2 Mark Questions

Unit- I & II
1. Explain twinning.
Twinning is the two plastic deformation which takes place along the planes due to a set of
forces acting on a given metal. The two planes are usually parallel to each other and are
called the twin planes. Here each atom moves only a fraction of an inter –atomic distance
relative to its neighbor.
2. Define fracture.
Fracture can be defined as the breaking up (or) separation of a solid into two (or) more
parts when subjected to an external load.Fracture can occur as the end result of extensive
plastic deformation (or)as the end result of fatigue in a part of the material.
3. What is brittle fracture?
A brittle fracture can be defined as a fracture which is the result of intense localized
plastic deformation and very rapid crack propagation. It consists of destroying the
interatomic bonds with normal stresses.
4. Define ductile fracture.
A ductile fracture can be defined as a fracture which is the result of intense localized
plastic deformation of the metal at the tip of the crack .At elevated temperatures all fractures
tend to become ductile because slip can occur more easily.
5. Explain the fatigue fracture.
Fatigue fracture is the fracture that occur under repeatedly applied fatigue stresses. This
fractures occurs at a stress well below the tensile strength of the materials.
6. Define creep fracture.
Creep fractures is seen to take place by two ways: Sliding of grain boundaries, Movement
of dislocations from one slip to another by climbing.
7. What is the use of tensile test?
The tensile test is used to determine the mechanical properties of material. It also gives
information on how material behave under tensile loading condition.
8. Define elastic limit.
The elastic limit can be defined as the greatest amount of stress that the material can
withstand and still return to its original state when the load is removed .
9. What is proportional limit?
Proportional limit is the stress at which stress-strain curve deviates from linearity.
10. Explain the use of Izod test.
The Izod test is the impact test which is used to determine the impact strength of a
material.
11. Define endurance limit in fatigue test.
Endurance limit is defined as the value of stress below which the material will not fail
when it is loaded for infinite number of cycles.
12. What properties are determined from tension testing of metallic products?
 (1) Limit of proportionality, (2)Yield strength, (3) Maximum tensile strength,
(4) Breaking strength, (5) Percentage elongation, and (6) Modulus of elasticity.
13. Differentiate between Fatigue and Creep tests.
Fatigue test s are to test the metal load carrying capacity of repeated load and fluctuating
loads. The Creep test on metals are to find the metal under steady load.
14. Explain the mechanical properties of materials.
Mechanical properties are whose characteristics of material that describe its behavior
under the action of external forces.
15. Distinguish between elasticity and plasticity.
 Elasticity is the property of the material by virtue of which it is able to retain its
original shape and size after the removal of load.
 Plasticity is the property of the material by virtue of which a permanent deformation
takes place whenever it is subjected to the action of external forces.
16. What are the factors affecting mechanical properties?
Grain size, Heat treatment, Atmospheric exposure, Low and high temperature.
17. Define the terms Slip and Twinning.
 Slip may be defined as the sliding of blocks of the crystal over one another along
definite crytsollographic planes called Slip planes.
 Twinning is the process in which the atoms in a part of a crystal subjected to stress,
rearrange themselves so that one part of the crystal becomes a mirror image of the
other part.
18. Differentiate between ductility and malibility
 Ductility is the property of the material by virtue of which it can be drawn into wires
before rupture takes place.
 Malleability is the property of the material by virtue of which it can withstand
deformation under compression without rupture.
19. Define the terms brittleness and hardness.
 Brittleness is the property of the material by virtue of which it can withstand
deformation under compression without rupture.
 Hardness is the property of the material by virtue of which it is able to resist abrasive
indentation, machining, scratching.
20. What do you mean by toughness and stiffness?
 Toughness is the property of the material by virtue of which it can absorb maximum
energy before fracture takes place.
 Stiffness is the property of the material by virtue of which it resists deformation.
21. List any four technological properties of metals.
Machinability, Castability, Weldability,Formability or Workability.
22. What is meant by fracture?
Fracture is the mechanical failure of the material which will produce the separation or
fragmentation of a solid into two or more parts under the action of stresses.
23. List the different types of fracture in a material. Brittle Fracture,
Ductile Fracture, Fatigue Fracture, Creep Fracture.
24. What are the factors affecting the creep?
Grain, Thermal stability of the micro structure, Chemical reactions, Prior strain.
25. List some important destructive tests carried out on a material.
Tensile test, Impact test, Fatigue test, Bend test, Torsion test, Creep test.
26. Define the term notch sensitivity.
The notch sensitivity refers to the tendency of some normal ductile material to behave
like brittle material in the presence of notches.
27. Define endurance limit in fatigue test.
Endurance limit is defined as the value of stress below which the material will not fail
even when it is loaded for infinite no. of cycles.
28. What are the properties are determined from tension testing of metallic products?
Limit of proportionality, Yield strength, Maximum tensile strength, Breaking strength,
Percentage elongation and Modulus of elasticity
29. How will you express the deformation characteristics of a material through tension test?
The deformation characteristics of a material through tension test expressed as the stress
strain curve. With the help of stress strain curve, the various tensile properties such as elastic
stress, strain yield strength, young’s modulus, etc are calculated.
30. Why are impact specimens notched?
The impact specimens are notched because the impact test also indicates the notch
sensitivity of a material. The notch sensitivity refers to the tendency of some normal ductile
materials to behave the like a brittle material in the presence of notches.
31. What are slip bands?
Slip bands are made up of several slip planes. They indicate that the atomic planes within
the crystal have sheared with respect to each other.
32. Explain in detail Creep.
The creep is defined as the property of material by virtue of which it deforms
continuously under a steady load. Engineering materials are subjected to a constant stress for
prolonged time. This would increase the length even though the stress remains constant. This
phenomenon of slow and progressive deformation of a material with time at constant stress is
called creep.
33. What are the different types of loadings available for fatigue testing?
Shock or impact load, Static load Random load, Repeated or reversed load.
34. Generally creep rate in the secondary creep region is a constant with time. Why?
At this stage a balance exists between the rate of work hardening and rate of softening
because of recovery or recrystallization.
35. What is “Resilience”?
It is the property of material which enables it to store energy and resist shock and impact.
It is measured by the amount of energy that can be stored in a body up to the elastic limit.
36. Explain the term Fatigue.
Components with alternating loading [alternate loads of compression and tension lowers
the fracture stress of the material. Such a premature failure is called as Fatigue.
37. Define ductile fracture.
In ductile materials fracture takes place after the considerable amount of plastic
deformation. Fracture with considerable amount of plastic deformation is known as ductile
deformation.
38. What is critical resolved shear stress?
All metals of similar crystal structure slip on the same crystallographic planes and in the
same crystallographic directions. Slip occurs when the shear stresses resolved along these
planes reaches a certain value. This is called as critical resolved stress.
39. Define endurance limit(SN).
Materials subjected to cyclic loads (Alternative) the maximum stress amplititude which
can be sustained for a given number of cycles (N) is known as endurance limit SN
40. Write the factors which contribute to the onset of fatigue failure.
Corrosion, Surface finish, Temperature, Micro-structure of an alloy, Residual stresses,
Stress concentration, Heat treatment.
41. Differentiate between Brittle fracture and ductile fracture.

42. Write the difference between Slip and Twinning.

43. What are the factors, which affect the creep resistant materials?
 Pre-strains increase the creep rate.
 Substitutional solid solution usually improves creep résistance.
 Precipitation and dispersion hardening improves the creep.
 Grain size and grain boundaries.
44. Describe characteristics of creep resistant material.
 Instantaneous extension produced as soon as the test load is applied.
 Primary or transient creep stage during which further work-hardening occurs.
 A steady state or secondary creep during which the work-hardening effect of plastic
deformation is balanced
 A period of acceleration or tertiary creep leading to eventual fracture.
45. What are the advantages of pyramid indenter over other indenters?
One can measure the square or diamond- shaped impression easily as compared with a
circular impression. The ends of the diagonal are much sharper under the microscope than
the opposite sides of a circle.