Amplifier:

An amplifier is an electronic device used to increase the magnitude of a signal

(voltage, current, or power) with minimal distortion. It is used to boost the strength of
a weak signal so that it can be more easily processed by other electronic devices,
such as speakers, receivers, and recording equipment.

Op-Amp:
An operational amplifier (op-amp) is a type of amplifier used in electronics to amplify
a small input signal to a much larger output signal. It is a differential amplifier with a
high gain, and is used in a wide variety of applications such as audio, medical,
communications, and instrumentation.

Integrated Circuit (IC):

Collection of semiconductor electronic device (diode transistor) combined with other circuit
elements are else printed in a single chip.

Op-Amp Introduction:
 Multi-stage high-gain amplifier having a differential input and a single-ended
output that draws power from an external supply voltage.
 Contains a number of transistor-based differential amplifier stages to achieve a
very high voltage gain (~105).
 Contains several transistors, resistors, a few capacitors and diodes in its internal
circuitry.
Op-Amp Input-Output Characteristics:

OP-AMP Architecture:
Op-Amp Characteristics:

Differential mode operation:

Common mode operation:

Output Voltage:
Common mode rejection:

Common Mode rejection Ratio (CMRR):

The ratio of the differential gain to the common mode gain yields the common
mode rejection ratio. Ideally CMRR should be infinite.

Slew Rate:
Maximum rate of change of output voltage vs time.

Virtual ground Concept:

Negative Feedback Concept:
Negative feedback is achieved when a part of the output feedback to the inverting
input terminal of the op amp.

Why?
When device’s gain is simply too large and its bandwidth too narrow negative
feedback is used to set the gain to a specific precise value and increase the
bandwidth of operation.
Current To Voltage Converter:
Both the inverting and non-inverting nodes will have the same voltage there’ve v1=v2
and using nodal analysis at inverting node, we get

Voltage to current convertor:

Both the inverting and non-inverting nodes will have the same voltage there’ve v1=v2
and using nodal analysis at inverting node, we get

Voltage follower:
The Output voltage “Follows” the input voltage (gain is unity).

 A voltage follower a buffer circuit provides a mean of isolating an input signal

from a load by using a stage having unity voltage gain.
 It offers no phase or polarity inversion and act as an ideal circuit with very high
input impedance and low output impedance.

Summing Amplifier:

A summing amplifier is an op-amp circuit that combines several inputs and

produces an output that is the weighted sum of the inputs.
 Method 2

Application of Summing Amplifier:

 Accepts inputs of digital/binary values at, typically, 0-V (for bit '0') or V ref (for
bit '1') and provides an output voltage proportional to the decimal equivalent of
the input binary value.
 E.g., consider a DAC with digital data of 4-bits.
Difference Amplifier:
A difference amplifier is a device that amplifies the difference between two nputs
but rejects any signals common to the two inputs.
Integrator Amplifier:

An integrator amplifier is an op-amp circuit whose output is proportional to the

integral of the input signal over time.
Differential Amplifier:
A differential amplifier is an op-amp circuit whose output is proportional to the rate
of change of the input signal w.r.t time.