INDIAN INSTITUE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

HEAT TRANSFER ASSIGMENT REPORT

EVAPORATOR DESIGN

By SAURAB DEVANANDAN
Enrollment ID:
15514023

MTECH 1st Year, CAPPD

AIM: To Evaluate the Performance of a Quadruple Effect sugar Evaporator for different Feed
Temperatures and studying the effect on steam Economy.

PROBLEM STATEMENT:

Calculate The Area of Heat Transfer in each effect on Basis of Equal Area and Calculate the overall steam
economy and plot Steam Economy Vs Temperature

GIVEN DATA:

Feed Mass Flowrate = 70000 kg/hr

Concentration of Solute in Feed = 18 oBx

Final thick Liquor Concentration = 60 oBx

Feed Temperatures Considered are 70oC, 75oC, 80oC, 85oC, 90oC, 95oC, 100oC, 105oC

Saturation Temperature of Steam entering the 1st Effect = 115oC

Saturation Temperature of Steam Entering The Final Effect =55 oC

Specific Heat = 2.508 kJ/(kg oC)

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

EFFECT U(W/(m2 oC)

1 3200
2 2500
3 2000
4 1400

ASSUMPTIONS:

 The Boiling Point Rise due to solute concentration is considered negligible.

 The Specific Heat of all Liquid Streams is assumed to be constant.
 The steam entering each effect is considered to be saturated, i.e., the steam only transfers its latent
heat of vaporization.
 There is no heat loss while moving between effects.

GOVERNING EQUATIONS:

For the first effect,

L0Cp(τ0 - T1) + V0λ0 - (L0 – L1)λ1 = 0 …(1)
U1A1(T0 – T1) – V0λ0 = 0 …(2)
 For remaining effects,
LiCp(Ti-1 – Ti) + (Li-2 - Li-1)λi-1 - (Li-1 – Li)λi = 0 …(3)
UiAi(Ti-1 – Ti) – (Li-2 – Li-1)λi-1 = 0 …(4)
i=2,3,4.

where,
V0 = steam flow rate entering first effect,
Li = liquid flow rate leaving ith effect,
Ti = temperature of steam in ith effect,
λi = latent heat of evaporation in ith effect,
Ui = overall heat transfer coefficient of ith effect,
Ai = area of ith effect.

These equations are solved simultaneously taking λi = λ = 2040 (kJ/kg.oC) at T0=115 oC , for all i, and
with the requirement that A1 = A2 = A3 = A4.

Program Considerations:

The Program for design of Evaporator was performed using C++. Gauss Elimination is used to solve the
Multivariable system. The Program solves for any N effect

Results and Conclusions:

The heat transfer area of each effect is calculated to be around 780 m2. The Steam Economy is found to
increase gradually with increase in Feed Temperature. The Heat Transfer Surface Area requirement and
Steam requirement reduces with the Increase in FEED temperature.

The steams Economy for Different Feed Temperatures are in the following Table.

Feed Temperature (oC) Steam Economy Steam Requirement(In Area Req(m2)

Kg/hr)

70 3.2935 10371.5 790.064

75 3.43617 9911.78 783.432
80 3.51963 9510.96 780.92
85 3.76182 9080.66 776.348
90 3.94894 8650.37 771.776
95 4.15566 8220.07 767.204
100 4.38521 7789.78 762.633
105 4.6416 7359.48 758.01
Graph Steam economy vs Temperature.

STEAM ECONOMY vs FEED TEMPERATURE

4.8

4.6

4.4
STEAM ECONOMY

4.2

4
Steam Economy
3.8

3.6

3.4

3.2

3
65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
FEED TEMPERATURE (oC)

Graph Steam Requirement vs Temperature.

Steam Requirement
12000

10000
Steam Requiremt (in kg/hr)

8000

6000
Steam Requirement
4000

2000

0
65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
FEED TEMPERATURE (oC)
Graph Area Requirement vs Temperature.

Area Req
795

790

785
Area Required (in m2)

Area Req
780

775

770

765

760

755
65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
FEED TEMPERATURE (oC)