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THEME : TECHNOLOGICAL AND INDUSTRIAL

DEVELOPMENT IN SOCIETY

LEARNING AREA : 2. SIMPLE MACHINE

2.1 ANALYSING LEVERS

A student is able to:
1. Lever is a a) list things around them that use the
a. ________ machine. principle of the lever,
b) state what a lever can do,
b. enables a ____ effort to overcome a ______ load. c) identify load, force and fulcrum in
c. can be used to _______ heavy objects. the lever,
d) classify levers,
d. makes work _____________. e) explain what is meant by the
moment of a force,
f) solve problems related to levers.
2. A lever has three parts:
a. _____________ (F) — the turning point or pivot.
b. ___________ (E) — the force applied to overcome a resisting force called the load.
c. ___________ (L) — the resisting force exerted by an object.

3. There are three classes of levers:

a. _________ class b. ___________ class c. __________ class

First class lever Second class lever Third class lever

i. Centre position
F L E

____________ is The _______ is The __________ is

between the effort between the fulcrum between the fulcrum
and the load and the effort and the load.

ii. Position
Fulcrum, Load
and Effort

 _____ effort is  ________ effort  A _____ effort is

used to move a is used to move a used to move a
_____ load _______ load. ______ load.
 Effort is further  Effort is further  Load is _______
from the _____ from the fulcrum from the _______
iii. Charateristics
than the load is. than the _____ is. than the effort is.
 ______ moves  Effort moves  The load moves
through a longer through a longer through a longer
distance than the distance than the distance than the
___________ _________ __________
iv. Example

Prepared by Puan Rafida Mustaffa @SMKKK Science Form Two :Chapter 10 :Simple Machine
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Classification of lever
For each devices, label the load, effort and fulcrum, then write the example of the device
based on their class of lever.

Prepared by Puan Rafida Mustaffa @SMKKK Science Form Two :Chapter 10 :Simple Machine
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The moment of a force

1. When we loosen a bolt using a spanner, a ________ that is applied has a turning effect on the
spanner.
2. This turning effect of a force is known as the ______________________.

3. In Figure above,
a. it is easier to loosen the bolt if you hold the spanner at position ____ than
____because the turning effect is _______________
b. it is also easier to loosen the bolt if a larger force is applied at ____ to cause a
__________ turning effect.
4. The turning effect or moment of a force is influenced by
a. the ___________ of the force applied. b. the __________ of the force applied.
5. The S.I. unit for measuring the moment of a force is ______________ (Nm).

6. The moment of a force can be calculated by using the formula below:

Moment of a force = Force X Perpendicular distance from the pivot to the force
(Nm) (N) (m)
Moments in a lever

1. In Figure above, when the lever is in ________________, the sum of the anticlockwise
___________ to the sum of the clockwise moments.
2. The principle of moments can be represented by the following formula:
Prepared by Puan Rafida Mustaffa @SMKKK Science Form Two :Chapter 10 :Simple Machine
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Load X Distance of load from the fulcrum Effort X Distance of effort from the fulcrum
=
L(N) D(m) E(N) D(m)

Problem solution
According to the principle of moments:

a) In Figure above, Ahmad who weighs 600 N sits

1.5 m from the fulcrum of a see-saw. The see-saw
is balanced when Mutu sits at a distance of 2 m
from the fulcrum. What is the weight of Mutu?
According to the principle of moments:

b) Figure
above shows a rod PQ hinged at P. Calculate the
force needed for Q to balance the rod. (Ignore
the weight of the rod.)

According to the principle of moments:

c) Calculate
the distance d if the lever system in Figure above
is balanced.

2.2 APPRECIATING THE INNOVATIVE EFFORTS IN THE DESIGN OF MACHINES TO

SIMPLIFY WORK
A student is able to:
1. Levers or a ____________ of levers can be designed a) design or improvise a device
innovatively to become ___________ that help to simplify our that use the principle of a
____________. lever.
2. Human beings make use of the principle of ___________ to
invent ________________.
3. Innovative efforts in inventing machines make our work _______________.
4. Complex machines help us to carry out _____________ and tedious work.
5. Examples of some machines that are based on the principle of levers are crane, typewriter,
pedal bin, pliers, paper cutter and stapler.
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Revisions
1. What is the advantage of using a lever? (page______, no ________)
2. Name the three parts of a lever. (page______, no ________)
3. What are the three classes of levers? (page______, no ________)
4. For each class of lever, state the relative position of the fulcrum (F), effort (F) and load (L).
(page______, no ________)
5. Give three examples of each class of lever. (page______, no ________)
6. What is meant by the moment of a force? (page______, no ________)
7. State the unit for measuring the moment of a force. (page______, no ________)
8. Write out the formula for calculating the moment of a force. (page______, no ________)
9. State the principle of moments. (page______, no ________)
10. How do machines help us in our work (page______, no ________)

Prepared by Puan Rafida Mustaffa @SMKKK Science Form Two :Chapter 10 :Simple Machine