Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Presented By:
Shahnawaz Mustafa
The science of petroleum geology
• Chemistry
Geochemistry is a major component of petroleum
geology
• Detailed knowledge of the mineralogical
composition of rocks – reservoir quality.
• Pore
Pore--fluid chemistry
• Physics
Geophysics contributes to:
• Understanding the structures involved in trapping:
folds, faults
• Understanding the wells: wireline logs, lithology,
porosity
• Biology
• Biochemistry: transformation of plant and animal
tissues into kerogen and through to oil and gas.
• Study of fossil life: Paleontology
Formation of an oil accumulation
Presence of a reservoir-
reservoir-quality rock.
a porous storage space. Sandstone and limestones are the
most common reservoir rocks. To be a reservoir they must
have:
Porosity
Porosity,, to hold the hydrocarbons
Permeability
Permeability,, to allow fluid flow
Presence of an adequate seal
A seal is an impermeable bed (such as a shale or a bed of salt)
that sits on top of the trap and prevents the hydrocarbons rising
any further.
Presence of a trap
In order to prevent the hydrocarbons rising to the surface and
escaping they must be caught in a confined space, termed a
trap. i.e. the source, reservoir and seal must be arranged in such
a way that the petroleum is trapped.
Organic Matter
When an organism (plant or animal) dies, it is
normally oxidized
• A reservoir rock
is that kind of
rock which can
hold the
hydrocarbons.
• Most common
examples of
reservoir rocks
are sandstone
and Carbonates
(limestone and
dolomite).
The Reservoir Rock: Dolomite
• This is an example of
an important reservoir
rock type.
• Fossils have been
hollowed out by the
chemical conversion
of limestone to
dolomite, creating
pore spaces so large
that they are
sometimes called
“cavernous porosity”
porosity”
The Seal
• The seal or cap rock
is an impermeable
rock which don’t
allow the
hydrocarbons to
escape from the
reservoir rock.
• Common examples
of cap rocks are,
chalks , shales, clays
etc.
The Trap
• A subsurface obstacle to flow of petroleum
to the earth’s surface.