Core 1

Rules of Indices
 𝑎 𝑥 × 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥+𝑦
 𝑎 𝑥 × 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥−𝑦
 (𝑎 𝑥 )𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥𝑦
1
 𝑎−𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥
1

𝑥
𝑎𝑥 = √𝑎
𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
 𝑎 = ( √𝑎)𝑥 = √𝑎 𝑥
𝑦

 𝑎0 = 1

Types of Numbers
𝑎
 ℚ- Rational numbers can be written in the form
𝑏
 ℤ- Integers are any whole numbers
 ℕ- Natural numbers are any positive integer
 ℝ- Real numbers are any numbers that aren't imaginary

Surds
 √𝑎 × √𝑏 = √𝑎 × 𝑏
 √𝑎 × √𝑎 = 𝑎
√𝑎 𝑎
 = √𝑏
√𝑏
To rationalise the denominator
𝑎 √𝑏 𝑎√𝑏
× =
√𝑏 √𝑏 𝑏
𝑎 𝑏 − √𝑐 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎√𝑐
× =
𝑏 + √𝑐 𝑏 − √𝑐 𝑏2 − 𝑐
Equations of a line
 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
o 𝑚 is the gradient
o 𝑐 is the y intercept
 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
o 𝑚 is the gradient
o (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )is a point on the line
 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
o 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐 are all integers

Completing the square

𝑏 2 𝑏 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = (𝑥 + ) − ( ) + 𝑐
2 2
For equations such as 3𝑥 2 take the factor outside of the bracket
Sketching Graphs
Consider SAXY
 S- Shape
 A- Asymptotes
 X- X intercepts
 Y- Y intercepts

Discriminant
For 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
If it is:
 Greater than 0
o There are two real roots.

 Equal to 0
o There is one real root.

 Less than 0
o There are no real roots.

Quadratic Inequalities
ALWAYS DRAW THE GRAPH
Solve the equation as if it is a quadratic equation, and plot it
Find the x intercepts, and determine whether x should be greater than or less than those numbers
Present on a numberline
 A filled in circle means equal to
 An empty circle means not equal to
Sketching Curves
The graph of:
1
𝑦 = 𝑥2 𝑦 = 𝑥3 𝑦=
𝑥
Curve Transformations

f(x) – original curve f(x+a)- move left along x axis by a

10
10
8
8
6
6
4
4

2 2

0 0
-4 -2 0 2 4 -6 -4 -2 0 2

f(x)+a – move up the y axis by a f(ax)- shrink in the x axis by a

12 10
10 8
8
6
6
4
4
2 2

0 0
-4 -2 0 2 4 -2 -1 0 1 2

af(x)- stretch in the y axis by a

20

15

10

0
-4 -2 0 2 4
Co-ordinate geometry
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
 𝑚 is the gradient
 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) are points on the line
Parallel lines- the same gradient
Perpendicular lines- one gradient is the negative reciprocal of the other

𝐴𝐵 = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2
 𝐴𝐵 is the length of the line
 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) are points on the line
Pythagoras’ Theorem

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
Midpoint ( , )
2 2
 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) are points on the line

Sequences
𝑈𝑛 = 𝑈𝑛−1 + 𝑑
𝑈𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
 𝑈𝑛 is a term in the sequence
 𝑎 is the first term
 𝑑 is the common difference

𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
 𝑆𝑛 is the sum of a sequence up to 𝑛

𝐸𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

∑ (𝑆𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒)
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
 ∑(𝑆𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒) means the sum of a sequence

Differentiation
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
For 𝑓(𝑥) the derivative is 𝑓′(𝑥)
1. For a gradient at a point substitute the x value into the differentiated equation
2. To find the coordinate where a gradient equals a number, make the differentiated equation
equal to the number
3. To find the gradient where a curve meets a line find the coordinate where they meet and use
method 1
𝑑2 𝑦
The second derivative is 𝑑𝑥 2 or 𝑓′′(𝑥)
Integration
𝑥 𝑛+1
∫(𝑥 𝑛 )𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑛+1