115-136 ExtQ - 13e

Understanding Integrated Science for the 21st Century (3rd Edition) – Form 3
Unit 13: Metals
Long Question
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(a) Fill in the blanks of the table below. (12 marks)
elements chemical symbols
Nitrogen
Zn
Tin
Cu
Hg
Gold
Na
Chlorine
(b) Which of the above are metals? (7 marks)
(c) State 5 properties of metals. (5 marks)
(d) Suggest a chemical method to reduce metal oxide to metals? How can we do it? (3 marks)
(e) Which of the metals above can exist in element state in nature? (2 marks)
© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2013 115

Unit 13: Metals

Unit 13: Metals
##
(a)
element chemical symbols
Hydrogen H
Oxygen O
Nitrogen N
Zinc Zn
Tin Sn
Copper Cu
Mercury Hg
Gold Au
Potassium K
Sodium Na
chlorine Cl
Sulphur S
(12m)
(b) Zinc, tin, copper, mercury, gold, potassium and sodium. (7m)
(c) high melting point, ductile and malleable, good conductor of heat and electricity and heat, denser than
non-metals, usually stronger than non-metals, usually has a shiny surface … (5m)
(d) Carbon reduction. (1m)
Mix metal oxides with carbon and heat them strongly. (2m)
(e) Gold and silver. (2m)
##
Skill assessed Marks
(a)-(e) Understanding basic knowledge 29
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Read the following article and answer the questions that follow.
‘Silver is somewhat rare, although not as rare as gold. Slag dumps in Asia Minor and on islands in the
Aegean Sea (愛琴海) indicate that man learned to separate silver from lead as early as 3000 BC. Pure silver
has a brilliant metallic lustre. It is a little harder than gold and is very ductile and malleable. Pure silver has
the highest electrical conductivity of all metals. However, it is not common to use silver in making electrical
fittings.’

Unit 13: Metals
(a) Arrange silver, gold and aluminium in ascending order of availability on Earth. (3 marks)
(b) Give two differences in properties between silver and gold. (2 marks)
(c) What are the meanings of ‘ductile’ and ‘malleable’? (2 marks)
(d) Describe how you can show that silver is malleable in the laboratory. (2 marks)
(e) Which metal, silver or copper, has higher electrical conductivity? (1 mark)
(f) Why don’t we use silver to make electrical wires? (1 mark)
##
(a) Gold, silver, aluminium (3m)
(b) Gold is yellow in colour while silver is silvery. OR
Silver has a higher electrical conductivity than gold. OR
Silver is harder than gold. (any 2) (2m)
(c) Ductile – can be drawn into wires without breaking. (1m)
Malleable – can be hammered, bent and changed into different shapes without breaking. (1m)
(d) Use a hammer to beat a silver sample and observe the change in its shape. (2m)
(e) Silver (1m)
(f) It is too expensive. (1m)
##
(a)-(f) Understanding basic knowledge 11
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Unit 13: Metals
Read the following news article and answer the questions that follow.
‘Edible Metal – Iron’
The human body requires iron for many functions. Most importantly, iron is
used in the production of normal red blood cells. Since red blood cells are
constantly being replaced, there is a constant need for a new supply of iron in
the diet. That is why iron is often mentioned as a healthful additive to certain
foods e.g. cereal, vitamin pills. The iron mixed in cereal is pure iron! Really! It
is the same iron found in nails and automobiles. The very tiny particles of iron quickly react with our
stomach juice, changing to a form easily absorbed by the body.
(a) What is the chemical symbol of iron? (1 mark)
(b) Suggest a physical method to separate pure iron from breakfast cereal. (2 marks)
(c) Why iron is so important to our health? (1 mark)
(d) Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of using iron for making automobiles. (2 marks)
(e) Why is it not good to use iron utensils to cook acidic food? (1 mark)
(f) Suggest another metal which is also a healthy food additive. (1 mark)
##
(a) Fe (1m)
(b) Use a magnet to attract iron. (2m)
(c) It is the raw material for the production of red blood cells. (1m)
(d) It is hard but not very resistant to corrosion. (2m)
(e) Iron reacts with acids and dissolves in them. (1m)
(f) Calcium (1m)
##

Unit 13: Metals
(a)-(b), (d), (f) Understanding basic knowledge 6

(c), (e) Reading skills 2
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An experiment was conducted to obtain lead metal from lead oxide. The set-up of the experiment is shown
as below.
ignition tube
powder X
lead oxide
(a) What is X? (1 mark)
(b) Write a word equation for the chemical change that had taken place. (4 marks)
(c) Sodium metal cannot be obtained from this method. Which metal is more reactive, sodium or lead?
(1 mark)
(d) Lead can be used to make an alloy – solder.

(i) What metal is mixed with lead for making solder? (1 mark)
(ii) Suggest two reasons why solder can be used to join up parts of electrical circuits. (2 marks)
(e) Give three properties of sodium that are uncommon for metals. (3 marks)
##
(a) Carbon (1m)

Unit 13: Metals
(b) Lead oxide + carbon  Lead + carbon dioxide (4m)

(c) Sodium (1m)
(d) (i) Tin (1m)
(ii) Solder has a low melting point and is a good conductor of electricity. (2m)
(e) Sodium is soft and has low density and low melting point. (3m)
##
(a) Handling information 1
(b)-(e) Understanding basic knowledge 11
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The following table summarises the properties of six metals A-F.
Metal
Properties A B C D E F
Heat Conductivity 4 3 5 5 5 4
Density 5 5 3 3 4 1
Price 4 2 5 2 4 3
Hardness 4 4 1 3 2 2
Toxicity 3 1 0 0 0 0
Melting Point 3 3 3 5 5 3
Malleability 3 3 4 2 4 5
(Metal scale 0-5, 0 = none, 5 = most)

(a) Choose the best metal from A-F for each application shown in the diagram below. (6 marks)
I will choose Because the metal
dumb-bell

Unit 13: Metals
frying pan
soft drink can
(b) Suggest two possible reasons why metal C is so expensive. (2 marks)
##
(a)
I will choose Because the metal
B has very high density and is cheaper than A.
dumb-bell
is a good conductor of heat, has high melting

D
point and is non-toxic.
frying pan

Unit 13: Metals
F is very light, non-toxic and very malleable.
soft drink can

(6m)
(b) It is rare on Earth and its cost of extraction is very high. (2m)
##
(a) Handling information 6
(b) Understanding basic knowledge 2
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reactive resistance relative density

abundance in
Metal price per kg (1= least resistant, (1= least dense,
the earth crust
4 =most resistant) 4 =most dense)
Aluminium 8.1% $170 3 2
Copper 0.055% $140 3 4
Gold 0.0000004% $1100000 4 4
Iron 5.0% $20 1 3
Zinc 0.007% $160 2 3
(a) Why did men discover gold much earlier then other elements even if its abundance is the lowest?
(2 marks)
(b) Which of the above do we use to produce electric cable? Why it is used? (3 marks)
##
(a) Because gold is very unreactive and it always exists in element state in nature. (2m)
(b) We use aluminium. It is not too expensive to be used. It has high resistance to corrosion to save the
maintenance cost. Its density is relatively lower than other metals, so the cable won’t be so heavy.

Unit 13: Metals
(3m)
##
(a) Understanding basic knowledge 2
(b) Handling information 3
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Four different metals (magnesium, zinc, iron and copper) are put in four test tubes, each with 3 cm 3 of dilute
hydrochloric acid. The result is plotted below:
W X Y Z Dilute hydrochloric acid
Is hydrogen Does the tube

Metal Rate of reaction
formed? get warm?
W Yes Yes very vigorous
X Yes Yes vigorous
Y Yes Yes slow
Z No No no reaction
(a) Identify W, X, Y, Z. (4 marks)
W: ________________ X: ________________
Y: ________________ Z: ________________
(b) Why do some of the test tubes get warm? (1 mark)
(c) If Z is replaced with gold, will there be any reaction? Explain briefly. (2 marks)
(d) How can we test whether hydrogen is formed? (2 marks)

Unit 13: Metals
(e) If you are going to make a metal statue, which metal will you use (W, X, Y or Z) to minimize
corrosion? Why? (2 marks)
____________________________________________________________________
##
(a) W: magnesium (1m)
X: zinc (1m)
Y: iron (1m)
Z: copper (1m)
(b) It is because some of the metals react with the dilute acid and heat is given out during the process.
(1m)
(c) No. Gold is not reactive enough to react with dilute acid. (2m)
(d) Put a burning splint inside the test tube. A ‘pop’ sound will be heard if there is hydrogen. (2m)
(e) Z/Copper. It is because its reactivity is the lowest and it does not react with dilute acid. (2m)
##
(a), (e) Handling information 6
(b)-(c) Understanding basic knowledge 3
(d) Practical skills 2
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(a) Silver is a better conductor than copper, but it is seldom used in making conducting wires. Why?
(1 mark)
(b) Potassium, mercury, iron, and gold are all metals but they have different properties.
(i) Which metal has the lowest melting point? What is its state at room temperature? (2 marks)
(ii) Which metal is the cheapest? Give TWO reasons. (3 marks)
(iii) Gold is inert and is found free in nature. The cost of extraction should be low, but why is it so
expensive? (2 marks)
##

Unit 13: Metals
(a) It is because silver is much more expensive than copper. (1m)

(b) (i) It is liquid. Mercury has the lowest boiling point and it is liquid state at room temperature.
(2m)
(ii) Iron. It has a very high abundance in the Earth’s crust, and it can be extracted easily. (3m)
(iii) It is expensive because its abundance is very low while the demand for it is high. (2m)
##
(a)-(b) Understanding basic knowledge 8
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(a)
After heating the iron filings, put it into a beaker of water. What can you observe after three days?
(1 mark)
(b) Then, what conclusion can you draw from this experiment? (1 mark)
(c) Why we should not use excess sulphur powder in the above experiment? (2 marks)
##
(a) No change. (1m)
(b) The properties of a compound are different from the constituent elements. (1m)

Unit 13: Metals
(c) We use excess iron filings as the excess sulphur powder will react with the oxygen in the atmosphere
and form poisonous sulphur oxide gas. (2m)
##
(c) Practical skills 2
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(a) Complete the following word equations.
(i) iron oxide +carbon → ______________ + _____________ (2 marks)
(ii) carbon + (excess) oxygen → ______________ (1 mark)
(iii) (excess) carbon + oxygen → ______________ (1 mark)
(iv) calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + _______________ (1 mark)
(v) sulphur + oxygen → _______________ (1 mark)
(b) What can be observed if we burnt a magnesium ribbon? Write down the word equation. (4 marks)
(c) What should we do before we burn the magnesium ribbon in order to make it burn more easily?
(2 marks)
##
(a) (i) iron + carbon dioxide (2m)
(ii) carbon dioxide (1m)
(iii) carbon monoxide (1m)
(iv) carbon dioxide (1m)
(v) sulphur dioxide (1m)
(b) The ribbon burns in a shiny white flame and gain mass. (2m)
magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide (2m)
(c) We should rub the surface of the ribbon with sandpaper in order to remove the magnesium oxide on
the surface, of which prevent oxygen from reacting with magnesium. (2m)
##
(c) Practical skills 2

Unit 13: Metals
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Steel has long been the building material of choice for commercial constructions. In fact, the steel used in
construction projects today may have been made from steel cans and other steel products recycled yesterday.
This is possible because steel waste is a possible ingredient in making new steel. As steel is recycled, it
maintains its strength and integrity so it can be made into one quality product after another. On the other
hand, valuable metals can be recovered from further processing of stainless steel.
(a) Steel is made from iron. Why is steel a better material than iron for building houses? (2 marks)
(b) Is it dangerous to use recycled steel to build houses. Why? (2 marks)
(c) Other than reducing environmental problems, give another reason why recycling of metals is
important.
(1 mark)
(d) Suggest two other ways to solve problems from the disposal of metals. (2 marks)
(e) Give the names of two metals that can be obtained from stainless steel wastes. (2 marks)
##
(a) Steel is stronger and more resistant to corrosion than iron. (2m)
(b) No. Recycled steel maintains its strength and integrity. (2m)
(c) Recycling helps us recover valuable metals. (1m)

Unit 13: Metals
(d) We should use as less metals as possible and use other materials to replace metals. (2m)
(e) Iron/ chromium / nickel (any 2) (2m)
##
(a), (d)-(e) Understanding basic knowledge 6
(b)-(c) Reading skills 3
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Mirror has a long history. The first mirrors were likely to be pools of water where people could see their
images. Later, mirrors of bronze and polished silver were common in ancient Greece and Rome. Around
1300, glass mirrors were first made in Venice. By the end of the 17th century, glass mirrors were made in
Britain. Later, the manufacture of mirrors became an important industry in other European countries and the
United States.
(a) What properties made brass, bronze and silver suitable materials for mirrors in the old days? (3 marks)
(b) Brass and bronze are alloys. Is alloy a mixture or a compound? Explain. (3 marks)
(c) Iron was a metal commonly used in the old days, but it was not used to make mirrors. Why? (1 mark)
(d) Nowadays, mirrors are usually made by coating a glass plate with silver or aluminium.
(i) Why are metal mirrors not common now? (2 marks)
(ii) What advantages do the new type of mirror have? (2 marks)
##
(a) Brass, bronze and silver are shiny, strong and malleable for making mirrors. (3m)
(b) A mixture. An alloy is made by adding one or more elements (metals or non-metals) to a metal without
any new substance formed. (3m)
(c) It is because iron rusts easily in the presence of water and air. (1m)

Unit 13: Metals
(d) (i) Metal mirrors are heavy, expensive and they cannot reflect objects very clearly because it is
difficult to make metal plates perfectly smooth. (2m)
(ii) Glass mirrors are light and they reflect objects more clearly. Different sizes and shapes of glass
mirrors can be made easily as well. (2m)
##
(a)-(d) Understanding basic knowledge 11
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(a) Gold alloy is usually labelled with a value of carat (e.g. 18 carat, 20 carat).
(i) What is the composition of gold alloy? (3 marks)
(ii) What does carat mean? (2 marks)
(b) What is the property and use of gold alloy? (2 marks)
(c) (i) What properties should a material have if it is used to make coins? (2 marks)
(ii) Gold alloy also has the properties required to make coins, but coinage metals (mainly made up
of copper) are used instead. Why? (2 marks)
##
(a) (i) Gold alloy is made up of gold, silver and copper in different proportions. (3m)
(ii) It is a unit used to show the purity of gold. Pure gold is set to be 24 carats. (2m)
(b) Gold alloy is harder than pure gold. It is mainly used for making ornaments. (2m)
(c) (i) It should be hard, durable and highly resistant to corrosion. (2m)
(ii) Gold alloy has a high value in the market. If it is used to make coins, people may melt the coins
and sell them. Unlike gold alloy, coinage metals are cheaper and people cannot sell the metals
for much money. (2m)
##

Unit 13: Metals
(a)-(c) Understanding basic knowledge 11
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(a) What is meant by “malleable”? (2 marks)
(b) What is meant by “ductile”? (2 marks)
(c) What is “alloy”? (2 marks)
(d) Complete the following tables. (8 marks)
alloy composition
brass
duralumin aluminium, copper, (manganese, magnesium)
solder
stainless steel
##
(a) A material is malleable if it can be hammered, bent, changed into different shapes without breaking.
(2m)
(b) A material is ductile if it can be drawn out into wire by tension. (2m)
(c) One or more elements (both metals and non-metals possible) are added to a metal to form a uniform
mixture to improve the properties of the metal. The mixture formed is called alloy. (2m)
(d) (8m)
alloy composition elements
brass copper, zinc
duralumin aluminium, copper
solder tin , lead
stainless steel iron, carbon, (nickel, chromium)

Unit 13: Metals
##
(a)-(c) Understanding concepts 6
(d) Understanding basic knowledge 8
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(a) List TWO problems related to extraction of metals. (2 marks)
(b) (i) What are the 3Rs on metal usage? (3 marks)
(ii) State TWO advantages of metal recycling. (2 marks)
(iii) Metal recycling is a very good way to reduce metal wastes, however, it is facing some difficulty.
List THREE reasons. (3 marks)
(c) Arrange in descending order the following metals in terms of the time period they can last: copper,
gold, aluminium, iron (2 marks)
##
(a) (1) It leads to deforestation because trees are cut down for mining. (1m)
(2) Extraction of metals causes air pollution. (1m)
(b) (i) recycle, reduce, reuse (3m)
(ii) (1) reduces solid wastes
(2) the sources of metal on the Earth can last longer
(3) we can save money, as the cost of purifying metal from rubbish is lower than extraction of
metal from ores (any two) (2m)
(iii) (1) The public awareness of metal recycling is low. (1m)
(2) The setup and operating cost of metal recycling is high. (1m)
(3) Extra wastes are produced from the process of metal purification. The wastes may be

Unit 13: Metals
harmful to the environment. (1m)

(c) Aluminium, iron, copper, gold (2m)
##
(a)-(c) Understanding basic knowledge 12
|!|3eELA0133902017|!|
Carbon reduction is a common method for extracting metals from their oxides. In fact, besides carbon,
hydrogen can also be used to extract metals from their oxides. Hydrogen reacts with metal oxides in a
similar way as carbon and one of the products formed can turn dry blue cobalt chloride paper pink. The set-
up using hydrogen to extract metals is shown below.
metal oxide
hydrogen
heat
(a) Other than pure metal, what is formed in carbon reduction? (1 mark)
(b) Other than pure metal, what is formed in hydrogen reduction? (1 mark)
(c) Write a word equation for the hydrogen extraction of copper. (2 marks)
(d) Why is heating necessary for the extraction of metals? (1 mark)
##
(a) carbon dioxide (1m)
(b) water (1m)
(c) copper oxide + hydrogen  copper + water (2m)
(d) To start (or speed up) the chemical reaction. (1m)

Unit 13: Metals
##
(a)-(d) Understanding basic knowledge 5
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The following table summarises the properties of three alloys which have different composition of metals A,
B and C.
Composition Electrical
Hardness
Metal A (%) Metal B (%) Metal C (%) conductivity
Alloy X 30 40 30 + ++++++
Alloy Y 40 40 20 ++ ++++
Alloy Z a b c ++ ++
Number of ‘+’ indicates the degree of the properties.
It is known that the electrical conductivity and hardness of the alloys are directly proportional to the
percentage composition of metal A and C respectively.
(a) Suggest a possible value of a, the percentage of metal A in alloy Z. Explain your answer. (3 marks)
(b) Suggest a possible value of c, the percentage of metal C in alloy Z. (1 mark)
(c) Hence, suggest a possible value of b, the percentage of metal B in alloy Z. (1 mark)
(d) Which of the above alloys is the best for making electrical wires? Explain your answer. (2 marks)
##
(a) 40. Since alloy Z and Y have the same electrical conductivity, they possibly have the same percentage
of metal A. (3m)
(b) 10. (1m)
(c) b = 100  40  10 = 50. (1m)
(d) Alloy Z. This is because among the three alloys, alloy Z has a high electrical conductivity and it is also

Unit 13: Metals
soft enough to make flexible wires. (2m)

##
(a)-(b), (d) Handling information 6
(c) Calculation skills 1
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The following graph shows how the melting point of solder changes with the percentage of tin it contains.
melting point of solder (ºC)
Relationship between melting point of solder and percentage of tin
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
percentage of tin (%)
(a) Other than tin, which metal can be found in solder? (1 mark)
(b) How does the percentage of tin affect the melting point of solder? (2 marks)

Unit 13: Metals
(c) What is the composition of the solder with the lowest melting point? (1 mark)
(d) Explain why solder is usually used for welding (焊接) two pieces of metal together. (1 mark)
##
(a) Lead (1m)
(b) As the amount of tin increases, the melting point of solder decreases to a minimum when the
percentage of tin is about 60%. When the percentage of tin increases from 60%, the melting point of
solder increases as well. (2m)
(c) About 60% tin and 40% lead (1m)
(d) This is because the melting point of solder is low and therefore can be melted more easily. (1m)
##
(a), (d) Understanding basic knowledge 2
(b)-(c) Handling information 3
|!|3eELA0134002020|!|
Study the following table.
Pure gold Pure silver Pure copper 18 carats gold
Percentage of gold (%) 100 0 0 a
Percentage of silver (%) 0 100 0 b
Percentage of copper (%) 0 0 100 10
Price (in June 2007)
160,000,000 3,200,000 56,000 c
(HK$ per tonne)
(a) Calculate the value of a, the percentage of gold in 18 carat gold. (1 mark)
(b) Hence, calculate the value of b, the percentage of silver in 18 carat gold. (1 mark)
(c) Based on the percentage of gold, silver and copper in 18 carat gold, predict the value of c, the price per

Unit 13: Metals
tonne of 18 carat gold. (2 marks)
(d) In reality, the price per tonne of 18 carat gold is higher than the predicted value in (c). Suggest a
possible reason for this. (1 mark)
(e) Suggest one use of 18 carat gold. (1 mark)
##
(a) a = (18/24)  100 = 75 (1m)
(b) b = 100  75  10 = 15 (1m)
(c) c = 160,000,000 (75/100) + 3,200,000 (15/100) + 56,000 (10/100) = 120,485,600 (2m)
(d) The difference is due to the manufacturing cost. (1m)
(e) Making ornaments (1m)
##
(a)-(c) Calculation skills 4
(d)-(e) Understanding basic knowledge 2
|!|3eELA0134003021|!|
The following poster summarises the key steps in aluminium can recycling.

Unit 13: Metals
6
The aluminium sheets 1
are then used to make The collected cans
new cans. are compressed.
5
The ingots 2
are rolled The cans are
into sheets. crushed.
4 3
The molten aluminium The crushed cans
is then moulded into are loaded into
ingots (鑄塊). furnaces at high
temperature.
(a) Why is the recycling of aluminium cans regarded as a physical process? (1

mark)
(b) Write down ONE property of aluminium that can be shown in step 3. (1 mark)
(c) Write down ONE property of aluminium that can be shown in step 5. (1 mark)
(d) Other than the properties mentioned in (b) and (c), suggest TWO desirable properties of aluminium for
making drink cans. (2 marks)
##
(a) This is because no new substances are formed. (1m)
(b) It has a high melting point. (1m)
(c) It is malleable. (1m)

Unit 13: Metals
(d) It is light and non-toxic. (2m)

##
(a), (d) Understanding basic knowledge 3
(b)-(c) Handling information 2

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Understanding Integrated Science for the 21st Century (3rd Edition) – Form 3

Unit 13: Metals

elements chemical symbols

(b) Which of the above are metals? (7 marks)

(c) State 5 properties of metals. (5 marks)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2013 115

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2013 116

element chemical symbols

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2013 117

(c) What are the meanings of ‘ductile’ and ‘malleable’? (2 marks)

(f) Why don’t we use silver to make electrical wires? (1 mark)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2013 118

(a) What is the chemical symbol of iron? (1 mark)

(c) Why iron is so important to our health? (1 mark)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2013 119

(a)-(b), (d), (f) Understanding basic knowledge 6

(a) What is X? (1 mark)

(d) Lead can be used to make an alloy – solder.

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2013 120

(b) Lead oxide + carbon  Lead + carbon dioxide (4m)

(Metal scale 0-5, 0 = none, 5 = most)

I will choose Because the metal

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2013 121

soft drink can

(b) Suggest two possible reasons why metal C is so expensive. (2 marks)

I will choose Because the metal

B has very high density and is cheaper than A.

is a good conductor of heat, has high melting

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2013 122

F is very light, non-toxic and very malleable.

soft drink can

reactive resistance relative density

Aluminium 8.1% $170 3 2

Copper 0.055% $140 3 4

Gold 0.0000004% $1100000 4 4

Iron 5.0% $20 1 3

Zinc 0.007% $160 2 3

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2013 123

W X Y Z Dilute hydrochloric acid

Is hydrogen Does the tube

X Yes Yes vigorous

Y Yes Yes slow

(b) Why do some of the test tubes get warm? (1 mark)

(d) How can we test whether hydrogen is formed? (2 marks)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2013 124

(ii) Which metal is the cheapest? Give TWO reasons. (3 marks)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2013 125

(a) It is because silver is much more expensive than copper. (1m)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2013 126

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2013 127

(b) Is it dangerous to use recycled steel to build houses. Why? (2 marks)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2013 128

(ii) What advantages do the new type of mirror have? (2 marks)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2013 129

(ii) What does carat mean? (2 marks)

(b) What is the property and use of gold alloy? (2 marks)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2013 130

(a)-(c) Understanding basic knowledge 11

(b) What is meant by “ductile”? (2 marks)

(c) What is “alloy”? (2 marks)

(d) Complete the following tables. (8 marks)

duralumin aluminium, copper, (manganese, magnesium)

alloy composition elements