APUSH Units 1-5 Study Guide

Pre-Columbian Era to the Revolution

● What were the outcomes of the columbian exchange?
○ Movement of goods, people and disease, between americas and europe
○ Europeans and natives died due to low immunity to disease
○ Food supply increased
○ Exchange of culture and ideas
● Colonial settlements of the english spanish and french - where?
○ English = East coast of north america
○ Spanish = Central and south america, west indies
○ French = Canada + louisiana
● Slave trade, triangle trade, middle passage
○ Slave trade = trade of people forced into labor
○ Triangle trade = trade route established between the ports of europe, africa and
america. Imported and exported slaves, weapons, cash crops (sugar+rum)
○ Middle Passage = The african slave trade from africa to the new world, facilitated
the trade of goods and slaves, spread disease and culture, altered demographics
in america
● why /how were the spanish able to conquer people in new mexico/new spain
○ They had weapons
● Economy of new england colonies vs southern colonies
○ New England economy = based on shipbuilding and trade (fish, lumber, whales)
○ Southern economy = based on agriculture, plantation, cash+staple crops
● Colonial regions and motivations for settlement
○ Puritans = massachusetts
○ Quakers = pennsylvania
○ Catholics = Maryland
○ Anglicans = Virginia
● Puritan dissenters -> who were they? What happened to them? Why?
○ Dissenters are people who went against and challenged the church
○ Roger Williams = founded rhode island. Separation of church and state.
Banished from the colony
○ Anne Hutchinson = Preacher, challenged gender roles, banished to rhode island
● Issues faced by early settlers of jamestown?
○ Hostile indians - unfriendly relationship, opposed to each other
○ Starvation - europeans couldn't make food
○ Disease - because they were so malnourished due to lack of food
○ Swampy environment
● Interaction with natives -> comparing the french / english / spanish
○ French = Nice, allied and traded with each other
○ English = Harsh english didn’t treat them nicely even though the natives taught
them how to be more self-sufficient
○ Spanish = Harsh, constantly head and head
 ● Tobacco -> importance of the cash crop? Who is John Rolfe?
○ Led to increased production of agriculture especially tobacco, more developed
economy. Biggest cash crop first cultivated for sale rather than consumption
○ John Rolfe introduced it to Jamestown 1611 (jamestown founded in 1607)
● Bacon’s Rebellion -> what happened? Why did it occur? What did it lead to?
○ Led by Nathaniel Bacon --- 1676
○ Wealthy vs. poor
○ Bacon got mad at governor Berkeley because he was nice to the Native
Americans even when they attacked colonists. Berkley doesn’t represent the
poor people
○ Tension between government and colonists
○ Result = Less indentured servants
Revolution
● First Great Awakening -> Leaders? Impact?
○ Religious rebirth 1730-1740
○ Jonathan Edwards = said “sinners in the hands of an angry god”
○ George Whitefield = preacher
○ Effects = Christianity increased - especially Anglican and Presbyterian
● French and Indian War -> Significance? Effect?
○ French+Native Americans VS British+Colonists
○ Over land (ohio river valley)
○ Albany Plan and Treaty of Paris 1763
■ Albany Plan 1754 = Benjamin Franklin - interior colonial government that
essentially unionized colonies. Teamwork - together we are strong.
Rejected by the king because he feared blossoming independence
■ Treaty of Paris 1763= ended the seven years war (French and Indian
war), treaty that granted Britain all that land and colonies france had
previously owned, including those in north america sugar colonies in india
etc. this also gave spain louisiana territory
○ Impacted balance of power because the french lost the war and left when
previously they were in control - britain gained independence in northern
america. War debt - taxes...increased rebellion
● Proclamation of 1763 -> what did it do? result ?
○ To keep the peace with native americans this drew an imaginary line along the
crest of the appalachian mountains from canada to georgia. White settlers were
forbidden to cross the line in order to ensure indians would not be disturbed on
their ancestral lands.
○ Settlers crossed the line anyways, disturbed the peace and ruined relationship

● Pontiac’s Rebellion -> what was it a reaction to?

 ○ Pontiac (Native American) v. colonists
○ Native americans mad that colonist scrambled to take the land france gave up
○ Attempt to prevent colonists from expanding west, they raided their settlements
○ Paxton boys fought in this
● Britain’s policy toward the U.S. after 1763 (French and Indian War) -> what was it? How
was it different? What were the colonists’ problems with the new policies?
○ The end of salutary neglect
■ Salutary neglect - british policy that enforced the neglect of parliamentary
laws giving them more independence
○ The colonists were not used to being controlled, so this sparked outrage and
eventually blossomed into revolution
● Stamp Act / Stamp act congress -> how did the colonists respond to the stamp act?
What was the british response to this?
○ Stamp Act = 1765, enacted on everyone, it was intended to raise money from the
colonies to pay for the war debt - put taxes on paper goods that were
represented by stamps
○ Never put into action because the colonists disagreed and boycotted
● Sons of Liberty -> who were they? Who were they led by? What events are they linked
to?
○ Sons of Liberty = a radical political organization for colonial independence formed
following the passage of the Stamp Act
○ Led by Samuel Adams
○ the term became synonymous for anyone resisting the Crown's taxes and laws.
○ Linked to the boston tea party
● Coercive / Intolerable Acts-> why were they passed? In response to what? What did they
do?
○ British response to the boston tea party, to punish boston - establish the
dominance of new england
○ They closed the boston harbor - that was massachusetts’s main source of money
○ The response from the colonists was the first continental congress (appointment
of george washington as general of continental army)
● Thomas Paine’s Common Sense -> what did it state? Based on what ideas?
Significance?
○ Showed the perspective of a patriot and bashes the british monarchy with
colonial grievances
○ Helped americans by encouraging independence from british - helped inspire
american revolution

● John Locke’s social contract -> what is it?

○ That government is a social contract between leaders and people
 ■ The government will protect the natural rights of the people and in return
the people give them the consent to be governed
■ The people have the right to abolish a government that does not protect
life liberty and property
● Declaration of independence -> what did it do? Be familiar with the document and what it
did and did not do
○ Stated colonial grievances of the british king
○ Based on ideas of john locke - written by thomas jefferson in 1776
○ Locke’s “life, liberty and property” turned into “life liberty and the pursuit of
happiness”
Constitution
● Articles of Confederation -> weaknesses / Successes? What did the northwest
ordinance do?
○ Successes = created a confederation where the states had more power than the
government. Government could make war and peace, sign treaties of alliance,
establish a postal service, establish money states should pay, deal with native
americans and appoint military officers
○ Weaknesses = government could not tax or regulate commerce or build and
army, no common currency, no executive or judicial branch. Couldn't solve any
rebellion - unable to create a sense of nationalism
● Shay’s Rebellion -> what happened? Where? Why? Significance?
○ War debt led to raised taxes leading to angry farmers who went into debt and
rebelled.
○ Articles of confederation couldn’t stop the problem - it was a state issue
● ⅗ compromise -> what did it do? Written where? Why written?
○ When determining state representation in government, this compromise entailed
that slaves counted as ⅗ of a white person, so ⅗ is counted towards state
population
○ The higher the population of the state the more representation they have in
government
● Why did the federalists add a Bill of Rights to the Constitution?
○ James madison proposed the bill of rights for more constitutional protection
against individual liberties
○ Listed specific prohibitions on government power in response to states plees
● What were the Federalist Papers? What was the goal?
○ To defend the new united states constitution, persuade americans to accept it
○ John jay, james madison, and alexander hamilton all wrote them
● Bill of Rights -> what were they? Significance? Specifically, what rights did they give
americans?
○ A set of constitutional amendments intended to protect the individual rights from
excessive government power. 1791 by James Madison
○ First 10 amendments made to constitute basic rights
■ First - Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition
■ Second - Right to keep and bear arms
 ■ Third - prohibits soldiers from temporarily residing in private homes during
peacetime without getting the permission and consent of the owner.
■ Fourth -Unlawful Search and Seizure-Search Warrant-Collection of
evidence is important to admissibility in court, if it is not properly attained
it cannot be used in a court of law.
■ Fifth - Criminal Proceedings: The Right to Remain Silent, Double
Jeopardy, right to due process, difficult/publicized/capitol cases, plea
bargain
■ Sixth -Right to a speedy trial, witnesses, informed of charge, defense
counsel.Criminal
■ Seven -Right to an impartial trial by jury. Civil
■ Eight - No cruel or Unusual punishment
■ Nine - prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and requires any
search warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable
cause.
■ Ten - any power that is not given to the federal government is given to the
people or the states.
Early National Period
● Washington’s Farewell address -> what did he warn against?
○ Warned to avoid party politics
○ Not make permanent alliances with foreign affairs
○ Not to get involved in european affairs
○ Avoid regional sectionalism (north and south)
● Kentucky and Virginia Resolution -> what were they? Why were they written? What was
the effect of them?
○ Denounced the alien and sedition acts as infracture of the constitutional right and
that legislature should ignore acts of congress that have violated freedoms.
Deemed it unconstitutional, argued for states rights.
○ Alien and sedition acts = by federalists, gave president the power to violate civil
liberties in the effort to stamp out criticism of the administration, limited freedom
of speech, press, and liberty of “aliens” (immigrants)
○ Kentucky and Virginia resolutions also said that states can ignore (nullify) federal
law ----WRONG!
● Election/”Revolution” of 1800 -> significance?
○ Election between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr
○ No one had electoral majority so the election was decided by the house of
representatives - alexander hamilton
○ Thomas Jefferson was chosen by hamilton
○ Peaceful transition from democrats to republicans
● John Marshall -> who was he? What cases did he rule over? What was his overarching
effect on the supreme court?
○ John marshall = chief justice of the supreme court, federalist appointed by john
adams
○ Ruled over the Marbury v. Madison case
 ○ Established judicial review, the power to call laws unconstitutional - strengthened
federal government
● McCullough v. Maryland -> what did the court rule?
○ Maryland placed tax on Second Bank of United States; McCulloch, a cashier at
Baltimore branch refused to pay the tax
○ ruled that the state could not tax federal government
● Marbury v. Madison -> what did the ruling establish?
○ Marbury was suing james madison because he didn't receive his commission, he
was a midnight judge - one who was appointed by john adams right before he left
○ Ruled in the democratic and republican favor even though marshall was a
federalist
○ Established judicial review
● Who is peter zenger? Why is his trial important?
○ 1734-35. Peter zenger published a newspaper criticizing new york royal governor
○ Charged and accused for ill representation
○ Not guilty, court ruled in his favor
○ Established freedom of press
● Webster Hayne debate - what were they debating? What is it best remembered for?
○ Debated states rights, especially regarding tariffs
○ Led to the Nullification controversy
● War of 1812 - against who? Why did we enter it? What is it known as? What are the
consequences of the war?
○ Between the United States and Great Britain
○ It is known as the Second war of American Independence
○ Consequences
■ No more federalist party
■ Midwest and South Settlement
■ North increased manufacturing
■ Henry clay, john c calhoun as congressional leaders
■ Peaceful coexistence with britain
■ United States emerged as a world power, cannot be beaten, increased
nationalism, US is at the big boy table now
● Monroe Doctrine - what was it? What are the basic parts of it? When/Why was it issued?
○ James monroe posed this 1823 to increase territory
○ Policy of the United states that forbade europeans from conquering any NEW
territory in the United States. This however did mean the territory they had
remaining was still okay, but it was discouraged. Any attempts to reclaim territory
will be seen as hostility towards the united states.
● Hartford Convention - who met? Why? What is the lasting significance of this
convention?
○ New england federalists expressed their dislike with the war of 1812
○ They discussed removing the ⅗ compromise
○ New england secedes from the union
○ Federalists are done - traitors
 ○ Proposed 7 amendments to limit the democratic and republican southern
influence
● American System - proposed by? What did it consist of? Who was opposed to it? Why?
○ Henry Clay
○ Economic development
■ Internal improvements
○ Second Bank of the United States
○ Tariff of 1816
○ Jackson was opposed because he wanted to limit the powers of the government
○ Southerners opposed because it benefited industrialists at the expense of
farmers
○ Calhoun and Madison also opposed
Jackson
● Native American policy - what is it? What is the effect on the Native Americans?
○ Indian Removal Act = jackson convinced native americans to move from the east
and west to the land west of the mississippi river
○ Government promised to pay for the exodus and give them support - didn't
actually
○ Provoked hate and distrust, some indians like the cherokee resisted this
(worcester vs georgia)
● Monetary Policy - How did he help lead to the panic of 1837?
○ When Jackson vetoed the recharter of a new national bank
○ Without a steady national and unified bank, the money in circulation was
unreliable and the value of the dollar began decreasing, leading to the economic
panic of 1837
Antebellum Era through reconstruction
● Reform Movements - what were they? Who were they led by?
○ Slavery reforms
■ William Lloyd Garrison - wrote “the Liberator” an anti-slavery newspaper
■ Harriet Beecher Stowe - Uncle Tom’s Cabin
○ Educational Reforms
■ Horace mann, william mcguffy (textbooks), Noah Webster (dictionary),
and catherine beecher (woman education)

● Second Great Awakening - led by? Impact on the churches? Impact on the antebellum
reforms?
○ Leaders - Charles Grandison Finney, Lyman Beecher, Barton Stone, Peter
Cartwright and James B. Finley
○ Encouraged antebellum reforms mainly the temperance movement
○ Increased church participation
● Declaration of sentiments and resolutions/seneca falls convention - what was the
purpose of it?
 ○ First woman’s rights convention organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
○ To fight for women's equality in society
● Manifest Destiny- what was it? What did it justify? How?
○ Concept that assumed the united states had a god given right to expand west
○ Justified america taking native american and mexican territory
● Texas Annexation/Mexican War - why did we fight? Over what? Who
opposed/favored/who was the president? Result?
○ We wanted their land
○ James K Polk was president
○ Northern whigs opposed - they thought it was for expansion of slavery
○ Abolitionists opposed
○ Result - Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
● Wilmont Proviso - what did it propose? Was it passed?
○ Proposed any new territory we gain from the mexican american war cannot have
slavery
○ Did not pass
● Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - what did it do?
○ Ended the Mexican american war
○ United states agreed to pay 15 million to mexico and it gave the US the Rio
Grande boundary for Texas and the Southwestern territories
● Inventions / Innovations
○ Cotton Gin - significance/impact? (specifically on slavery)
■ Increased slavery
■ By Eli Whitney
○ Erie Canal - What, where, significance
■ The plan for this was crafted by De Witt Clinton, Governor of New York.
This connected the Hudson River to the Great Lakes. It opened the
frontier and cut transportation costs.
● Slave rebellions (Stono, Prosser, Turner, Vesey) - Where? Effect? Significance?
○ Stono Rebellion - south carolina
○ Prosser - richmond virginia
○ Turner - Southampton county virginia
○ Vesey - Charleston south carolina
● All fought for slaves rights

● Nullification/Tariff -Who nullified the tariff? Why/what were their arguments? Result?
○ Tariffs of 1828 and 1832
○ Unconstitutional and unenforceable in south carolina
○ Said any attempt to use force would lead to their secession
● Missouri Compromise - What did it do? Significance?
○ Established missouri as a slave state and maine as a free state
○ Led to future conflicts over the legality of slavery in certain territories
● Annexation of Texas -> Mexican War -> Mexican Cession. Know the order and the
significance.
● What were the causes of the Compromise of 1850? What were the parts of the
Compromise of 1850?
 ○ Presented by henry clay intended to avoid secession by reducing tensions
■ Admitted california as a free state
■ Used the remainder of the mexican cession area and divided it into utah
and new mexico with popular sovereignty determining the legality of
slavery
■ Settled texas and new mexico border disputes
■ Slave trade was banned in washington dc but not slavery
■ Fugitive slave act
● Authorized federal officials to help capture and then return
escaped slaves to their owner without trial for a reward
● What did popular sovereignty? What does the concept state?
○ Status of slavery determined by citizens of the state
● Kansas-Nebraska Act - What did it do? Significance? What did it repeal?
○ Repealed the missouri compromise
○ Created kansas and nebraska, they would be under popular sovereignty
○ Led to bleeding kansas
● Lecompton Constitution - What is it? What did it do? Did it pass? Why or why not?
○ Pro Slavery
○ Protected slavery
○ passed
● Typical Northern position on slavery during the sectional crisis of the 1850s
○ Anti slavery
● The South Carolina Exposition and Protest - What is the goal of this document? What
event is it referring to? Who wrote it?
○ By calhoun
○ Protest against the tariff of abominations which hurt southern economy
● Dred Scott v. Sanford - Who was he and why did he sue? What did the Court rule?
Significance of the ruling?
○ Slave sued because he started a family in a free state so he claimed he was free
○ Court ruled scott didn't have the right to citizenship
○ Ruled further the missouri compromise was unconstitutional because congress
had no power to prohibit slaves in territories (pro slavery)
● Know-Nothing Party - What group of people were they formed against?
○ Immigrants and catholics
● Republican Party (election of 1860) - Stance on slavery?
○ Wanted to stop the spread of slavery not necessarily slavery itself
● American Colonization Society - What was the goal of the organization?
○ To send all blacks back to africa
● What did George Fitzhugh write about the institution of slavery?
○ Argued slavery is supported by the bible - proslavery
● Abolitionists
○ William Lloyd Garrison - What did he write? How did he feel/what did he say?
■ wrote “the Liberator” an anti-slavery newspaper
○ Harriet Beecher Stowe - What did she write?
■ Uncle Tom’s Cabin
 ○ John Brown - Harpers Ferry: what happened/What was his goal? Success or
failure? Why?
■ Raided federal arsenal
■ To start a slave revolt
■ Failure - not enough men
War
● What was the main ‘strategy’ of the south / confederacy? Was it successful? Why or why
not?
○ To not loose
○ Not successful - didn't have the manpower but had the leaders
● Waves of Secession - who / when / why?
○ South carolina, thought slavery was ending
● Opening battle/Location/Significance
○ Fort sumter
● Antietam - Location? Outcome? What occurred afterward? Why?
○ Maryland
○ Bloodiest day in history
○ Prevented lee’s goals
○ Lincoln delivered emancipation proclamation
● Emancipation Proclamation - When? After what battle? Why? Significance?
○ After antietam 1863
○ Needed to keep the union together and prevent others from succeeding (the
border states)
● Turning Points - Why considered turning points? Where? When? Significance?
○ Gettysburg - union victory
○ Also antietam

● Crittenden Compromise - What did it propose (know all elements of his proposal)? Why?
Effect? Why did the North go to war with the South? What was Lincoln's goal of the war?
○ Unsuccessful proposal introduced by john c crittenden, an attempt to prevent
secession of southern states - failed
○ Tried to extend missouri compromise line to guarantee slavery in the south
● Copperheads - Who were they?
○ Fraction of democrats in the north in the union who opposed the civil war and
wanted immediate peace

Reconstruction
● What were Lincoln's and Johnson's plan for Reconstruction? What is Lincoln's famous
quote during his 2nd inaugural address about this?
○ Lincoln = 10% plan, proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction, offered to
pardon white southerners. Unionization was more important than civil rights.
■ “With malice towards none, with charity for all”
○ Johnson = similar to lincoln's but excluded anyone with property that values
20,000 or more - doesn't like wealthy southerners in power
● Reconstruction Acts of 1867 - What did it do?
○ Organized south into military districts, and each one has its own military leader,
 they also have to rid of black codes and ratify the 14th amendment
● Reconstruction Amendments - What were they? What was their goal?
○ 13th = ended slavery
○ 14th = citizenship
○ Both passed to keep union together
● Black Codes- What were they? Where? What were they intended to do? Why?
○ Laws passed in southern states to restrict rights of former slaves
○ To keep southern states under control
● What was the most typical job of Southern Blacks during Reconstruction?
○ Worked on the same field they did when they were slaves
● “Redeemers “ in the south - what did they support?
○ Southern ex-confederate soldiers, politician, and businessmen who wanted to
return to the ways of the old south
● Jim Crow South - What was the goal of the laws?
○ Segregate whites from blacks in public
● Compromise of 1877 - What was it/what did it do? Why/how did it end Reconstruction?
○ Resolve that disputed the presidential election of 1876. Republican hayes lost
popular votes but was declared winner by south in exchange for withdrawal of
federal troops in the south.

America during the Gilded Age

● Why is this time period known as the Gilded Age? What is it known for? What is laissez
faire?
○ End of reconstruction to election of McKinley
○ Economic growth along with extreme poverty and government corruption
○ Laissez-faire= ideal that government shouldn't interfere with the free market
● Plessy v. Ferguson - What did Plessy do? What did he argue was being violated?
What did the Court say? What phrase do you need to know? Who was the lone
dissenter on the Supreme Court? What groups would have dissented with the
majority opinion? What groups would have agreed
○ Plessy refused to leave the “white only” railway car
○ Argued his 14th amendment rights were being violated
○ Court ruled that those separate cars did not violate the 14th amendment if
the separation was equal.
○ “Separate but equal”
○ Disapprove = blacks
○ Approve = rich white business owners
● Great Railroad Strike of 1877 - What happened? How was it resolved? Why is it
significant?
○ First major, national reaction involving the lack of labor laws and common
unfair treatment (long hours, low wages, unhealthy conditions). An
 example of the tension and distrust between laborers and management
○ Due to Eastern railroads cutting wages by 10%
○ Resulted in workers leaving their jobs, rioting, and destroying equipment
along major industrial cities like Baltimore, Chicago, and Philadelphia.
○ Was resolved by president hayes sending federal troops and state militias
were sent.
● Social Darwinism - Survival of the Fittest - What were these ideas used to do?
○ Associated with Herbert Spencer
○ Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution twisted to justify wealth, during the
rise of robber barons and hugely wealthy men, used by industrial leaders
○ The fittest and healthiest individuals are at the top and are meant to be
wealthy
○ Elimination of the poor, “unfit” workers is beneficial to society because “the
strongest survive”
○ Should not help the poor, interfere with the laws of nature
● Urbanization - What were city conditions like? Where did people live? Where did
they work? What were working conditions like?
○ The city conditions were disgusting
○ People lived in tenements - lived in small confinements
○ Worked in mines and for railroads and steel companies - construction, all
the dirty jobs were given to immigrants
○ Working conditions were often dangerous and lacked security
● Monopolists / Trusts - Who were the major Industrial Leaders/Robber Barons?
What industries were they in control of? What were the different methods of
gaining control? Who opposed the actions of big business?
○ Jay Gould
■ Railroads
■ Successful du to buying rundown railroads and selling them for
profit
○ John D. Rockefeller
■ Standard Oil Company of Ohio
● Refined oil after the Civil War
■ Took over the middleman position, allowing him to have to pay
anyone a profit or be under their administration
● Vertical Integration ( company controls all production and
distribution steps involving the creation of a product)
○ Produced own barrels, warehouses, pipelines, own
marketing
○ Andrew Carnegie
■ Dominated Steel Industry
● Used Bessemer’s converter to process quickly and cheaply
make steel
 ● Used Vertical Integration
○ Bought the phases of the production of steel to
monopolize it
● Used Horizontal Integration
○ Merging of companies at the same phases of
production, merging competitors
○ Struck deals with railroads and bought out rivals
■ “Gospel of Wealth”
● Good has come from the accumulation of wealth,
philanthropy through wealth
○ J.P. Morgan
■ Investment banker
● Monopolized & invested in industries
○ ⅙ railway system
○ Majority shareholder of Edison’s General Electric
○ Steel Industry
■ Sold bonds of corporate stocks and bonds for profit
○ Labor unions opposed the unregulated actions of big businesses
● Labor Union Leaders/Important Strikes - Why were they formed? What were they
and who was in charge of the various unions? What major strikes happened?
Effect of the strikes?
○ Labor unions were formed to better the conditions and working schedule of
labor workers who were under the subject of unregulated, but legal
administration and bad conditions
○ National Labor Union - first one
■ Formed by William H. Syllis
■ Got congress to enact 8 hour work days for federal employees (not
really enforced)
○ Knights of Labor
■ Formed by Uriah S. Stephens and eventually led Terrence V.
Powderly
■ Led to penalization of employers who imported contract labor,
completing original goal of protecting workers from employer
retaliations
■ 1st significant one, Open to all, including black ppl and women,
except lawyers, bankers, liquor dealers, and professional gamblers
(well off people)
○ American Federation of Labor
■ Led by Samuel Gompers
● Represented mostly skilled
○ Focused on economic gains (higher wages, shorter
hours, etc.)
 ○ International Ladies Garment Workers Union
■ Better working conditions for sweatshops

○ Strikes
■ Haymarket Affair (1886)
● Knights of Labor, Chicago
● Demanded 8 hour work days
● Led to distrust of labor unions due to violence and chaos,
end of Knights of Labor, rise of American Fed. of Labor
(union)
■ The Homestead Strike (1892)
● Due to pay cuts from Steel Company (Carnegie)
● President send national guard, prod. Continued and strike
ended
● Failed, steel workers lost jobs and could not work with any
major steel plants
■ The Pullman Strike (1894)
● Organized by American Railway Union (led by Eugene V.
Debs)
● Halted economy of 27 states, strikes bcuz of pay cuts and
essentials like food and shelter taken out of payments
● Troops sent by president, ended with injunction for workers
to go back
○ Strikes did not have effect, workers little political power
● Immigrants/Assimilation - Who helped this process along during the late 19th
century? Who built the Transcontinental Railroad?
○ Pacific railway union built the transcontinental railroad
● Immigration - Where did they come from during this time period? Why did they
come to the United States? What laws were passed that limited immigration? Why
were they passed?
○ European, asian -- unskilled
○ Escaped poverty and political unrest religious persecution and
overpopulation
● Frederick Jackson Turner's "Frontier Thesis" - What is it? What argument did it
make?
○ Humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to
move to
○ The frontier defined america since its founding
○ Promoted individualism and independence
○ Brokedown class distinctions and executed the development of social and
political democracy
○ Inspired innovation
 ○ Made america wasteful with natural resources
○ Presence of free land = fresh start
○ Without the frontier we would be like europe
● Jane Addams and Hull House - Who did it help? How did it help them?
○ Immigrants
○ Gave them education
● Pragmatism - What is it? Who believed in it?
○ An approach that assess the truth of meaning of theories or beliefs in
terms of the success of their practical application
○ William james
● Exodusters - Who were they? Where did they go?
○ African americans who migrated to kansas in search for better
opportunities and to escape discrimination and poverty

● New South - What was the goal? Who came up with the idea of the "New South?"
Who would have resisted change?
○ Henry grady
○ Economic diversity (industrial development)
○ Laissez-faire capitalism
○ Attracting new business in the south with tax incentives and cheap labor
● Decline of open-range cattle ranching at the end of the 19th century - Why?
○ Invention of railways made it faster and more efficient to travel
● Andrew Carnegie's "Gospel of Wealth" What is it? What argument does it make?
○ Good has come to society from the accumulation of capital by those who
produce it.
○ Philanthropy
● Chinese Exclusion Act - What? When? WHY?
○ Because of nativist sentiment largely based on religious and cultural
differences
○ Prohibited further immigration of chinese into the united states
○ First major legal restriction on immigration in united states history
● Ida B Wells - What did she become famous for?
○ This African American woman led an anti-lynching crusade and called on
the federal government to take action
● What was the cause of agrarian discontent during the last quarter of the 19th
century?
○ Farmers became a minority in the late 19th century
○ Falling prices for them due to the advancement of technology and the
global competition
○ Gov’t benefited big businesses
○ Have to go thru middlemen, transporting goods on railroads was
 expensive, no political power
● Pullman Strike Why did the strike occur? What was President Cleveland's
response to the strike?
○ Pullman owned all businesses in town and workers lived in company town
○ Money involving food and shelter left out of paycheck
○ During Panic of 1893, laid off workers and cut paychecks
○ President sent troops to end riots and protests

● Populist Party -Who were members of it? Who would have voted for it? What was
their platform?
○ Were made of the farmers alliance
○ Platform
■ Bigger government role in economy ( against Laissez-faire )
■ Graduated income
■ Unlimited coinage of silver
■ Govt owns railroads, telegraph systems
■ Better rules for workers and laborers, 8 hour work days
● Dawes Act of 1887 - What was the intent?
○ Break up native american tribes and assimilate them into white culture
○ Gave them plots of land
○ They wanted land for the money
○ Failed to assimilate into society