Experiment No: 4

Realization of Op- Amp as Integrator and differentiator

Aim:- To realize the operation of an integrator and differentiator for a given input.
Apparatus required: Trainer Kit, Function Generator, Cathode Ray Oscilloscope and Connecting
wires.

Theory:-
Integrator: In an integrator circuit, the output voltage is integral of the input signal. Here capacitor
will act as the feedback element for closed loop configuration. The output voltage of an integrator
is given by

As the output voltage polarity is negative, it indicates input voltage is given in the inverting
terminal & so there will be a 180 degrees phase shift between input & output voltages. At low
frequencies the gain becomes infinite, so the capacitor is fully charged and behaves like an open
circuit. The gain of an integrator at low frequency can be limited by connecting a resistor in shunt
with capacitor. So, integrator will behave as Low Pass Filter (LPF).

Differentiator: In the differentiator circuit the output voltage is the differentiation of the input
voltage. Here capacitor will be used as input & resistor will be used as feedback in the closed loop
configuration. The output voltage of a differentiator is given by

𝒅𝑽𝒊𝒏
𝑽𝒐 = −𝑹𝒇𝑪𝟏
𝒅𝒕

As the output voltage polarity is negative, it indicates that input voltage is given in the inverting
terminal & so there will be a 180 degrees phase shift between input & output voltages. The input
impedance of this circuit decreases with increase in frequency, thereby making the circuit sensitive
to high frequency noise. At high frequencies circuit may become unstable. Differentiator acts as
High Pass Filter (HPF).
Circuit DIAGRAM:-
Integrator

Differentiator
PROCEDURE:-
Integrator:
1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram.
2. Apply a square wave/sine input of 5V (p-p) at 1 KHz.
3. Choose the values of resistors & capacitors & find the value of time constant.
4. Observe the output at pin 6.
5. Draw input and output waveforms.

Differentiator:
1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram
2. Apply a square wave/sine input of 6V (p-p) at 1 KHz.
3. Choose the values of resistors & capacitors & find the value of time constant.
4. Observe the output at pin 6.
5. Draw the input and output waveforms.

Result:- The output of integrator and differentiator is observed and realized.

Viva Questions:
1. List the drawbacks of ideal integrator.
2. Mention the main applications of differentiator.
3. Prove how integrator will act as Low Pass filter with necessary circuit diagram.
4. Prove how differentiator will act as High Pass Filter with necessary circuit diagram.
5. Define time constant for integrator & differentiator.