Lenses: Dr. Anca Popescu Dr. Octavian Călinescu

Lenses
Biophysics Dept. UMF C. Davila 2015
Dr. Anca Popescu

Dr. Octavian Călinescu
https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSt3jb2TkfR_Wg7V6Y2WjIpTYG0J9l8_E-b_hXDG-NvhVa5GcGpBA
Lens = transparent optical medium contained
between two curved surfaces
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Large_convex http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Concave_lens
_lens.jpg/500px-Large_convex_lens.jpg .jpg/500px-Concave_lens.jpg
Classification of lenses
• By shape:
spherical cylindrical prismatic

• By action:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Large_convex http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Concave_lens
_lens.jpg/500px-Large_convex_lens.jpg .jpg/500px-Concave_lens.jpg
converging diverging
Image formation in a spherical lens
• Converging lens
Thin lens = lens for which the curvature of
the two surfaces is much larger than the
thickness of the lens
Focus = the point where parallel rays meet
after passing through a converging lens
Converging lenses form real or virtual
images depending on the object’s position
relative to the lens

• Converging lens
o Rays parallel to the optical axis are collected (meet) at the focus
o Rays that pass through the center of the lens do not deviate
virtual
image
object
object
real image
• Diverging lens
Diverging lenses always form virtual
images
virtual
virtual image
image
object
object
• Real image
o Formed by the intersection of rays emitted by the object, after
they cross the lens
o Is reversed (upside-down)
o Can be seen on a screen
• Virtual image
o Rays emitted by the object do not meet after they cross the lens
o The image is formed at the intersection of the extrapolation
(prolongation) of the light rays in the reverse sens relative to the
optical path
o Cannot be seen on a screen
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Thin_lens_images.svg/1000px-Thin_lens_images.svg.png
Real images
converging
lens
light
source object
screen
Virtual image
converging
lens
object
image
Convergence
Convergence = , where f = focal length

(optical power) (expressed in m)
o Convergence is measured in dioptres (m-1, D, δ)

o Converging lenses have a positive number of
diopters (Eg.: for f = 0.5 m, convergence = +2
dioptres)
o Diverging lenses have a negative number of
diopters (Eg.: for f = 0.1 m, convergence = -10

dioptres)
Equations of geometrical optics
- Thin lens equation
Sign convention: o the optical centre of the lens has 0 coordinate

o segments measured in the sense of light propagation
are positive (x2)

o segments measured in the reverse sense relative to the
sense of light propagation are negative (x1)
Equations of geometrical optics
y1
y2
= Magnification
-
n = refractive index
R1, R2 = radius of curvature
Compound lens
• Two or more lenses of the same or a different type aligned on their main
optical axis

• The convergence of a compound lens is equal to the sum of the

convergence of its component lenses
Chromatic abberations
• Distortions of images formed through lenses
o Spherical abberation
o Chromatic abberation
o Coma
o Astigmatism
• Spherical abberation
o Parallel rays distant from the optical
axis have different foci compared to
those close to the optical axis
o Results in blurry (unfocused) images
o Is more powerful if the lens is more

powerful
o Is corrected by the use of special

combination of convex and concave
lenses or by the use of aspherical

lenses
• Chromatic abberation
o Caused by light dispersion through the

lens
o The focus differs depending on the

wavelength of the light
o Can be reduced by an achromatic

doublet
• Coma
o Rays far away from the optical axis

form a trail similar to that of a comet
o Caused by the fact that the lens

magnification is different for rays
hitting the edges of the lens
compared to the rays that hit close to
the centre
o Results in an overlay of more images

of different sizes in the same focal
plane
• Astigmatism
o Light rays in orthogonal planes

have different foci
o Results in blurry image

Ametropia
• Normal eye = emmetrop
• Myopia
o The image is formed in front of the
retina
o Is corrected using diverging lenses
• Hypermetropia (hyperopia)
o The image is formed behind the retina
o Is corrected by converging lenses
Ametropia
• Astigmatism
o More foci inside the eye
o Images are distorted/blurry
o Is corrected using cylindrical lenses

Experimental part – determining lens
convergence
o The light source and the screen are placed at the extremes of the
optical bench
o A powerful lens (> 5 diopters) is chosen and is placed close to the
source
o The lens is moved between the source and the screen and the two
points where the image of the filament on the screen is clear are
found
o x1 (distance source – lens), x2 (distance lens – screen) and y2 (size
of the filament on the screen) are measured
o f, C and y1 are calculated
-
=
Experimental part – determining lens
convergence
• An image on the screen cannot be obtained if:
o We used a diverging lens
o The focal length is too long (the lens has weak convergence)
• In this case, we can form compound lenses by adding

a converging lens of high convergence
• We calculate the convergence of the compound lens,

and then that of the lens of unknown convergence
o For example, we use a +10 dioptres lens
to form a compound lens with an
= unknown lens and we measure a
convergence of +7 diopters – in this

case the convergence of the unknown
lens is -3 dioptres

Lenses: Dr. Anca Popescu Dr. Octavian Călinescu

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Lenses

Biophysics Dept. UMF C. Davila 2015

Dr. Anca Popescu

spherical cylindrical prismatic

relative to the lens

Convergence = , where f = focal length

o Convergence is measured in dioptres (m-1, D, δ)

diopters (Eg.: for f = 0.1 m, convergence = -10

- Thin lens equation

Sign convention: o the optical centre of the lens has 0 coordinate

are positive (x2)

• The convergence of a compound lens is equal to the sum of the

• Distortions of images formed through lenses

o Results in blurry (unfocused) images

o Is more powerful if the lens is more

o Is corrected by the use of special

lenses or by the use of aspherical

o Caused by light dispersion through the

o The focus differs depending on the

o Can be reduced by an achromatic

o Rays far away from the optical axis

o Caused by the fact that the lens

o Results in an overlay of more images

o Light rays in orthogonal planes

o Results in blurry image

o More foci inside the eye

o Images are distorted/blurry

o Is corrected using cylindrical lenses

• In this case, we can form compound lenses by adding

• We calculate the convergence of the compound lens,

convergence of +7 diopters – in this

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