CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This Chapter includes different local and foreign literature and studies

that have direct support to the research study. This particular research

study gives the gist of the relevant readings done by researcher, which

related to the present research study. The foreign and local literature and

studies would serve as a guide and support in the interpretation and

analysis of the data gathered.

Foreign Literature

In the Article IP CCTV - The Next Generation's Surveillance Technology by

Emily Robinson published on July 06, 2011 that came from the website

www.ezinearticles.comstated, stated that CCTV cameras are used only in

high profile events. Indeed this may be the fact in the days to come. They

are made compulsory by government as to avoid any miscreant's problems

and untowardly incidents. These modern day tools if properly put into use

can do wonders in the area of security.1

This article is related to the present study because the researchers believe

that CCTV is a very useful tool to solve problems in the society because it

serves as credible evidence.

In May 22, 2009, Mr. Andy J. Thompson wrote an article entitled

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―CCTV Security Cameras – do they help fight crime‖ where stated that

―The UK has more CCTV camera coverage than any other country. A

recent study examined the effectiveness of UK security cameras as it

pertains to crime prevention. CCTV is clearly an effective deterrence to

criminal activity.‖ It was also stated that CCTV video is often used in police

investigations and the writer believes that most people are convinced of

the effectiveness of video surveillance and may even feel a certain amount

of comfort in knowing that it adds to their sense of personal safety and

they understand that their chances of being a victim of crime are reduced

when they find themselves in an area monitored with CCTV cameras.2

In relation to the present study, the researchers believe that CCTV is a

very effective tool to distinguish criminals and secure public places.

Lester J. Hester‘s article ―CCTV System- The Advantages and

Disadvantages‖ published in Ezine Articles stated that CCTV is highly

useful for crime prevention as it increases the chance of the perpetrator

being caught, aiding police investigations, preventing theft from the till,

proving innocence by sense of protecting and defending the people in any

accusations, but CCTV does not always works in proper system. It could

not display every single square of your office, banks, stores, and other

areas. Although you set the location of the system in a very careful way,

you still cannot get total guarantee of security level.3

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This article is related to the present study because it gives the people

the information that CCTV doesn‘t only have its advantages because at

some point it also has its disadvantages.

In the article ―CCTV Surveillance for Your Safety‖ by Emily

Robinson on March 28, 2011, it was stated that CCTV surveillance is not

only a great way to catch perpetrators after your property has been broken

into, but also a perfect way to prevent them from breaking. This therefore

means that if some criminals might actually be put off of the thought of

trying to break into your property and this in turn would

mean that your belongings were kept.4

In relation to the present study, the researchers believe that the use

of CCTV camera is a very effective way to gain safety and security from

criminal actions.

In the article ―CCTV actually plays a very important role‖ written

by Dave Wilkinson Technical Manager of British Security Industry

Association (BSIA) published on September 3, 2009 from the website

www.Public Service.Co.UK.com stated that CCTV plays an important role

in the security of public, in using CCTV it can identify offenders and use it

as an evidence in the criminal justice system. Dave Wilkinson stated that

CCTV is playing a supportive role as part of jigsaw of evidence which may

then culminate in convictions.5

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This article is related to the present study because it can give

assurance that using a CCTV that we are safe and it can be use this as an

evidence to the victims.

Local Literature

In the article, ―CCTV in public vehicles proposed‖ by Rio Rose Ribaya

published on January 29, 2011 issue of Manila Bulletin stated that Cavite

representative proposed the installation of closed-circuit television (CCTV)

camera on public vehicles, terminals and stops offer public safety and

prevent another repeat of the terrorist attack.6 In the relation to the

present study, the researchers believe that the used of CCTV camera is

helpful in monitoring and solving crimes.

In the article, ―Subdivisions, Establishments Required to Install

Cameras‖ published on July 17, 2011 issue of Philippine Daily Inquirer

stated that Cebu City ordinance proposed that no business establishment,

especially those that handle money like banks, lending firms and

pawnshops, should not be allowed to operate without CCTVs.7 In the

relation to the present study, the researchers believe that CCTV cameras

would be a useful way to record evidence against crimes.

In the article ―CCTV camera installed around Lamitan City by Julie

Alipala published on May 19, 2011 issue of Philippine Daily Inquirer stated
 23

that the city government installed closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras

in the seaport, market areas and in the main business areas where banks

and other commercial establishments and government

offices worth 2.5 million pesos.8

In relation to the present study, the researchers believe that CCTV

cameras are effective tools in securing certain areas.

In the article ―Security Camera now within reach of many‖ by Theresa S.

Samaniego published on August 7, 2011 issue Philippine Daily Inquirer

stated that the Compro IP70 enables users to identify people and objects

clearly, at least three times better than the conventional CCTV camera with

a 10x digital zoom.9

In relation to the present study, the researchers believe that as days

passed by technology get bigger and better. CCTV cameras improve its

qualities in order to solve crimes faster than before.

In the article ―QC bank heist captured on CCTV police‖ by Karen

Boncocan published on July 16, 2011 issued in Philippine Daily Inquirer

stated that CCTV cameras of a bank in Quezon City was robbed Friday

recorded the crime carried out by 15 heavily armed men.10

In relation to the present study, CCTV can easily determine the people

who commit crimes that serves as an evidence against them.

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Foreign Studies

According to the study of Aundreia Cameron, Elke Kolodinski, Heather

May and Nicholas Williams on May 5 , 2008 entitled ―Measuring the

Effects of Video Surveillance on Crime in Los Angeles‖ stated that local

program characteristics likely affect the overall success of CCTV programs

— which are often very different from one other — in reducing and

preventing crime.11

In relation to the present study, the researchers believe that CCTV will be

effective in conducting crime investigations if real-time monitoring will be

follow.

In the study ―Assessing the Impact of CCTV: Home Office Research

Study 292‖ by Martin Gill and Angela Spriggs, University of Leicester

(United Kingdom) on 2005. It was conferred that CCTV images are being

used for evidential purposes. All schemes passed on some images to the

police, which could be used to identify offenders or eliminate them from

enquiries and to help in the investigation of incidents. Such images could

be used either as evidence in court or to help extract a guilty plea, or to

identify witnesses and victims at a scene of crime.12

In relation to the present study, CCTV cameras are big help to solve crimes

because the investigative team can easily distinguish the people who are

involved in the said crime.

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In the study of Mark McComb ―Library Security‖ published in San

Francisco on 2004 stated that Video surveillance and closed-circuit

television (CCTV) systems serve as a way to monitor and record security,

deter crime, and ensure safety.13

The researchers believe that this is related to the present study because

CCTV is one of the most economical security and safety tools to be used in

monitoring public areas.

Joseph Akpokodje, Roger Bowles and Emmanuel Tigere conducted

a study entitled ―Evidence-based approaches to crime prevention in

developing countries - A scoping review of the literature‖ published on

November 29, 2002 stated that installing CCTV, for example, entails

upfront capital costs but also continuing expenditure on monitoring and

maintenance.14

This is related to the present study because the researchers believe

that CCTV is an important tool in gathering evidences.

―SOCY 304 Surveillance and Visibility‖ by David Murakami Wood is the

study by David Mukarami Wood in Queen‘s University Department of

Sociology stated that the technologies of surveillance, using particular

case studies of photography (including film, video and CCTV), face

recognition biometrics, and RFID tagging and they argue that these

technological systems in themselves have important social effects, but that

 26

it is their place in political economies, and their social construction, that

makes them powerful.15

This is related to the present study because researchers believe that CCTV

is intimately involved in prevention and maintenance of global economic

order.

Local Studies

The study entitled ―The Effectiveness of Hidden Camera in Conducting

Investigative Report‖ by Ramon Asam Epino published on March 2007

stated that investigative program used hidden camera as an effective tool

to gather accurate report.16

In relation to the present study, CCTV cameras are used by

Current Affairs program to offer credible evidence pertaining in different

crimes nowadays.

In the study ―Real-Time Event Detection System for Intelligent Video

Surveillance‖ , by Timothy John A. Chua, Andrew Jonathan W. Co and

PaoloJavier S. Ilustre published on September 2007 stated that CCTV will

not be that effective without the operators. This study suggests to

automate the monitoring process using a computer to analyze the live feed

via digital signal processing techniques.17

In relation to the present study, the researchers believe that as go on with

flow of new technology CCTV will be needed innovation.

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In the study ―Proposed Class Monitoring System using Surveillance

Camera for CAS, ESC‖ by Raymart A. Aborque, Rodolfo B. Delorino,

Joemary A. Olanka, Mark Bryan F. Ramirez and Ron Nikko T. Socorro

stated that due to increased terrors and crimes, the use of the video

surveillance camera system is increasing and it has been operated for

public interest such as prevention of crimes and fly-tipping by the police

and local government, but private information such as faces or behavior

patterns can be recorded in CCTV. When the recorded video data is

exposed, it may cause an invasion to privacy and crimes.18

In relation to the present study, the researchers believe that CCTV has its

negative impact in regards of privacy exposure.

In the research study entitled ―Impact of ABS-CBN‘s Investigative

Program Exklusibong, Esplosinbong, Espose (XXX) to the Society‖ by Neil

Andrew Nantes Borines published on October 2006 states that the

importance of the use of cameras in exposing the stories being covered in

a certain crime and event. The study also stated that Media is undoubtedly

an extremely powerful and influential tool to reach wide

audience.19

The study is relevant to the present study for it has given helpful

information about the effects of cameras in Media and how media is

important in the lives of the people.

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―The Current Situation of Crime Associated with Urbanization: Problems

Experienced and Countermeasures Initiated in The Philippines‖ is the title

of the study by Celia V. Sanidad-Leones which stated that developing and

maintaining safe communities, be they urban or rural, is central to the

issue of good governance. An indicator of success of crime prevention

programmes are their perceived effects on peace and order.20 This study

is related because one of the functions of CCTV is to prevent crimes in

order to maintain the security of a certain area.

References

1Emily Robinson, ―IP CCTV - The Next Generation's Surveillance

Technology,July 06, 2011‖ , www.ezinearticles.comstated

2Mr. Andy J. Thompson, ―CCTV Security Cameras – do they help fight

crime‖ May 22, 2009

3Lester J. Hester, ―CCTV System- The Advantages and

Disadvantages‖ ,www.ezinearticles.comstated
4Emily Robinson, ―CCTV Surveillance for Your Safety‖ , March 28,2011,

www.ezinearticles.comstated
 29

5Dave Wilkinson, ―CCTV Actually Plays a Very Important Role‖ ,

September 3, 2009, www.Public Service.Co.UK

6Rio Rose Ribaya, ―CCTV in public vehicles proposed‖ , January 29, 2011

manilabulletin

7Philippine Daily Inquirer, ―Subdivisions, Establishments Required to

Install Cameras‖ , July 17, 2011,inquirer

8Julie Alipala, ―CCTV camera installed around Lamitan‖ , May 19,

2011,inquirer

9Theresa S. Samaniego, ―Security Camera now within reach of many‖ ,

August 7, 2011, inquirer

10Karen Boncocan, ―QC bank heist captured on CCTV police‖ , July

16, 2011, inquirer

11Aundreia Cameron, Elke Kolodinski, Heather May and Nicholas

Williams, ―Measuring the Effects of Video Surveillance on Crime in Los

Angeles‖ , USC School of Policy, Planning and Development, May 5 , 2008

12Martin Gill and Angela Spriggs, ―Assessing the Impact of CCTV: Home

Office Research Study 292‖ , University of Leicester (United

Kingdom), 2005.

13Mark McComb ―Library Security‖ , San Francisco, 2004

14Joseph Akpokodje, Roger Bowles and Emmanuel Tigere,

―Evidence-based approaches to crime prevention in developing countries

 30

- A scoping review of the literature‖ , University of York, November 29,

2002

15David Murakami Wood, ―SOCY 304 Surveillance and Visibility‖ ,

Queen‘s University Department of Sociology

16―The Effectiveness of Hidden Camera in Conducting Investigative

Report‖ , Centro Escolar University, March2006

17Timothy John A. Chua, Andrew Jonathan W. Co, Paolo Javier S. Ilustre,

―Real-Time Event Detection System for Intelligent Video Surveillance‖ , De

La Salle University on September 2007

18Raymart A. Aborque, Rodolfo B. Delorino, Joemary A. Olanka, Mark

Bryan F. Ramirez and Ron Nikko T. Socorro, ―Proposed Class

Monitoring System using Surveillance Camera for CAS, ESC‖ Eulogio

‗Amang‘ Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology, College of Arts

and Sciences, 2002

19Neil Andrew Nantes Borines, ―Impact of ABS-CBN‘s Investigative

Program Exklusibong, Esplosinbong, Espose (XXX) to the Society‖ Centro

Escolar University, October 2006

20Celia V. Sanidad-Leones, ―The Current Situation of Crime

Associated with Urbanization: Problems Experienced and

Countermeasures Initiated in The Philippines‖

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