplanting manually or
mechanically. Paddy transplanting remains the most common method in India. The transplanting
has number of advantage over direct sowing, as listed below:
1) The time that a crop occupies the land is reduced by 3-4 weeks.
This chapter has cited the review related to transplanting technology which is divided into
various sections on the topic under study. The chapter has cited the review under following
heading.
Chandra and Ram (2003) have tested 8 row self propelled Chinese paddy transplanter in
silty loam calcareous soil of RAU, Pusa. Mat type seedlings of 22 days were transplanted in field
with zero hour (S1), 8 hr (S2), and 24-hour (S3) soil setting time after puddling. The machine was
operated at three throttle positions, T1, T2, T3 i.e. lowest (1.5 km/h), medium (1.7 km/h) and
highest (1.9 km/h) respectively in each plot. Maximum missing hills was found in S 1T3
treatment. The plant height and tiller population after 25 days of transplanting were found
maximum in S3T3 treatment followed by S3T3 treatment.
The testing of self – propelled rice transplanter was conducted by Allahabad Agriculture
Institute at nine farmers‟ fields (2004) covering 9.5 ha for Pant-10 and Masoori varieties. The
machine saved 72 per cent labour and 15.3 per cent cost of operation compared to manual rice
transplanting. The machine saved 80 per cent labour and increased the yield by 10-12 per cent. It
gave cost effectiveness up to 47 per cent compared to hand transplanting. The machine covered
1-1.2 ha/day and only 4-5 persons were engaged.
Dewangan et al. (2005) reported than single row rice transplanter was developed and in it
the transplanter was stationary while the tray containing is movable. The slot size of the fixed
fork finger was decided based on the number of seedlings to be picked during planting. The
transplanter was evaluated for both root washed and mat washed seedlings at two levels each of
the size of finger slot, age of seedling and depths of planting and three levels of speed of
operation. The average population of established root washed seedlings varied from 3.38 to 4.2
and for mat type seedlings from 5.40 to 6.89 per hill. The inclination of seedling was about 730
to 750 for both types of seedlings. The laboratory model when set for a depth 6 cm and operated
at 35 strokes/min can operate with root washed seedling and mat type seedling of age 35 to 40
days with 23.3 per cent and 18.6 per cent missing hills and 6.4 per cent hills respectively.
However, 3 mm slot size finger was found to be suitable for both types of seedlings.
Tatugade et al. (2006) evaluated a two row paddy transplanter. It was working with
respect to uniformity in spacing and number of plants per hill. In laboratory test of transplanter, it
has shown best performance at 1100 rpm of the power source with forward speed of transplanter
1.78 km/h and 140 strokes of transplanting arm. Hill to hill spacing was observed to be varying
as per forward speed of machine and average hill to hill spacing was 23.4 cm. Field trial reported
that average forward speed of transplanter was 1.8 km/h and there was sinkage of transplanter
with power source in puddle field because of rigid hitching system and smaller size of lug
wheels.
Mohanty (2010) reported that the inadequate number of hills per hectare transplanted by
manual labour and the delay in transplanting due to labour shortage during peak transplanting
season pushed the demand for a mechanical transplanting. Manually operated 4 row transplanter
was not successful due to low work output depending on human labour and drudgery. To
overcome these problems, studies were conducted at farmers‟ field by Krishi Vigyan Kendra,
Deogarh, Orissa state during 2009 on feasibility of mechanizing transplanting operation of paddy
crop with a view to reduce the cost of cultivation. Plant population of 34-36 hills/m2 was
achieved by this transplanter. Number of plants per hill was observed to be within 3 to 5. An
eight row self propelled transplanter was used for the purpose. The performance of mechanical
transplanter was quite satisfactory. The field capacity, field efficiency and fuel consumption of
transplanter were 0.123 ha/h, 78 per cent and 6.5 l/ha respectively. Cost of mechanical
transplanting was Rs. 1554/ha as compared to Rs.2675 /ha in case of manual transplanting.
Shahare and Bhat (2011) developed two row self propelled transplanter and its
performance was studied. The transplanter was tested at the Agronomy Farm of Dr. B.S.K.K.V.,
Dapoli. Various parameters like plant to plant spacing, planting depth, field capacity, field
efficiency, total time of operation, speed of operation were recorded during field evaluation. The
field efficiency and field capacity of the transplanter was observed to be 84.5 per cent and 0.051
ha/h respectively. The total numbers of hill/m2 area were obtained as 23.3 and plant to plant
distance, plant depth were obtained as 12.46 cm and 4.49 cm respectively.
The review revealed that the transplanting with self propelled rice transplanter (6-8 row)
can reduce the labour requirement to a large extent. At present these transplanters are suitable on
bigger farm, plane land and not suitable for hilly terrain. They require mat type seedling of 15-22
days developed on raised bed covered with plastic. Manually operated and bullock drawn
transplanter could not perform well. Looking into the limitations of Konkan region, it is needed
to develop a self propelled transplanter of smaller size (Two, four row) which will be suitable for
small farm with mat type nursery seedling.
III. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Rice is major food grain worldwide. Unlike upland row crops, cultivation of lowland rice
is tedious and labour consuming process. Conventional method of cultivation involves growing
nursery and transplanting the seedling manually in the puddled soil. During the transplanting
season, there is an acute shortage of farm labourers. Acute labour shortages in the transplanting
season and increased wages of farm labourers have necessitated the mechanisation of rice
transplanting. This chapter deals with the theoretical considerations involved in the development
and testing of two row transplanter.
The two-row self propelled rice transplanter can plant two rows of rice at a time. The
transplanter is fitted with the 2.1 hp engine. Engine power is supplied to gear box for speed
reduction. From gear box, part of power is transmitted to transplanting mechanism while other is
transmitted for the forward motion of drive wheel. The transplanter consist of various
components like engine, float, gear box, transplanting arm, rocker arm, tray, picking – cum -
transplanting mechanism, drive wheel etc.
At the time of transplanting operation, the cut mat nursery is placed on the tray. After
every stroke of transplanting arm, the tray slides and 2-4 seedlings from mat nursery are properly
picked up by needle and planted in the puddle soil at 4-5 cm depth. The tray has the horizontal
sliding movement which controls the supply of seedling to the needle at every stroke.
The transplanting arm starts rotating in elliptical path. When the planting arm reaches to
its upper position, the separating needle removes 2-4 seedlings from mat nursery placed in the
tray and at the end; knock out mechanism pushes it in the soil to a specified depth of 4-5 cm. As
the tray is moving at every stroke, the transplanting arm removes new area of mat nursery and
the planting of rice seedlings thus occurs. The power from gear box is transmitted to drive
wheels through chain and sprocket arrangement. As the engine is started, power is transmitted
from gear box to drive wheels which causes the forward motion of the transplanter. Theoretical
consideration is presented under following heads.
Transplanting of paddy is a highly labour intensive operation and is still done manually.
It has been observed that plant population planted by the contractual labour is very low and it
causes decrease in the yield. Higher labour requirement of about 250-300 man- h/ha (Singh,
1985) is required for transplanting. Scarcity of labour during peak season of transplanting creates
a problem to complete the transplanting operation in time.
The 8 row self propelled rice transplanter using mat type seedlings has advantages over
the manual hand transplanting. The performance of the machine was found highly satisfactory
and could be recommended for adoption by farmers (Mohanty et al., 2010). Also, it was tested in
Konkan region. The average field capacity of the machine was found 0.12 to 0.15 ha/h. The
width of the machine was 184 cm and able to maintain row to row spacing 23.8 cm and plant to
plant spacing 14 and 16 cm. The machine worked well in some of the regions of Konkan where
plot size is big.
Mostly in the Konkan region, paddy fields are available on terraces and plot size is very
small. In small hilly plots, turning spaces and transportation of the machine is very difficult.
Considering these limiting factors; light weight, small, pushing type but self propelled machine
of two row, four row is needed to be developed for small fields. Hence, it is planned to develop
two row, self propelled, light weight, small size transplanter.
3.3 Plant population
The ultimate productivity of a crop is determined by plant population per unit area. Low
plant population may result in increased tillering which creates more variation in panicle
maturity, increased weed population and reduced yield potential of the variety. High plant
population may reduce yield and quality. The paddy seedlings are planted at 20× 15 cm spacing
(Anonymous, 2010). In one hill, 3-5 seedlings are planted. Fork spacing available in commercial
transplanting arm of transplanter has been considered to be 23.8 cm. Hence the machine
developed should give the required row spacing of 23 cm and plant spacing of 15 cm. The yield
of the crop fully depends upon the plant population. If machine is not able to plant the seedlings
at the required spacing, then plant geometry is to be adjusted such that optimum plant population
is maintained by the machine.
Transplanter should give 15 cm plant to plant distance which is basic requirement to
achieve during the development of two row paddy transplanter.
3.4 Drive wheels of two row transplanter
The developed wheels should be able to balance part weight of transplanter. It should be
able to plant the seedlings at required plant spacing. The wheels developed should be able to run
at required forward motion. Also, it should be able to produce required traction at the time of
transplanting in puddled field.
3.5 Forward speed of machine
Power tiller operated seven row paddy transplanter using conventional seedling was
comfortably operated at 0.9 to 1.2 km/h speed. Six row riding type paddy transplanter (PAU
design) with operating speed of 0.8 to 1.13 km/h results in field capacity of 0.084 to 0.137 ha/h,
(Garg I.K., 1992).
Chaudhary et al. (2005), had operated the eight row self propelled paddy transplanter at
1.4 km/h and 1.8 km/h speed. For development of drive wheel of two row pulled type
transplanter, the forward speed is selected as 1.5 km/h.
The walk behind type two row and four row transplanter operated at forward speed of
2.27 km/h and 1.76 km/h respectively gave the field capacity of 0.125 ha/h and 0.163 ha/h
respectively. The higher speed also results into low plant population of 23 hills/m 2 (average)
against recommended value of 33 hills/m2.
3.6 Power requirement of transplanter
The total power required for the transplanting mechanism is the sum for power available
required for removal of plant from nursery and power required for forward motion of
transplanter.
1. Power available for removal for removal of plants from mat (Pr)
The power available for the removal of plant from nursery can be calculated as given
below.
2N g Tg
Power available required (Pr) =
4500
Where,
0.049 0.287
1. Rolling coefficient, =
M
M= CIbd/W
Where,
CI = Cone index;
b = Width of drive wheel;
d = Diameter of drive wheel;
W = Weight on drive wheel, kg.
2. Tractive effort = [drawbar pull] + [Rolling co-efficient ×Weight on drive wheel]
3. Torque at drive wheel shaft = [Tractive effort] × [Rolling radius of drive wheel]
4. Power required for forward motion of transplanter (Pm)
2N g Td
Pm =
4500
Total power required = Pr + Pm
3.7 Design of drive wheel
Diameter of wheel was determined using formulae. Considering the forward speed of
transplanter as 1.5 km/hr, diameter of wheel was determined.
Engine speed
1. Rotational speed of drive wheel =
Gear ratio
2. Let us take D as diameter of drive wheel in meter.
1. Field efficiency
The field efficiency is the ratio of the effective field capacity to the theoretical field
capacity, usually measured in terms of percentage.
2. Sinkage
The sinkage can be measured with the help of sinkage measuring apparatus. The sinkage
measuring apparatus consist of hollow circular cylinder. Scale is marked on the outer side of the
cylinder, which gives direct reading of sinkage.
3. Puddling index
The puddling index can be measured by collecting the soil samples from various area of
the field. The sample should be kept for settlement for 24-36 hours. Then the puddling index can
be measured by using following formula. ( Behera et al. 1991)
Vs
Puddling index (PI) = x 100
V
Where,
Vs = Volume of soil, ml
V = Total volume of the sample, ml
IV. MATERIALS AND METHODS
This chapter describes the approach for development of paddy transplanter, material and
experimental methodology adopted for conducting the study, facility developed for laboratory
evaluation and performance testing of the two row self propelled paddy transplanter .
Paddy transplanter is used to enhance speed of the transplanting operation and proper
placement of paddy seedlings. The study was conducted in two phases. Firstly, the transplanter
was developed and tested in laboratory. Secondly developed two row self propelled paddy
transplanter was tested in the field. The two row transplanter was developed for rice (Oryza
sativa) with consideration that, the development of the two row rice transplanter was undertaken
with the view to find the possible solution to the problems in rice transplanting in the hilly terrain
of Konkan region. The machine was developed considering various factors affecting the
performance of the transplanter. The factors affecting the design and performance of transplanter
are discussed below.
Size of farm
Because of hilly terrain area there is problem of transportation of a commercially
available self propelled eight row rice transplanters, from one plot to another and restricting its
use on large scale. Here in Konkan region land holdings by individual farmers are very small.
Marginal farmers having less than 2 ha area are 71.96% (Anonymous, 2002).
Undulating terrain
Rice plots in Konkan are available on terraces resulting into difficulties in transportation
of machine into fields. The machinery developed for this region must be light in weight which
could be transported by two to three persons from one field to another.
Good operating conditions
In order to obtain satisfactory operation, good quality work and efficiency of the
developed machine besides ensuring good technical condition and correct operation of the
machine, suitable soil conditions in the field and the seedlings of the machine should be
available. The machine has to be operated for transplanting mat type seedlings in the puddled
field. The quality of nursery and puddling must be favourable and uniform for easy machine
operation. The suitable conditions of the field and the seedlings are presented in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1 Suitable conditions of the field and the seedlings
6. Tray
7. Power transmission unit.
8. Float
9. Drive wheels
10. Handle.
Transplanting arm
43 T
Engine
2.5” pulley
9T
14 T
GEAR
BOX
4” pulley
12.5: 1
Fig. 4.3 Power transmission from engine to ground wheel and transplanting mechanism
Where,
Pr = Power available to remove seedlings from mat, hp;
Ng = Speed from gear box, rpm;
Tg = Gear box torque, kg-m.
Pr = ............... (1)
= 1.6 hp
0.049 0.287
=
M
Where,
M = mobility number …… (2)
M= ........ (3)
Where,
CI = Cone index = 200 kPa for loose wet soil;
b = Width of drive wheel = 0.03 m;
d = Diameter of drive wheel = 0.4 m;
W = Weight on drive wheel, kg.
(The diameter of the drive wheel was limited by the high drive axle speed. To keep slow forward
speed of operation, drive wheel diameter was kept smaller).
W= weight on drive wheel = 5 kg
Hence, from equation (2) and (3)
M=
= 0.48
=
= 0.7
Hence, rolling coefficient for two wheels
= 0.7 × 2
= 1.4
Tractive effort = Drawbar pull + (rolling co-efficient × weight on drive wheel)
= 20 + (1.4 × 10)
= 34 Kg
Torque at drive wheel shaft = Tractive effort × rolling radius of drive wheel
= 34 × 0.2 m
= 6.8 Kg-m
Gear ratio from gear box to drive wheel is 7.8:1, therefore
Td = = 0.87 kg-m
=
= 0.38 hp
Total power required for the operation of transplanter = 1.6 + 0.38
= 1.98 hp
Hence, engine power of 2.1 hp is sufficient for the operation of transplanter. Based on
these calculations the commercially available Honda engine of 2.1 hp, four stroke was selected
for the study (Plate 4.2).
d1= :
d1 = 22.10 mm
Length of transplanting arm attached to lever, r2 = 114 mm, 2πr2 =715.92 mm
Total movement of transplanting arm which is available for activation of lever
d2 = :
d2 = 35 mm
=1.58
Length of lever l = l1 + l2
Where,
l = total length of lever
l1= load arm
l2= effort arm
(Total length of lever was limited by the available distance between the indexing
mechanism and transplanting arm crank =360 mm)
360 = l2 + 1.58 l2
l2 =
Considering the forward speed of transplanter, as 1.5 km/h, diameter of wheel was
determined. The calculations for determining the diameter of drive wheel is as follows:
1.Rotational speed of output shaft of gear box- 319 rpm.
2. Gear ratio of output shaft of gear box to drive wheel- 7.8: 1.
Speed from gear box
Hence, rotational speed of drive wheel = .............. (4)
Gear ratio
=
= 41 rpm
3. Let us take D as diameter of drive wheel in meter.
4. Forward motion of transplanter, = ×D× Rotational speed of drive wheel
…….. (5)
= ×D× 41 m/min
= ×D×0.50 × 41
80
132
1.5 =
1.5 = 3.8 D
Hence, D = 0.39 m
Effective diameter of the lug wheel ≈ 0.4 m. The designed drive wheel is shown in Fig.
4.5.
Ø 400
V) Indexing mechanism
The indexing mechanism was ( Fig. 4.4) designed as per procedure mentioned in section
4.3.2.2 which gives the movement to the tray equal to the width of removed piece of mat by the
needle of transplanter.
Indexing mechanism (Plate 4.6) consists of connecting rod, chain, ratchet, sprocket and
rollers, lever, and link. The lever made up of „T- section‟ 20 mm × 20 mm × 3 mm in size. Lever
is supported on the float with the help of hinge. The return spring was provided to maintain the
contact between transplanting arm and lever. The chain was mounted on rollers and sprocket.
The chain is engaged to ratchet with the help of two rollers. The ratchet is operated by the
connecting link between lever and the ratchet. One of the roller pins of chain is connected with
tray with the help of connecting rod. The distance between the outer ends of chain is kept equal
to tray motion of 225 mm.
VI) Seedling tray
The seedling tray was fabricated with G.I. sheet (mm). It was made into two
compartments to keep two cut piece of the nursery mat. The size of compartment was kept 440 ×
23.8 mm. After every stroke of transplanting arm, tray slides horizontally along with rectangular
plat form at the bottom. The tray was fitted at 450 angle and supported from rear side by U
frame. The height of tray from the main frame was kept 300 mm. The developed seedling tray is
shown in the Plate 4.7
VII) Power transmission unit
The power transmission unit transmitted power from engine to planting device and drive
wheel. Petrol run 2.1 hp engine was fitted on main frame which gives power to the transplanter.
The engine power was transmitted to main shaft of gear box with the help of belt and pulley
arrangement. The clutch was also provided to connect and disconnect power from engine. The
gear box of speed ratio 12.5:1 was provided on machine. Through chain and sprocket
arrangement, the power is transmitted to shaft of transplanting arm. The engine speed is 7000
rpm. The engine speed reduced to 319 rpm with help of gear box. In newly developed rice
transplanter, the speed from the gear box is further reduced to 41 rpm using chain and sprocket
arrangement for operating drive wheel mechanism (Fig. 4.3).
VIII) Float
Float is the component of transplanter which is in touch with the mud. The float also
gives support to main frame, indexing mechanism and transplanting mechanism. The float of the
transplanter serves as a base and also helps in movement of the machine over excess water in the
field. It also serves as a platform for placement of nursery during transplanting operation. The
purpose of providing float was to avoid its sinking in puddle soil. The floats were three in
number. With the help of float, the machine was able to slide on puddled soil. The floats were
curved at forward end to avoid the entry of puddled soil on it. Floats provide excellent right
direction to machine under all swampy conditions and constant planting depth of seedling. The
cross section of the floats was made such that the soil in between the two floats will project up
which assures good placement of the seedling into it. The float was 750×600 mm in size.
Developed float is shown in Plate 4.8
IX) Drive wheel
Based on the calculations (Section 4.3.2.3), two drive wheels were fabricated with M.S.
hollow rod of 3 cm diameter. The lugs were provided on outer periphery of drive wheel.
Considering the lug height of 50 mm with radial height of 40 mm keeping lugs 55 0 inclined with
the normal, the effective diameter of wheel was taken as 400 mm. Thus diameter of lugged
wheel was taken as 0.4 m. The wheel rim was fabricated using MS sheet of 40×4 mm. The hub
diameter was selected as 40 mm. The hub was made hollow for inserting axle shaft. Total six MS
rods of 20 mm diameter were used as spokes for drive wheel. On the periphery of the wheel, 10
lugs were welded at uniform spacing of 30 mm. Two wheels were fixed on axle shaft of diameter
30 mm. The distance between wheels was 600 mm. The power from output shaft of gear box was
transmitted to drive wheel using chain and sprocket arrangement. The side view of developed
drive wheels is shown in plate 4.9.
X) Handle
Two handles at front and backside of transplanter are provided for the movement of
transplanter. For operating, clutch levers were provided on handle, also engine acceleration was
controlled from the lever fitted on the handle.
The different component of transplanter (Fig.4.6) are fabricated and assembled. The
overall dimensions of developed transplanter are shown in Fig.4.7. The final prototype of two
row paddy transplanter is shown in Plate 4.10
The two row rice transplanter can plant two rows of rice at a time. It gets power from the
engine by belt and pulley arrangement. An engine is used as a power source for the transplanter.
The floats ensure the floating of transplanting assembly on the puddled soil and also to avoid
the sinking of the machine. At the time of transplanting operation, the cut mat nursery is placed
on the tray. After every stroke of transplanting arm, the tray slides and 2-4 seedlings from mat
nursery are properly picked up by needle and planted in the puddle soil at 4-5 cm depth. The
tray has the horizontal sliding movement through indexing mechanism at the back of the tray
which moved tray to and fro.
After the engine is started, the transplanting arm starts rotating in elliptical path. When
the planting arm is reached to its upper position, the separating needle removes 2-4 seedlings
from mat nursery placed in the tray and at the end; knock out mechanism pushes it in the soil to
a specified depth of 4-5 cm. As the tray is moving at every stroke, the transplanting arm
removes new area of mat nursery and the planting of rice seedlings thus occurs.
A special type of mat nursery was prepared for growing the rice seedling for
mechanical transplanting of rice. Efficiency of machine mainly depends on quality of mat type
nursery and quality of puddling of field. So, care should be taken while preparing the mat type
nursery. For raising mat type nursery, the raised bed was prepared on levelled ground. The bed
surface was levelled, compacted and smoothened. The bed of 5×1 m was prepared.
4.6.1 Preparation of raised bed
Selected well drained site for preparation of raised bed. Levelled the land and prepared
raised bed of 5 X 1 m size. Maintained height of bed as 15-20 cm. Dug the trench of 15-20 cm in
between two raised beds to drain the excess water or to irrigate the beds as per requirements. The
thick plastic paper of 6 X 2 m size was spread over the raised bed.
4.6.2 Seed treatment
Dipped the selected seeds in 15-16 % salt solution. Removed floating seeds from the
water. Dipped the seeds in good quality water of 400 C for 24 hours. Then removed seed from
water and kept in moist cloth.
4.6.3 Spreading of spouted seeds
The frame size of 1 m×1 m×0.25 m was made with angle iron of 25 mm and 2 mm thick
placed on the raised bed covered with plastic (Plate 4.11). The prepared soil mixture was spread
uniformly in the frame and compacted it well. The sprouted seeds were spread uniformly over
the soil mixture (Plate 4.12). Soil mixture of 5 mm thick was spread over sprouted seeds. The
sprouted seeds were covered with rice straw for protecting seeds from birds (Plate 4.13). The
straw removed on 4th day and then the water splashed over the seedlings for next 7-8 days as per
the requirements. Water applied to the seedlings through the trench dug around the raised bed so
as to get continuous water to the roots. After 21-22 days, the seedlings were ready for
mechanical transplanting (Plate 4.14).
4.7 Methodology for measurement of performance parameters
The performance testing of two row rice transplanter was carried out as per test code and
procedure provided by RNAM (1995) at Botany field of Dr. B.S.K.K.V, Dapoli. The test sheet
is prepared to record the items to be studied as required. The performance test is required to
obtain reliable data on operating accuracy, work rate, field efficiency and other parameters in
field. The methodology adopted for measurement of crop and field parameters under study are
as given below.
Nursery height was measured by 30 cm scale. For measurement purpose, the seedlings
were uprooted randomly from different nursery locations and ten observations were noted. The
height was measured from bottom of the seedlings to tip of leaves (Garg I.K., 1999).
Numbers of plants on each hill were noted from different location of the field. Average
number of plants on hill was calculated.
Number of hills on each row was noted. Then the average hills per row were calculated.
Vs
Puddling index (PI) = x 100
V
Where,
Vs = Volume of soil, ml;
V = Total volume of the sample, ml.
This chapter deals with the results obtained from the experiments conducted on two row paddy
transplanter in laboratory as well as in the field. The results are described and discussed as
follow.
1. Data on target crop
2. Laboratory test
3. Studies on sinkage
4. Studies on puddling index
5. Functional field trial of newly developed two row paddy transplanter.
Where,
P = puddling index of soil;
t = soil settlement period, hrs
a and b = regression coefficient.
Table 5.6 Puddling index of the soil at different soil sedimentation period.
Sr. No. Sedimentation period Puddling index (%)
1. 6 hours 37
2. 12 hours 45
3. 24 hours 55
4. 36 hours 60
5. 48 hours 62
Table 5.7 Regression coefficient for linear relationship of puddling index and soil
settlement period
Sr. No. Regression coefficient. R2
a b c
1. -0.016 1.446 29.35 0.997
6. Puddling index 62 %
The result reveals that, average plant to plant spacing and planting depth during testing was 16
cm and 3 cm respectively. The average seedlings per hill were 5. The average numbers of hills in
one square meter area were found as 20 hills/ m2. The newly developed semi automatic machine
maintained the required row spacing. The hill spacing is towards slightly high value. However,
the plant population obtained from the machine is satisfactory with the required plant population
of 100 seedlings/ m2. Missing hills/m2 was observed to be 3.33. The performance parameters in
details are given in Table 5.11
Table 5.11 also shows the average speed of operation of transplanter was 1.58 km/hr. Fuel
consumption of the machine was recorded 0.89 l/h. Number of operators required for various
operations were observed to be two. Details of time requirement of transplanter for transplanting,
nursery feeding, repair and adjustments, are presented in Table 5.11
Table 5.12 Time required for different operations and field capacity.
Sr. Operation Time consumed (hr/ha)
No. T1 T2 T3 Average
1 Planting 17.57 18 18.38 17.98
The time required for planting was observed to be 17.98 h/ha. The time loss in turning and
feeding was 0.93 h/ha and 2.1 h/ha respectively. Total time of operation of the transplanter was
observed to be 21.01 h/ha. The field capacity of the machine was found to be 0.0569 ha/h. For
operating the transplanter, operator has to guide the machine, which was easy than pulling
machine in the puddled field. The field efficiency of newly developed machine was found to be
75.4 % (Table 5.11). As compared to manual transplanting method, transplanting with newly
developed machine has saving ` 2532 /ha which is 52.75 % over manual transplanting method.
In India, paddy cultivation is mostly done by transplanting method. It has been observed
that transplanting is labour consuming operation, puddling and transplanting share 50 per cent of
total production cost. Transplanting of young rice seedlings in puddled soil is one of the most
widely accepted cultivation practices for rice crop. Manual transplanting is very common in most
of the rice growing countries. Transplanting of rice seedlings manually in puddled soil is a very
tedious and labour intensive activity in Indian agriculture (about 400 man-hour/ha).
Mechanization in agriculture has released millions of agricultural workers in the industrial
sectors, which reduces level of manpower and increase the burdens on the worker. All current
methods of producing rice depend largely on availability of manual labour. In traditional
methods 250-300 man hours are required per hectare for rice production. Many operations in
agriculture need to be performed by machines. This will reduce the labour requirement which is
the principal motivating force in mechanization.
In Konkan region, wet land cultivation system is followed. The land is ploughed
thoroughly and puddled in 3-5 cm standing water. The puddling is largely done by bullock drawn
country plough and wooden planks in the region. In some of the pockets, the power tiller is used
for puddling, but the extent is very low. Efforts were made by Dr. B.S.K.K.V., Dapoli to
popularize the commercially available self propelled
eight row transplanter (Yanji Shakti). The machine works well in Laterite soil of Konkan region.
More weight, bigger size and transportation problem on fragmented land and hilly terrain of
Konkan and high machine cost restricts eight row paddy transplanter in Konkan region.
Considering the needs of development of mechanized transplanting in this region and to
overcome the drudgery involved and labour shortage problem in manual transplanting
operations, it is necessary to develop a small low cost transplanting machine suitable to this
region.
Conclusions
1. The performance of developed two row self propelled paddy transplanter was
satisfactory.
2. Considering engine speed 6700 rpm; reducing ratio of pulley and gearbox achieving
output speed at gearbox to 319 rpm, designing indexing mechanism, driving mechanism,
the achieved forward speed of machine to 1.58 km/h and speed of transplanting fork to
101 rpm is found to be satisfactory while using the machine in the field.
3. The required plant population (100/m2) was maintained by the newly developed machine.
4. The field capacity and field efficiency of newly developed transplanter was found to be
0.0569 ha/h and 75.4 % respectively.
5. The labour requirement for transplanting operation was reduced.
6. The newly developed transplanter saving in cost of transplanting operation by ` 2532 /ha
(52.75%) which is quite substantial amount.
7. Newly developed two row paddy transplanter is a solution for mechanized transplanting
in the fragmented hilly region of Konkan.
VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anonymous. 1977. Farm machinery for rice production in Japan, part- I, Rice Transplanter,
lecture text no. 5, Uchihara International Agricultural Training centre, JICA,
Japan.
Anonymous. 1995. Annual Report: All India ICAR Co-ordinated Research Scheme on Farm
Implements and Machinery, APAU Hyderabad: 113-128, 103-118.
Anonymous. 2001. Research Highlights, All India Coordinated Research Project on Farm
Implement and Machinery. CIAE Bhopal. 29-30.
Anonymous. 2009. District social and economical report of Ratnagiri district. Directorate of
Financial and Statistics, Planning Department, M.S. pp-35.
Baqui M.A. and R.A. Latin 1982. Human energy expenditure in manually operated rice
transplanter. Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
12(2), 14-16.
Baruah, D.C., Goswami N.G and R. Saikia. 2001. Manual transplanting vs. Mechanical
transplanting of paddy. A Techno- economical analysis in Assam. Journal of
Agriculture Engineering. 38(3), 66-72.
Beena T, and V.Jaikumaran 1998. Performance evaluation of eight row power operated rice
transplanter. Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America. 36
(1), 94-95.
Behera B.K., Varshney B.P. and A. K. Goel, 1991. Studies on optimization of puddle soil
characteristics for self propelled rice transplanter. Agricultural Mechanization in
Asia, Africa and Latin America. 34(3), 12-16.
Bhangoo B.S., Sharma V.K., Pannu C.S. and A.K. Madan 1990. Studies on raising of mat type
nursery for paddy transplanter. Paper presentation at National Seminar on rice
transplanter held at CIAE, Bhopal. October, 2011.
Biswas H. S., 2004 A Review on Rice Transplanters and Pre- germinated Paddy Seeders. Central
Institute of Agricultural Engineering; pp 7-14
Chaudhary V.P., Varshney B.P. and M.S. Karla. 2005. Self propelled transplanter-A better
alternative than manual transplanting. Agricultural Engineering Today. 29(5-6),
32-37.
Chivilkar A.D. and H.S. Bhere 2008. Development and performance evaluation of two row
paddy transplanter. Unpublished B.Tech. thesis, Dr.B.S.K.K.V., Dapoli.
Dewangan K.N., Thomas E.V. and B.S. Ghosh 2005. Performance evaluation of a laboratory
model of rice technology. Agricultural Engineering Today, Vol. 29 (5-6):38-45
Dixit A., Khurana R., Singh J. and G. Singh. 2007. Comparative performance of different paddy
transplanters developed in India –A preview. Agric.Rev., 28(4): 262-269.
Durasamy V. M., and R. Kavitha. 2002. (A) Prototype feasibility testing of manual rice
transplanter. Annual Report, All India Coordinated Research Project on Farm
Implement and Machinery (ICAR), Coimbatore centre. pp. 207-216
Durasamy V. M., and R. Kavitha. 2002. (B) Prototype feasibility testing of manual rice
transplanter. Annual Report, All India Coordinated Research Project on Farm
Implement and Machinery (ICAR), Coimbatore centre. pp. 219-230
Garg I.K. and V. K. Sharma, 1984. Design, development and evaluation of PAU riding type
engine operated paddy transplanter using mat type seedlings. Proc. ISAE. SJC,
1(2), 7-63.
Garg I.K. 1986. Development of six row manually operated paddy transplanter. Agricultural
Engineering Today. 2(3), 12-16.
Garg I.K. and V.K. Sharma, 1986. Design and development six row riding type transplanter.
Journal of Agricultural Engineering. 21(1-2), 17-24.
Garg I.K. and V.K. Sharma, 1989. Comparative evaluation of different methods of raising mat
type paady seedlings. Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin
America. 20(4): 27-30
Garg I.K. 1992. Investigation on design and operational aspect of manually pulled engine
operated paddy transplanter using mat type seedlings. Unpublished M. Tech
(FMP) thesis, PAU, Ludhiana.
Garg I.K., V.K. Mittal and V. K. Sharma. 1999. Ergonomic studies on manually operated pulled
engine operated paddy transplanter Journal of Agricultural Engineering. Vol.36
(2):15-25
Garg I.K., Mahesh Kumar Narang and V. K. Sharma. 1999. Studies on seedling mat and machine
parameters on the performance of manually operated paddy transplanter. Journal
of Agricultural Engineering. Vol.36(3):1-10
Garg I.K., CJS. Pannu and A. Dixit. 2001. Feasibility evaluation 8 row self-propelled rice
transplanter with manual transplanter. AICRP on Farm Implements and
Machinery (ICAR), PAU, Ludhiana. 74-88.
Goel, A.K. , Behera, D. And S. Swain 2009. Effect of seedling age on performance of rice
transplanter. Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
40(3): 27-30
Have H.T.1972. Critical practices for high yields from transplanted rice. Indian Farming.
He Li, Xu Ji Qian, Zhou Na, Zhao Liang, Yan Hua Nongye Jixie Xuebao, 2007. Transactions of
the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery. 38(12), 74-77.
Hatyam. , Hassancin. , Zahoor., Kotanny. 2010. Rice straw – seedbed for producing rice seedling
mat. International Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 2(2): 26-33.
Konoshi, T., K. Tsuga, M. Tomita, T. Ichikawa and S. Yoshida. 1998. Development of zigzag
transplanting mechanism for rice transplanter (part 1). Journal of Japanese Society
of Agricultural Machinery. 50(2), 91-99.
Kurup, G. T. 1979. Paddy transplanters developed and tested in India, CRRI, Cuttack
Lee L.F.1972. Joint raising of rice seedlings in green house and transplanting with transplanter.
(Chinese) Engg. SUM. Taiwan Agric. Qtly. 8(1), 29-35.
Mahapatra, R. 1964. Planting may make all the difference in Paddy. Indian Farming, 14(7), 9-35.
Majunatha, M. V., Masthana Reddy B. G., Shashidhar S. D. and V. R. Joshi. 2003. Studies on
the performance of self – propelled rice transplanter and its effect on crop yield.
Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 22(2): 385-387
Mohanty, D. K., Barik K. C. and M.K. Mohanty. 2010 Comparative performance of eight row
self propelled rice transplanter and manual transplanting at farmer‟s field.
Agricultural Engineering Today, Vol. 34(4).pp 15-17
Muhammad, C.P. 1979. Design and development and testing of a transplanting mechanism for
conventional Paddy seedlings. M.Tech., Thesis, PAU, Ludhiana.
Naklang K., Fukai S., Nathabut K. 1998. Field crop research. Agricultural Engineering Today.
48(2), 115-123
Nomami K, Komatsu M., and N. A. Higuchi, 1995. Development of automatic control system
for rice transplanter. Journal of Japanese Society of Agricultural Machinery. 56
(3), 77-84.
Peng T. S., Geo J.H., Huang B.K., and I.M. Chen 1993. Design and analysis of truly automated
pneumatic rice transplanter. American Society of Agricultural Engineering. 12(2),
22-26.
Rajput, D.S. 1990. Self Propelled Rice Transplanting Machine of North Korea: A study. Paper
Presented at the National Seminar on Rice Transplanters held at CIAE Bhopal,
October, 2011.
Rajendran, R., Ravi V., Valliappan K., Nandanasabapathy T., Jayaraj T., Ramanathan S. and V.
Balasubramanian. 2005. Early production of robust seedlings through modified
mat nursery for enhancing rice (Oryza Sativa) productivity and profit. Indian
Journal of Agronomy 50(2) : 132-136
Regional Network for Agricultural Mechanization. 1995. Test code and procedure for testing of
agricultural machinery. 91-96.
Saxena A. C. 1997. Group training course on Farm Machinery Testing, Deputation Report,
August, JICA, Japan.
Shastry, V.S. 1972. Towards a rice revolution. Indian Farming, 22(5), 95-115.
Shahare P. U. and Mugdha Bhat, 2011. Development and performance evaluation of two row
paddy transplanter International Journal of Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 4 No.
1 (April, 2011): 103 -105
Sharma, V.K. and A.K. Madam, 1989 and 1990. Annual Report: All India ICAR Co-ordinated
Research Scheme on Farm Implements and Machinery, Deptt. of Farm Power and
Machinery, PAU Ludhiana. 67-84,
Shiratsuchi H., Kitagawa H., Okada K., Nakanishi K., Suzaki M., Ogura A., Mastsuzaki M. And
Yasumoso S. 2008. , Development of rice “seed mats” consisting of hardened
seed with a cover of soil for the rice transplanter, Plant Production Science, 11(1):
108 -115.
Singh C. P. and Nand Kishore. 1975. Paddy transplanters – A review, The agricultural Engineer,
Vol.21
Singh, S. 1979. Rice Research and Extension in Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. Indian
Farming, 21(7), 69-74.
Singh, C.P. and Garg, I.K; Sharma, V.K. and B.S. Panesar, 1982. Design, development and
performance evaluation of ten row tractor mounted paddy transplanter. Journal of
Agricultural Engineering Today. 19 (3), 81-89.
Singh, V. V., Dubey A. K. And Srivastava, N.S.L. 1983. Evaluation of manual rice transplanters.
Convention of ISAE held at G.B. Pant University of Agricultural and Technology.
Pantanagar, March 5-7
Singh, C.P. and I.K. Garg, 1984. Field evaluation of a Japanese Paddy Transplanter. Journal of
Agricultural Engineering, 13(1), 1-4.
Singh G., T. R. Sharma, C.W. Bocklrop, 1985. Field performance and evaluation of a manual
rice transplanters, J. Agric. Engg. Res. 32, 259-268.
Sing K.K., Sat A.A, and S.K. Sharma 2002. Improving productivity and profitability of rice
through tillage and planting management. Japanese Society of Agricultural
Science. 75 (7), 396-399.
Subhash Chandra and R. B. Ram.2003. Field evaluation of self propelled transplanter under local
conditions. Journal of Agricultural Engineering. 3(1), 45-49.
Syedul M.; Baqui M.A. and Dera Bim Ahmad.2000. Modifications test and evaluation of
manually operated transplanter for low land paddy. Agricultural Mechanization in
Asia, Africa and Latin America. 31(2), 33-38.
Tasaka K., Ogura A., Karahashi M, Niyama H. and M. Namoto 1999. Development of
hydroponic raising and transplanting technique for mat type rice seedling.
Japanese Society of Agricultural Machinery. 59(1),87-98.
Tatugade D.P. and S.D. Valvi 2006. Development of two row rice transplanter. Unpublished
B.Tech. thesis, Dr. BSKKV, Dapoli.
Uttam Kumar. 1997. Performance evaluation of eight row self propelled rice transplanter.
Agricultural Engineering Today. 12(1), 35-39.
Umar Farooq, A.D. Sheikh, Muhammad Iqbal, Bashir A. And Anwar Z, 2001. Diffusion
possibilities of mechanical rice transplanters, International Journal of Agriculture
and Biology, 15-60-8530/2001/03-1-17-20
Varshney, A.C. 1990. Adoption of IRRI Model Rice Transplanter to Power Tiller. Paper
Presentation at the National Seminar on Rice Transplanters held at CIAE Bhopal,
October, 2011.
Ying Yi Bin; Zhao Yun.2000. Research in dynamic simulation of separating the planting
mechanism in rice transplanter. Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and
Latin America. 28(3), 15-19.
Zhen Yong, Li., Li- JianPing and Chen-HangZhou . 1977. Study on the theory and measure of
wave proofing of high speed rice transplanter. Transactions of the Chinese
Society of Agricultural Machinery. 28(4): 33-39
Zhang Zhi Geag, Luo Xiwen, Zhu, Zcien, Zang Ying.2006. Design of GPS navigation control
system for rice transplanter. Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery. 37(7),
95-97.
VIII. APPENDICES
6. Indexing Mechanism
= Rs. 46.25
2. Interest /h @ 10% =
= Rs. 11.30
Housing cost, insurance cost, taxes@ 1% of initial cost