NETAJI SUBHAS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY,

DELHI

LABORATORY MANUAL
OF
ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION

NAME – ARIV LAMBA

ROLL NO. – 2019UIC3528
GROUP 7 ICE -1
 EXPERIMENT NO. 01

Aim: To study the design of inverting amplifier using Multisim.

Components Required: Op-Amp 741, Resistor, Oscilloscope,
Function Generator, etc.
Theory:
An inverting amplifier using op-amp is a type of amplifier using
where the output waveform will be phase opposite to the input
waveform. The input waveform will be amplified by the factor
Av (voltage gain of the amplifier) in magnitude and its phase
will be inverted. In the inverting amplifier circuit, the signal to
be amplified is applied to the inverting input of the op-amp
through the input resistance R1. Rf is the feedback resistor. Rf
and Rin together determine the gain of the amplifier. Inverting
operational amplifier gain can be expressed using the equation
Av = – Rf/Rin. Negative sign implies that the output signal is
negated. The circuit diagram of a basic inverting amplifier using
op-amp is shown below.
Circuit Diagram:

Output Waveform using Oscilloscope:

Result: The design of the inverting amplifier is simulated and

verified.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 02

Aim: To study design of non-inverting amplifier using Multisim.

Components Required: Op-Amp 741, Resistor, Oscilloscope,
Function Generator, etc.
Theory:
A non-inverting amplifier is an op-amp circuit configuration
which produces an amplified output signal. This output signal of
non-inverting op amp is in-phase with the input signal applied.
In other words, a non-inverting amplifier behaves like a voltage
follower circuit. A non-inverting amplifier also uses negative
feedback connection, but instead of feeding the entire output
signal to the input, only a part of the output signal voltage is fed
back as input to the inverting input terminal of the op-amp. The
high input impedance and low output impedance of the non-
inverting amplifier makes the circuit ideal for impedance
buffering applications. Rf is the feedback resistor. Rf and Rin
together determine the gain of the amplifier. Non-Inverting
operational amplifier gain can be expressed using the equation
Av = 1 + Rf/Rin.
Circuit Diagram:

Output Waveform using Oscilloscope:

Result: The design of the non-inverting amplifier is simulated

and verified.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 03

Aim: To study design of integrator using Multisim.

Components Required: Op-Amp 741, Resistor, Capacitor,
Oscilloscope, Function Generator, etc.
Theory:
In most op amp circuits, the feedback that is used is mainly
resistive in nature with a direct resistive path forming at least
part of the network. However, for the integrator this is not the
case - the component providing the feedback between the
output and input of the op amp is a capacitor.
As the name of the op amp integrator implies, it performs a
function that is an electronic equivalent to the mathematical
integration function. In fact, electronic integrator circuits can be
used in analogue computers.
In terms of their operation, the circuit produces an output that is
proportional to the integral of its input voltage with respect to
time.
This means that the output voltage at any time is determined by
the start output voltage, the length of time the input voltage has
been present and the value of the input voltage.
The primary calculation required for the circuit is to determine
the output voltage for a given input voltage for a given time.
Circuit Diagram:

Output Waveform using Oscilloscope:

(i). When input is a sinusoidal wave:

(ii). When input is a square wave:

Result: The design of the integrator is simulated and verified.

 EXPERIMENT NO. 04

Aim: To study design of differentiator using Multisim

Components Required: Op-Amp 741, Resistor, Capacitor,
Oscilloscope, Function Generator, etc.
Theory:
Differentiator produces a voltage output which is directly
proportional to the input voltage’s rate-of-change with respect
to time. This means that a fast change to the input voltage
signal, the greater the output voltage change in response.

The voltage output for the operational amplifier differentiator

can be determined from the relationship below:
Circuit Diagram:

Output Waveform:

Result: The design of the differentiator is simulated and verified.

 EXPERIMENT NO. 05

Aim: To study design of instrumentation amplifier using Multisim

Components Required: Op-Amp 741, Resistors, Oscilloscope,
Function Generator, etc.
Theory:
An instrumentation amplifier is one kind of IC (integrated
circuit), mainly used for amplifying a signal. This amplifier
comes under the family of the differential amplifier because it
increases the disparity among two inputs. The instrumentation
Amplifier is a dedicated differential amplifier with extremely
high input impedance.
The main function of this amplifier is to diminish surplus noise
that is chosen by the circuit.
The instrumentation amplifier IC is an essential component in
the designing of the circuit due to its characteristics like high
CMRR, open-loop gain is high, low drift as well as low DC offset,
etc.
Its gain can be precisely set by a single internal or external
resistor. Formula for gain is:
Circuit Diagram:

Calculation:
Av = [1+ 2Rf1/Rgain]
= 1 + 2*400/800
=2
Vout = [V2-V1]*Av
= [4-2]*2
= 2*2 = 4V
Result: The design of the instrumentation amplifier is simulated
and verified.
EXPERIMENT No. – 06
Aim: To study design of first order low pass filter circuit using MULTISIM.

Apparatus: PC loaded with MULTISIM software.

Theory: This first-order low pass active filter, consists simply of a passive RC
filter stage providing a low frequency path to the input of a non-inverting
operational amplifier. The amplifier is configured as a voltage-follower (Buffer)
giving it a DC gain of one, Av = +1 or unity gain as opposed to the previous passive
RC filter which has a DC gain of less than unity.

First Order Low Pass Filter:

Active Low Pass Filter With Amplification:

Gain of a first-order low pass filter:

Where:

AF = the pass band gain of the filter, (1 + R2/R1)

ƒ = the frequency of the input signal in Hertz, (Hz)

ƒc = the cut-off frequency in Hertz, (Hz)

Thus, the operation of a low pass active filter can be verified from the frequency gain
equation above as:

1. At very low frequencies, ƒ < ƒc

2. At the cut-off frequency, ƒ = ƒc

3. At very high frequencies, ƒ > ƒc

Thus, the Active Low Pass Filter has a constant gain AF from 0Hz to the high
frequency cut-off point, ƒC. At ƒC the gain is 0.707AF, and after ƒC it decreases at a
constant rate as the frequency increases.

Magnitude of Voltage Gain in (dB):

Circuit Diagram:

Frequency Response Curve:

Result: The design of the instrumentation amplifier is simulated and verified.

EXPERIMENT No. – 07
Aim: To study design of first order high pass filter circuit using MULTISIM.

Apparatus: PC loaded with MULTISIM software.

Theory: A first-order (single-pole) Active High Pass Filter as its name implies,
attenuates low frequencies and passes high frequency signals. It consists simply of a
passive filter section followed by a non-inverting operational amplifier. The
frequency response of the circuit is the same as that of the passive filter, except that
the amplitude of the signal is increased by the gain of the amplifier and for a non-
inverting amplifier the value of the pass band voltage gain is given as 1 + R2/R1, the
same as for the low pass filter circuit.

Active High Pass Filter with Amplification:

This first-order high pass filter, consists simply of a passive filter followed by a non-
inverting amplifier. The frequency response of the circuit is the same as that of the
passive filter, except that the amplitude of the signal is increased by the gain of the
amplifier.

For a non-inverting amplifier circuit, the magnitude of the voltage gain for the filter
is given as a function of the feedback resistor ( R2 ) divided by its corresponding
input resistor ( R1 ) value and is given as:
Gain for an Active High Pass Filter:

Where:
AF = the Pass band Gain of the filter, ( 1 + R2/R1 )
ƒ = the Frequency of the Input Signal in Hertz, (Hz)
ƒc = the Cut-off Frequency in Hertz, (Hz)
Just like the low pass filter, the operation of a high pass active filter can be verified
from the frequency gain equation above as:

1. At very low frequencies, ƒ < ƒc

2. At the cut-off frequency, ƒ = ƒc

3. At very high frequencies, ƒ > ƒc

Then, the Active High Pass Filter has a gain AF that increases from
0Hz to the low frequency cut-off point, ƒC at 20dB/decade as the frequency increases.
At ƒC the gain is 0.707*AF, and after ƒC all frequencies are pass band frequencies so
the filter has a constant gain AF with the highest frequency being determined by the
closed loop bandwidth of the op-amp.

Magnitude of Voltage Gain in (dB)

Circuit Diagram:

Frequency Response:

Result: The design of Instrumentation amplifier is simulated and verified.

EXPERIMENT No. - 08
Aim: To study design of Square wave generator circuit using MULTISIM.

Apparatus: PC loaded with MULTISIM software.

Theory: The square wave generator is defined as an oscillator that gives the
output without any input, without any input in the sense we should give input
within zero seconds that means it must be an impulse input. This generator is used
in digital signal processing and electronic applications. The square wave generator is
also known as Astable Multivibrator or free-running and the frequency of the square
wave generator is independent of the output voltage.

Unlike the monostable or bistable, the astable multivibrator has two states, neither of
which are stable as it is constantly switching between these two states with the time
spent in each state controlled by the charging or discharging of the capacitor through
a resistor.

In the op-amp multivibrator circuit the op-amp works as an analogue comparator.

An op-amp comparator compares the voltages on its two inputs and gives a positive
or negative output depending on whether the input is greater or less than some
reference value, VREF.
Op-amp Multivibrator Voltages:

The period of the output waveform is determined by the RC time constant of the two
timing components and the feedback ratio established by the R1, R2 voltage divider
network which sets the reference voltage level. If the positive and negative values of
the amplifiers saturation voltage have the same magnitude, then t1 = t2 and the
expression to give the period of oscillation becomes:

Where: R is Resistance, C is Capacitance, ln( ) is the Natural Logarithm of the

feedback fraction, T is periodic time in seconds, and ƒ is oscillation Frequency in Hz.

Then we can see from the above equation that the frequency of oscillation for an Op-
amp Multivibrator circuit not only depends upon the RC time constant but also
upon the feedback fraction. However, if we used resistor values that gave a feedback
fraction of 0.462, (β = 0.462), then the frequency of oscillation of the circuit would be
equal to just 1/2RC as shown because the linear log term becomes equal to one.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OSCILLOSCOPE :

RESULT : The design of square wave generator is simulated and verified.

Experiment No. - 09
Aim: To study design of Triangular wave generator using MULTISIM.

Apparatus: PC loaded with MULTISIM software.

Theory: A Triangular Wave Generator Using Op amp can be formed by simply

connecting an integrator to the square wave generator.

Triangular wave is generated by alternatively charging and discharging a capacitor

with a constant current. This is achieved by connecting integrator circuit at the
output of square wave generator as shown in the figure above.

Assume that V’ is high at +Vsat. This forces a constant current (+Vsat/R3) through C
(left to right) to drive Vo negative linearly. When V’ is low at —Vsat, it forces a
constant current (— Vsat /R3) through C (right to left) to drive Vo positive, linearly.
The frequency of the triangular wave is same as that of square wave.
Although the amplitude of the square wave is constant (± Vsat), the amplitude of the
triangular wave decreases with an increase in its frequency, and vice versa. This is
because the reactance of capacitor decreases at high frequencies and increases at low
frequencies. In practical circuits, resistance R4 is connected across C to avoid the
saturation problem at low frequencies as in the case of practical integrator

To obtain stable triangular wave at the output, it is necessary to have

5R3 C2 > T/2,

where T is the period of the square wave input.

The time period of the output of the square wave generator is

T = 2 x 2.303 Rf C x log((2R2+R1)/R1)

which is the same for triangular wave generator.

Frequency of the output f = 1/T

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

OSCILLOSCOPE :

RESULT : The design of triangular wave generator is simulated and verified.

Experiment No. - 10
Aim: To study design of Wiens bridge oscillator using MULTISIM.

Apparatus: PC loaded with MULTISIM software.

Theory: The Wien Bridge Oscillator is so called because the circuit is based on a
frequency-selective form of the Wheatstone bridge circuit. The Wien Bridge
oscillator is a two-stage RC coupled amplifier circuit that has good stability at its
resonant frequency, low distortion and is very easy to tune making it a popular
circuit as an audio frequency oscillator but the phase shift of the output signal is
considerably different from the previous phase shift RC Oscillator.

The Wien Bridge Oscillator uses a feedback circuit consisting of a series RC circuit
connected with a parallel RC of the same component values producing a phase delay
or phase advance circuit depending upon the frequency. At the resonant frequency
ƒr the phase shift is 0o. Consider the circuit below.

Wien Bridge Oscillator Frequency

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

OSCILLOSCOPE :

RESULT : The design of Wien bridge oscillator is simulated and verified.