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2.1 Active Components 2.2 Passive Components 2.3 Node, Branch and Loop 2.4 Kirchhoff ' S Laws
2.1 Active Components 2.2 Passive Components 2.3 Node, Branch and Loop 2.4 Kirchhoff ' S Laws
AND
KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
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2.1 Active Components
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voltage-
voltage-controlled voltage source
vs = µ vx (VCVS)
current-
current-controlled voltage source
vs = γ ix
(CCVS)
voltage-
voltage-controlled current source
is = α vx (VCCS)
current-
current-controlled current source
is = β ix
(CCCS)
vs
+
v Rs → 0 , p = vi → ∞
R
-
is Rs → ∞ , p = vi → ∞
v = Ri
i = Gv
1 0 1 t
= ∫ vdτ + ∫ vdτ
L −∞ L 0
1 t
= i0 + ∫ vdτ
L 0
1 0 1 t
= ∫ idτ + ∫ idτ
C −∞ C 0
1 t
= v0 + ∫ idτ
C 0
v1 L1 L2 v2 i1 1 L2 − M v1
∫
t
i = L L − M 2 −∞ − M L1 v2
dτ
2 1 2
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node : a , b , c , d , e , f 6 nodes
branch : V1 , V2 , R3 , R4 , R5 , R6 , R7 , R8 8 branches
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2.3 Node , Branch and Loop
n Example
n If N = L∪M , then
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2.4 Kirchhoff’s Laws
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2.4 Kirchhoff’s Laws
n If M = K + J , then
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Node b : (-i1) + i7 + i2 = 0
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Node e : (-i7) + (-i4) + i5 = 0 25
Node b : i7 + i2 = i1
Super Node :i5+i2=i1+i4
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Node e : i5 = i7 + i4 27
Assume in (t ) = I n cos(ωt + φn )
= Re[ I n e j (ωt +φn ) ]
= Re[ I n e jφn e jωt ] , n=1,2,3,…,N
Re: real part
r jφn
Define n = I n e = I n cos φn + jI n sin φn
I
r
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Then in (t ) = Re[ I n e jωt ] 28
2.4 Kirchhoff’s Laws
n Example 2 (cont.)
N r
∑ Re[ I
n =1
n e jωt ] = 0
∑ i (t ) = 0
n =1
n , for any node
∞
Let I n ( s ) @ ∫0
in ( t ) e-st dt
∞ N
∫ ∑ i ( t ) dt=0
Then
0 n
n=1
KCL in s domain
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∑V (drop)=0
K
k , KVL in time domain
loop a,b,c,d,e,f,a
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V2 + V3 + V6 + (-V7)+ (-V8) + (-V4) = 0
2.4 Kirchhoff’s Laws
n Example 4 (cont.)
loop a,b,c,d,e,f,a
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(-V2) + (-V3) + (-V6) + V7+ V8 + V4 = 0
loop a,b,c,d,e,f,a
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V2 + V3 + V6 = V7+ V8 + V4
2.4 Kirchhoff’s Laws
n Example 5
M
∑ v ( t ) ( drop )=0
k=1
k , for any node
∑ v (t ) = 0
n =1
k
∞
Define VK ( s ) = ∫ vk (t ) e − st dt
0
∞ M
∫ ∑v
0
k =1
k ( t ) e − st d t = 0
M ∞
∑∫
k =1
0
v k ( t ) e − st d t = 0
M
∑V
k =1
K ( s ) = 0 , sca la r eq u tio n
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K V L in s d o m a in
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2.4 Kirchhoff’s Laws
n Example 7 (cont.)
(b) One four-way switch is required for each
location in excess of two.
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Summary
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Assignment : Chapter Problems
n Problem 2.3
2.9
2.26
2.29
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