GRAMMAR EXAMPLE
PHONICS
Common vs proper
Count vs non-count
Regular plurals (-s, -es, -ies)
Irregular plurals
N with adjectives (noun phrases)
Roles in sentences
Copula (to be)
With noun phrases
With adjective phrases
With adverbial phrases
Nouns (N)
Subject of sentence
Direct object of sentence
Possessive nouns
Object of preposition
Compound nouns
N with determiners
a/an (noun phrases)
the (noun phrases)
Demonstratives (noun phrases)
Numbers (noun phrases)
Quantifiers (noun phrases)
SPELLING OR
man, country, idea / Cameron, Colombia,
Santiago
apple(s), book(s) / honey, sugar
doctor  doctors, boss  bosses, berry
 berries
foot  feet, man  men, woman 
women
a large T-shirt, cute children
Mike is a doctor, My daughters aren’t
journalists.
Josh is a tall man.
Bella is very tall.
Is your house in Portland?
Penny likes coffee.
Penny likes coffee.
Julia’s dog. The mailman’s car.
I come from England.
living room, bedroom, bookcase
a house, a teacher, an orange, an athlete
the house, the teacher, the orange, the
athlete
this house, these teacher, that orange,
those athlete
three apples, two feet, six women, one
book
a box of cookies, two bottles of soda.
POSSIBLE LEXICON TEXT TYPOLOGY
Uppercase vs lowercase Countries and cities (Colombia, Bogotá),
Celebrities (George Washington)
School items (pencil/glue), foods and
beverages (apple/soda)
/s/, /z/, /ız/ for plural School items (bags/brushes), clothing
endings (shirts/dresses)
Parts of the body (teeth/feet), animals
(geese/mice), people (men/children)
Clothing (red shoes), school items (white
chair)
People (I’m a boy), occupations (She’s a
doctor)
Physical descriptions (curly hair, tall man),
personality (nice girl)
Physical descriptions (curly hair, tall man),
personality (nice girl), Nationalities
Places in town (in the park, at Macy’s),
Countries and cities (in Florida)
Use of apostrophe for Family members (my sister), school objects
possessive nouns (her lunchbox), home (our garden)
Stress in compound nouns Home (bedroom), occupations (mailman)
Vowels vs consonants Home objects, fruits, animals
(long U exception)
Pronunciation of the: /ðə/ Animals
vs /ði/
Sounds /ð/ and /θ/ Clothing items, home objects
Numbers
Foods and beverages
 to be
Present conjugation
Past conjugation
there is/ there are
to have got
Present simple (fact, routine)
Present simple affirmative
Present simple negative
Present simple interrogative
Verbs (V)
Past simple
Past simple affirmative (regular)
Past simple affirmative (irregular)
Past simple negative
Past simple interrogative
Modals
will (NEG: will not) (intention,
prediction)
can (NEG: cannot) (ability, possibility,
casual permission)
could (polite request)
may (polite permission)
would + like + to-infinitive
That was Penelope. We aren’t from
Switzerland.
I’m a scientist. He’s not a fireman. Are we
in this class?
I was in the city. He wasn’t a fireman. /s/, /z/, /ız/ for plural
Were they sisters? endings
There are three bathrooms. There isn’t Contractions (‘s, isn’t and
any soda. aren’t)
We’ve got seven dollars. She hasn’t got Contractions (‘ve, ‘s,
any pencils. haven’t and hasn’t)
I have a daughter. She comes from Tahiti. /s/, /z/, /ız/ for third-
person endings
Tim doesn’t like animals. Snakes don’t Contractions (don’t and
have arms. doesn’t)
Do you like music? Does Molly eat
vegetables?
We walked to the park and played with /t/, /d/, /ıd/ for regular past
our children. tense endings
The Smiths went to Upway and bought
sandwiches.
She didn’t come to the party last night. Contractions (didn’t)
Did Jeff go to school yesterday?
My aunt will come tomorrow. I won’t go Contractions (‘ll, won’t)
to the beach.
She can’t go to school today. I can play Contractions (can’t)
the guitar. Grandma, can I grab an
apple?
Could you open the door, please?
Mrs. Conway, may I go to the infirmary?
I would like to study in Australia. Contractions
(wouldn’t, ’d)
 Basic V + to-infinitive

like + to-infinitive She likes to swim in the ocean.

want + to-infinitive We want to move to Chile. They don’t

want to come.
have + to-infinitive He has to work today.

have got + to-infinitive Mary has got to read more. They’ve got to
run.
be going to + to-infinitive Are you going to travel this year? I’m Contractions (’m, ’s, ’re)
going to play soccer.
Basic prepositional verbs (listen to, take care of, She listens to music. I take care of my
look at) children. Look at page 44.
Descriptive adjectives a pretty girl, beautiful houses, hot water

Possessive adjectives my mother, his face

Adjectives (Adj)

Copulas using adjective phrases My sweater is red. The water is very cold.

Adjective phrases
With adverbs of degree My cousin is really tall. You have a very
nice hat!
With numbers for measurements She’s 17 years old.

Combinations using and Kara is tall and beautiful.

Adverbs of degree My cousin is really tall. You have a very

nice hat!
Adverbs of place Our son studies here. Marla is over there.

Adverbs of time I’m playing tennis right now.

Adverbs (Adv)

Adverbials of place I come from Malta. She’s going to school.

Play in the park.
Adverbials of time Our class starts at 7:00. We met on
Friday.
Adverbials of cause (because) Josh likes this sweater because it is new.

Adverbs of frequency I often play soccer on Saturdays. She

never cooks.
 Cardinal numbers one person, six dollars, twelve years

Demonstratives this office, those tables

Definite article (the) The girl bought an apple at the store.

Indefinite article (a/an) A woman goes to the park to meet a

friend.
Determiners (Det)

Zero article ( ) Birds can fly. Water is good for you.

Quantifiers

some There are some children in the classroom.

no There’s no water in the desert.

any I don’t have any money.

a lot of/lots of I saw a lot of birds in the city. Lots of

children play soccer.
Containers a can of soda, a bag of cookies, a bottle of
water
Personal pronouns
Subject pronouns We are architects. She lives in
Birmingham.
Object pronouns
Direct object I love you! Can you see them?
Pronouns (PN)

Indirect object They gave me money. Carl gave her a

hug.
Object of preposition I went to London with him. I got a gift
from them.
Interrogative pronouns
Subject of sentence Who’s the man on the left? What
happened?
Object of sentence What do you want to eat? Who did you
meet?
Adverbials Where’s Joey? Why did they move to
Canada? When is the party?
in (time) She was born in August. This happened in
osi
tio
Pr
ep

(P
ns

re
p)

1994.
 on (time) The party is on April 7th. Can I meet you
on Sunday?
at (time) I arrived at 5:00. Don’t eat too much at
night.
in (place) They are playing in the living room. I live
in Michigan.
on (place) Her home is on Hampton Street. He sat on
the corner.
at (place) The office is at 530 Main Street. We had
lunch at Kenny’s.
from (place) They come from Colorado.

from…to… (time) I exercise from 9:00 to 11:00. We work

to (place)
Prepositions of place
by (means of transportation)
with (company)
from Monday to Sunday.
I go to school by bus. Ken went to the
park.
The cat is under the table. The mug is on
the counter. The lamp is next to the sofa.
I go to school by bus. We’ll have to get
there by train.
I play with my classmates. Come with me!

Basic word order (SVO) She drinks water. We don’t like cake.

Affirmations
Present simple We play soccer in the park.

Present continuous She’s reading a magazine.

Past simple My father watched TV last night.

Clauses (O)

Modals He can play the piano. They will come

tomorrow. I would like to move to Europe.
Negations
Present simple The baby doesn’t like vegetables.

Present continuous Kara isn’t listening to music.

Past simple They didn’t study last night.

Modals Fiona can’t make cookies. I won’t help

 them.
Questions
Present simple Which sweater do you like?

Present continuous What is Josh doing?

Past simple Where did you travel during spring

break?
Modals Could you help me? Can you swim?
Would you like to get married?

and (subject and verb ellipsis) I play soccer and swim on Saturdays. I eat
Conjunctions

beans and carrots.

(Conj)

but She likes red, but doesn’t like blue.

because The teacher is happy because her students

help her.