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Application Notes: Application Notes P63X/Uk Ap/A54 Micom P631, P632, P633, P634
Application Notes: Application Notes P63X/Uk Ap/A54 Micom P631, P632, P633, P634
AP
APPLICATION NOTES
AP
Application Notes P63x/UK AP/A54
CONTENTS
(AP) 6-
1. INTRODUCTION 5
1.1 Protection of transformers 5
1.1.1 Introduction 5
3. SETTING RECOMMENDATIONS 33
3.1 Introduction 33
FIGURES
AP
P63x/UK AP/A54 Application Notes
AP
Application Notes P63x/UK AP/A54
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1.1 Introduction
The development of modern power systems has been reflected in the advances in
transformer design. This has resulted in a wide range of transformers with sizes from a few
kVA to several hundred MVA being available for use in a wide variety of applications.
The considerations for transformer protection vary with the application and importance of the
transformer. To reduce the effects of thermal stress and electrodynamic forces it is
advisable for the overall protection to minimize the time that a fault is present within a
transformer.
On smaller distribution transformers effective and economically justifiable protection can be
achieved by using either fuse protection or IDMT/instantaneous overcurrent relays. Due to
the requirements of co-ordination with the downstream power system protection this results
in time delayed fault clearance for some low level faults. Time delayed clearance of major
faults is unacceptable on larger distribution, transmission and generator transformers, where
the effects on system operation and stability must be considered. High speed protection is
desirable for all faults.
Transformer faults are generally classified into four categories:
• Core faults
• Winding arrangements
• Winding connections
WT B OT
51
50N
51N
ICT
64 WT = Winding temp'
B = Buchholz
OT = Oil temp'
64 = REF
87 = Biased diff'
51N = Standby E/F
50N = Inst' earth fault
87
51 = IDMT overcurrent
24 = Overfluxing relay
AP
P1937ENa
The protection scheme may be further enhanced by the use of other protective devices
associated with the transformer, such as the Buchholz, pressure relief and winding
temperature devices. These devices can act as another main protective system for large
transformers and they may also provide clearance for some faults which might be difficult to
detect by protection devices operating from line current transformers, e.g. winding inter turn
faults or core lamination faults. These devices are connected to directly trip the breaker in
addition to operating auxiliary relays for indication purposes.
WT B OT
64
24 51N
ICT
64 WT = Winding temp'
B = Buchholz
OT = Oil temp'
64 = REF
87 = Biased diff'
51N = Standby E/F
87 51 = IDMT overcurrent
24 = Overfluxing relay
P1938ENa
AP
Figure 2: Typical protection package for a generator transformer
The protection of a generator transformer is similar to that for any other large transformer.
High speed protection is provided for phase to phase faults by the provision of biased
differential protection. In addition, for large generators, the transformer is commonly
included within an overall second main differential arrangement, which incorporates the
generator and transformer within the overall zone of protection. Earth fault protection is
provided by a restricted earth fault element on the star winding.
Overfluxing protection is commonly applied to generator circuits to prevent generator or
transformer damage from prolonged overfluxing conditions.
Other protection devices will again complement the main relay protection.
Auto-transformers are commonly used to couple EHV and HV power networks if the ratio of
their voltages is moderate. The protection arrangements for an auto-transformer are similar
in most respects to the protection of a two winding transformer. Protection of all windings
can be offered by a biased differential relay such as the P63x, this is further discussed in
section 2.4.
• Opto-isolated inputs and programmable logic for alarm/trip indication of external devices
* These protection functions are not available in the P631.
The biased differential element has a triple slope bias characteristic to ensure sensitivity,
with load current, to internal faults and stability under heavy through fault conditions.
The differential element can be blocked for magnetizing inrush conditions based on the ratio
of second harmonic to fundamental current. In addition, the differential element can be
AP blocked during transient overfluxing conditions based on the ratio of fifth harmonic to
fundamental current. Fast operating times for heavy internal faults can be achieved by use
of the unrestrained instantaneous differential high set elements.
Restricted earth fault protection is available for up to three transformer windings to offer
increased sensitivity to low-level winding earth faults. The principle of operation is selectable
and allows either the high impedance or biased (low impedance) restricted earth fault
method to be implemented.
Both the definite-time and the inverse-time overcurrent protection operate with separate
measuring systems for the evaluation of the three phase currents, the negative-sequence
current and the residual current. Three stages each are provided for the three measuring
systems of the definite-time overcurrent protection. The inverse-time overcurrent protection
offers a multitude of tripping characteristics for the individual measuring systems.
Thermal overload protection can be used to prevent electrical plant from operating at
temperatures in excess of the designed maximum withstand. Prolonged overloading causes
excessive heating, which may result in premature ageing of the insulation, or in extreme
cases, insulation failure. The relay incorporates a current based thermal replica, using rms
load current to model heating and cooling of the protected plant. The element can be set
with both alarm and trip stages.
The V/f overfluxing element provides protection against transformer damage that may result
from prolonged operation at increased voltages and/or decreased frequency. Independent
alarm and trip characteristics are provided to enable corrective action to be undertaken prior
to tripping being initiated.
Use of the opto-inputs as trip repeat and alarm paths for other transformer protection
devices, (Buchholz, Oil pressure, winding temperature etc.,) allows operation of these
devices to be event-logged. Interrogation of the relay fault, event and disturbance records
offers an overall picture of an event or fault, of the transformer protection performance and
sequences of operation.
All models of the P63x are three phase units with internal phase compensation, CT ratio
correction and zero sequence filtering, thus eliminating the need for external interposing
transformers. Up to four biased inputs can be provided to cater for power transformers with
more than two windings and/or more than one set of CT’s associated with each winding, e.g.
in mesh or one-and-a-half circuit breaker substation arrangements.
Application Notes P63x/UK AP/A54
The variety of protective functions offered by the P63x makes it ideal not only for the
protection of power transformers but also for a variety of applications where biased
differential or high impedance protection is commonly applied, these include:
• Busbars/mesh corners
• Generators
• Reactors
• Disturbance records (record of analogue wave forms and operation of opto-inputs and
output relays)
• Relay menu displayed as standard English or Regional English language variant -800
P63x/UK AP/A54 Application Notes
AP The number of biased differential inputs required for an application depends upon the
transformer and its primary connections. It is recommended that, where ever possible, a set
of biased CT inputs is used per set of current transformers.
There are four basic models of the P63x relay;
• P631 Two biased differential inputs (without REF or voltage based protection)
HV
3 P633 or P634
LV1 LV2
HV
3 P633 or P634
LV
HV
3 P633 or P634
LV
Application Notes P63x/UK AP/A54
HV
HV
4 P634 only
LV
I d / I ref
Tripping area
6.00
AP
ic t
ris
fee cte
4.00
a
ar
d
ch
.7
gle ent
=0
de
rr
m
-s i
2
for lt cu
u
sin
Fa
2.00
Blocking area
m 1
= 0.3
12200e.DS4
I R ,m2 / I ref = 4.0
I d > / I ref = 0.2
When the infeed to an internal fault from both ends is exactly equal as regards amplitude
and angle, then both currents cancel one another out, i.e. the restraining current becomes
zero and the restraining effect disappears. Disappearance of the restraining effect when
there is an internal fault is a desirable result since in this case transformer differential
protection attains maximum sensitivity.
Calculation of differential and restraining currents for three or four-winding protection:
[
IR,y = 0.5 ⋅ Is,y,a + Is,y,b + Is,y,c + Is,y,d ]
In this case the restraining effect never disappears when there is an internal fault; the
restraining effect is even reinforced in the case of multi-end infeed. However, the restraining
current factor ½ means that the differential current Id has twice the value of the restraining
current IR so that safe and reliable tripping is also guaranteed in the case of multi-end infeed.
The tripping characteristic of the differential protection device P63x has two knees. The first
knee is dependent on the setting of the basic threshold value DIFF: Idiff> SGx and is on the
load line for single-side feed. The second knee of the tripping characteristic is defined by the
setting DIFF: IR,m2 SGx.
The characteristic equations for the three different ranges are given below. Figure3: shows
the tripping characteristic.
The first section (Area I) represents the most sensitive region of the tripping characteristic in
the form of the settable basic threshold value Id>. The default setting of 0.2 takes into
account the magnetizing current of the transformer, which flows even in a no-load condition
AP and is generally less than 5% of the nominal transformer current. When protecting
generators and other items of plant, where shunt magnetizing current is not present, a lower
differential setting can be used and 0.1 would be more typical.
Characteristic equation for the range 0 ≤ I R ≤ 0 .5 ⋅ I diff > : (Area I)
Id I >
= diff
Iref Iref
The second section (Area II) of the tripping curve covers the load current range, so that in
this section we must account for not only the transformer magnetizing current, which
appears as differential current, but also with differential currents that can be attributed to the
transformation errors of the current transformer sets.
If we calculate the worst case with IEC class 10P current transformers, then the maximum
allowable amplitude error according to IEC 60044-1 is 3 % for nominal current. The
phase-angle error can be assumed to be 2° for nominal current. The maximum allowable
total error for nominal current is then obtained, in approximation, as (0.0-3 + sin 2°) ≈ 6.5 %.
If the current is increased to the nominal accuracy limit current, then the total error for
Class 10P current transformers can be 10 % maximum. Beyond the nominal accuracy limit
current, the transformation error can be of any magnitude.
The dependence of the total error of a current transformer on current is therefore non-linear.
In the operating current range, i.e., in the current range below the nominal accuracy limit
current, we can expect a worst case total error of approximately 10 % per current
transformer set.
The second section of the tripping characteristic forms a straight line, the slope of which
should correspond to the cumulative total error of the participating current transformer sets.
The curve slope m1 can be set. The default setting for m1 is defined as 0.3 with respect to
protection of three-winding transformers, i.e. 3 x 10%.
Characteristic equation for the range 0,5 ⋅ I an < I H ≤ 4 ⋅ I B : (Area II)
I >
= m1 ⋅ R + diff ⋅ (1 − 0.5 ⋅ m1 )
Id I
Iref Iref Iref
Application Notes P63x/UK AP/A54
The second knee point of the tripping characteristic determines the end of the overcurrent
zone in the direction of increasing restraining current in fault-free operation. It can be as
high as four times the nominal current in certain operating cases - such as when a parallel
transformer has failed.
Therefore, the second knee point can be set (IR,m2) for a default setting of 4·Iref. IR,m2 must be
set in accordance with the maximum possible operating current.
Restraining currents that go beyond the set knee point are then evaluated as continuous
fault currents. For truly continuous fault currents, the third section of the tripping
characteristic could therefore be given an infinitely large slope. Since, however, we also
need to take into account the possibility that a fault can occur in the transformer differential
protection zone as the result of the system fault, a finite slope m2 is provided for the third
section of the tripping curve. The default setting for m2 is 0.7.
Characteristic equation for the range 4⋅ I < I : (Area III)
B H
IR,m2
= m 2 ⋅ R + diff > ⋅ (1 − 0.5 ⋅ m1 ) + ⋅ (m1 − m 2 )
Id I I
Iref Iref Iref Iref
S ref S ref
Iref ,a = Iref ,b =
3 ⋅ Vnom,a 3 ⋅ Vnom,b
S ref S ref
Iref ,c = Iref ,d =
3 ⋅ Vnom,c 3 ⋅ Vnom,d
Note: Where on-load tap changing is used, the nominal voltage chosen
should be that for the middle tap position.
P63x/UK AP/A54 Application Notes
Winding a Winding b
C
C
B
B
A
A
k amp,a kamp,b
With:
Basically, this matching operation can be carried out regardless of the phase winding
connections, since the phase relation is described unambiguously by the characteristic
vector group number.
Vector group matching is therefore performed solely by mathematical phasor operations on
the amplitude-matched phase currents of the low-voltage side in accordance with the
characteristic vector group number. The vector group is the clock-face hour position of the
LV A-phase voltage, with respect to the A-phase HV voltage at 12-o’clock (zero) reference.
Phase correction is provided in the P63x via “Settings/Function Settings/Common
Settings/DIFF: Vector Grp. ends b-a” [019.010] for phase shift between windings a and b.
Similar settings are provided for phase shift between further windings in the P633 and P634
relays.
This is shown in the following figure for vector group characteristic number 5, where vector
group Yd5 is used as the example:
AP
An external earth fault on the star side of a Dyn11 transformer will result in zero sequence
current flowing in the current transformers associated with the star winding but, due to the
effect of the delta winding, there will be no corresponding zero sequence current in the
current transformers associated with the delta winding.
In order to ensure stability of the protection, the LV zero sequence current must be
eliminated from the differential current. Traditionally this has been achieved by either delta
connected line CT’s or by the inclusion of a delta winding in the connection of an interposing
current transformer.
In accordance with its definition, the zero-sequence current is determined as follows from the
amplitude-matched phase currents:
Iamp,zero,z =
1
(
⋅I +I +I
3 amp,A,z amp,B,z amp,C,z
)
The following tables show that for all odd-numbered vector group characteristics the
zero-sequence current on the low-voltage side is basically always filtered out, whereas for
even-numbered vector group characteristics the zero-sequence current on the low-voltage
side is basically never filtered out automatically. The latter is also true for the high-voltage
side since in that case, as explained above, no mathematical phasor operations are
performed.
Vector group matching and zero-sequence current filtering must therefore always be viewed
in combination. The following tables list all the mathematical phasor operations.
Mathematical operations on the high-voltage side:
2 (
Ivec,y,z = − Iamp,x +1,z − Iamp,zero,z ) Ivec,y,z = −Iamp,x +1,z
6 (
Ivec,y,z = − Iamp,x,z − Iamp,zero,z ) Ivec,y,z = −Iamp,x,z
10 (
Ivec,y,z = − Iamp,x −1,z − Iamp,zero,z ) Ivec,y,z = −Iamp,x −1,z
Application Notes P63x/UK AP/A54
Setting the vector group matching function is very simple and does not require any
calculations. Only the characteristic vector group number needs to be set:
AP
Y/Y Y0 - Y0 Yy0 0
Y/Y Y0 - Y6 Yy6 6
Setting the zero-sequence current filtering function is very simple and does not require any
calculations. Zero-sequence current filtering should only be activated for those ends where
there is operational earthing of a neutral point:
P63x/UK AP/A54 Application Notes
A setting range of 2.5 - 30Iref (RMS values) is provided on the P63x relay. The high set
setting should be set in excess of the anticipated or estimated peak value of inrush current
after ratio correction.
If If
Source Source
Is Is
If If
64 64
1.0 10
I Current 8
I
F (x full load)
F
Current
6
(x full load)
4
0.2 IS IS
2
independent REF protection may not have previously been considered necessary for a
solidly earthed winding; especially where an additional relay would have been required. With
the P63x, the REF protection is available at no extra cost if a neutral CT is available.
Restricted earth fault protection is also commonly applied to Delta windings of large power
transformers, to improve the operating speed and sensitivity of the protection package to
winding earth faults. When applied to a Delta winding this protection is commonly referred to
as “balanced earth fault protection”. It is inherently restricted in its zone of operation when it
is stabilized for CT spill current during inrush or during phase faults. The value of fault
current flowing will again be dependant upon system earthing arrangements and the fault
point voltage.
• Low impedance REF biased by residual current (Low-Z Iph Sum Bias)
• Low impedance REF biased by maximum phase current (Low-Z Iph Max. Bias)
Note: The Low-Z Iph Sum Bias mode cannot be used for balanced earth
fault protection of delta windings.
Rl Rl
If(prim) If(prim)
Rct Rl
R stab'
64
Rl
The high impedance REF element shall maintain stability for through faults and operate in
less than 40ms for internal faults provided the following conditions are met in determining the
CT requirements and value of associated stabilizing resistor:
45
40
35
Operating time (ms)
30
25
20
15
AP
10
0
0 5 10 15 20
Vk / (Idiff> × Rs)
Note: The diagram is the result of investigations which were carried out for
impedance ratios in the range of 5 to 120 and for fault currents in the
range of 0.5 to 40 In.
Vp = 2 2Vk ( Vf - Vk )
Where:
Vp = Peak voltage developed by the CT under internal fault conditions
Vk = Current transformer kneepoint voltage
Vf = Maximum voltage that would be produced if CT saturation did not occur
V = CΙ0.25
Where:
V = Instantaneous voltage applied to the non-linear resistor (Metrosil)
C = Constant of the non-linear resistor (Metrosil)
AP I = Instantaneous current through the non-linear resistor (Metrosil)
With a sinusoidal voltage applied across the Metrosil, the RMS current would be
approximately 0.52 x the peak current. This current value can be calculated as follows:
⎛ Vs (rms) x 2 ⎞ 4
Ι(rms) = 0.52 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ C ⎠
Where:
Vs(rms) = rms value of the sinusoidal voltage applied across the Metrosil
This is due to the fact that the current waveform through the Metrosil is not sinusoidal but
appreciably distorted.
For satisfactory application of a non-linear resistor (Metrosil), its characteristic should be
such that it complies with the following requirements:
1. At the relay voltage setting, the non-linear resistor (metrosil) current should be as low
as possible, but no greater than approximately 30mA rms for 1A current transformers
and approximately 100mA rms for 5A current transformers
2. At the maximum secondary current, the non-linear resistor (metrosil) should limit the
voltage to 1500V rms or 2120V peak for 0.25 second. At higher relay voltage settings,
it is not always possible to limit the fault voltage to 1500V rms, so higher fault voltages
may have to be tolerated
The following tables show the typical Metrosil types that will be required, depending on relay
current rating, REF voltage setting etc.
Metrosil Units for Relays with a 1 Amp CT
The Metrosil units with 1 Amp CTs have been designed to comply with the following
restrictions:
3. At the relay voltage setting, the Metrosil current should be less than 30mA rms
4. At the maximum secondary internal fault current the Metrosil unit should limit the
voltage to 1500V rms if possible
Application Notes P63x/UK AP/A54
The Metrosil units normally recommended for use with 1Amp CT's are as shown in the
following table:
Nominal
Relay Voltage Recommended Metrosil Type
Characteristic
Setting
C β Single Pole Relay Triple Pole Relay
Up to 125V rms 450 0.25 600A/S1/S256 600A/S3/1/S802
125 to 300V rms 900 0.25 600A/S1/S1088 600A/S3/1/S1195
Note: Single pole Metrosil units are normally supplied without mounting
brackets unless otherwise specified by the customer.
Metrosil units for relays with a 5 amp CT
These Metrosil units have been designed to comply with the following requirements:
1. At the relay voltage setting, the Metrosil current should be less than 100mA rms (the
actual maximum currents passed by the units shown below their type description
2. At the maximum secondary internal fault current the Metrosil unit should limit the
voltage to 1500V rms for 0.25secs. At the higher relay settings, it is not possible to
limit the fault voltage to 1500V rms hence higher fault voltages have to be tolerated
(indicated by *, **, ***)
3. The Metrosil units normally recommended for use with 5 Amp CTs and single pole
relays are as shown in the following table:
Secondary
Internal
Recommended Metrosil Type
AP
Fault Relay Voltage Setting
Current
Amps rms Up to 200V rms 250V rms 275V rms 300V rms
600A/S1/S1213 600A/S1/S1214 600A/S1/S1214 600A/S1/S1223
50A C = 540/640 C = 670/800 C =670/800 C = 740/870*
35mA rms 40mA rms 50mA rms 50mA rms
600A/S2/P/S121 600A/S2/P/S1215 600A/S2/P/S1215 600A/S2/P/S1196
100A 7 C = 470/540 C = 570/670 C =570/670 C =620/740*
70mA rms 75mA rms 100mA rms 100mA rms
600A/S3/P/S121 600A/S3/P/S1220 600A/S3/P/S1221 600A/S3/P/S1222
150A 9 C = 430/500 C = 520/620 C = 570/670** C =620/740***
100mA rms 100mA rms 100mA rms 100mA rms
Note: *2400V peak **2200V peak ***2600V peak
In some situations single disc assemblies may be acceptable, contact AREVA T&D for
detailed applications.
Note:
1. The Metrosil units recommended for use with 5 Amp CTs can also be applied for use
with triple pole relays and consist of three single pole units mounted on the same
central stud but electrically insulated from each other. To order these units please
specify "Triple pole Metrosil type", followed by the single pole type reference
2. Metrosil units for higher relay voltage settings and fault currents can be supplied if
required
P63x/UK AP/A54 Application Notes
AP
AP
C C
B B
A A
Serial
Energizing
winding
winding
Common Regulating
winding winding
-60°/0°/+60°
phase-angle
Delta
Tertiary
connection
winding
C
B
A
Unloaded Delta
Neutral Earthing CTs in Series
CTs Outside Delta
AP
With Phase- With Delta
Tertiary Winding Tertiary Winding
Segregated CTs Tertiary Winding
Differential
Two-end Three-end Three-end Three-end
protection
Amplitude Vnom,a = Vnom,b
Vnom,a ≠ Vnom,b √3·Vnom,c Vnom,c
matching = Vnom,c
Vector group VGa-b = 0 VGa-b = 0 VGa-b = 0
VGa-b = 0
matching VGa-c = 0 VGa-c = 0 VGa-c = odd
Zero sequence
Enabled Disabled Disabled Enabled
current filtering
Inrush stabilization Enabled Disabled Enabled Enabled
Phase-segregation No Yes Yes No
Affected by voltage
Yes No No Yes
adjustment
Sensitivity for earth
Low High High Low
faults
Protection against
Yes No Yes Yes
turn-to-turn faults
Protection of the
delta tertiary No No Yes Yes
winding
C C
B B
A A
I d/I
C C
B B
A A
I d/I
Figure 15: Auto-transformer - neutral earthing with per phase neutral CTs
The differential protection described above operates strictly phase-segregated particularly
due to the fact that inrush stabilization is not required. Sensitivity for earth fault detection is
high. However turn-to-turn faults and faults on the tertiary winding cannot be detected in
principle. AP
2.4.3 CTs in series with delta tertiary winding
If the corresponding current through the tertiary winding is measured instead of the
neutral-to-earth current per phase a transformer coupling will be given.
C C
B B
A A
I d/I
C
B
A
P634
BB1
P633
AP
3. SETTING RECOMMENDATIONS
3.1 Introduction
By default all protection, logic and I/O settings are disabled in the P63x when delivered from
the manufacturer. The following sections are intended to provide recommendations on the
setup of auxiliary functions available in all relay configurations. The settings may be
configured in the MiCOM S1 S&R-103 setting software with out the need to access the relay.
The configured file may be saved as a standard “default” and used as a starting point when
applying the P63x to specific installations requiring calculated protection and logic settings.
The relevant sections of the application notes should be cross referenced prior to applying
the settings ensuring they are correct for the application.
2. Then the differential protection must be enabled across the setting groups globally:
(019.080) “Settings/Function Settings/Common Settings/DIFF: General Enable USER” set to “Yes”
AP
3. Differential protection must then be enabled in the required setting group, e.g. SG1:
(072.152) “Settings/ Function Settings/Setting Group 1/DIFF: Enable SG1” set to “Yes”
The protection system settings for differential protection can then be set as required for the
particular installation with reference to the appropriate sections of this Technical Guide. The
above procedure is also required for configuring other types of protection such as
overcurrent, restricted earth fault, etc.
Having assigned the trip command, the corresponding signal may be assigned to the desired
output relay. It is recommended to use output relay 01 on the power supply module which
provides 2 N/O contacts, although any available contact in a P63x may be configured for
circuit breaker tripping.
For P632/P633/P634:
(151.201) “Settings/Configuration/OUTP: Fct. Assignm. K 2001” set to “Gen. Trip Command 1”
For P631:
(150.193) “Settings/Configuration/OUTP: Fct. Assignm. K 901” set to “Gen. Trip Command 1”
The closing pulse time of the output contact is then controlled by the setting:
(021.003) “Settings/Function Settings/Global/MAIN: tDWELL Trip Cmd 1”
P63x/UK AP/A54 Application Notes
The logic equations should not be used for fast operating protection tripping functions, as
they may introduce a small delay in operation. Any grouping of trip commands should be
performed in the trip command described above.
For P631:
(150.214) “Settings/Configuration/OUTP: Fct. Assignm. K 908” set to “MAIN Blocked/Faulty”
This output relay provides a C/O contact which should be programmed to changeover when
auxiliary power is applied and the relay has not detected any conditions preventing correct
operation of protection.
The operation mode for P632/P633/P634:
(151.223) “Settings/Configuration/OUTP: Oper. Mode K 2008” set to “Inverted”
For P631:
(150.215) “Settings/Configuration/OUTP: Oper. Mode K 908” set to “Inverted”
This enables display of e.g. load current, voltage, frequency measurements on the front
panel display during normal operation. When more than two measurements are selected the
HMI will cycle through the configured measurements at a rate set by:
(031.075) “Settings/Configuration/HMI: Panel Hold-Time”
Application Notes P63x/UK AP/A54
Vk ≥ K × (Rct + Rl )
Phase fault differential protection
K is a constant depending on the maximum value of through fault current (as a multiple of In)
and the primary system X/R ratio. For phase faults, K is determined as follows:
K = 0.14 × (If × X / R)
K = 70 AP
For earth faults, Ke is determined as follows:
K e = 0.14 × (Ife × X / R)
K e = 70
Vk ≥ If × (Rct + 2Rl )
(Rct + 2Rl )
Vk ≥
Xt
45
40
35
Operating time (ms)
30
25
20
AP 15
10
0
0 5 10 15 20
Vk / (Idiff> × Rs)
Note: The diagram is the result of investigations which were carried out for
impedance ratios in the range of 5 to 120 and for fault currents in the
range of 0.5 to 40 In.
AP
P63x/UK AP/A54 Application Notes
AP