CROSS PRODUCT

GEOPHYSICS UI

- fatimah -
Orthogonal Vectors 𝑧
𝑃(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 )
𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
A nonzero vector orthogonal to a line or plane is
called a normal 𝑛, which specify the slope the line 𝑛 = 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐
or inclination of the plane.
𝑛
𝑃
The plane containing the point 𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 and having 𝑦
normal vector 𝑛 = 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 can be represented by the
standard form of the equation of a plane 𝑄

𝑥 𝑛 ⊥ 𝑃𝑄
𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑥0 + 𝑏 𝑦 − 𝑦0 + 𝑐 𝑧 − 𝑧0 = 0 [plane]

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0 𝑛 ∙ 𝑃𝑄 = 0

𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∙ 𝑥 − 𝑥0 , 𝑦 − 𝑦0 , 𝑧 − 𝑧0 = 0
A line in 𝑅2 is represented by an equation of the
form
𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑥0 + 𝑏 𝑦 − 𝑦0 + 𝑐 𝑧 − 𝑧0 = 0
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 [line]
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0
𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑥0 + 𝑏 𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 0

LINEAR ALGEBRA 2
 Distance 𝐷 = proj𝑛 𝑃𝑄 =
𝑃𝑄 ∙ 𝑛

between a Point
𝑛

𝑥1 − 𝑥0 , 𝑦1 − 𝑦0 , 𝑧1 − 𝑧0 ∙ 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐

and a Plane
𝐷=
𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2

𝑎 𝑥1 − 𝑥0 + 𝑏 𝑦1 − 𝑦0 + 𝑐 𝑧1 − 𝑧0
𝐷=
𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2

𝑛 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐𝑧1 + 𝑑 The distance 𝐷 between the

𝐷= point 𝑄(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and the
𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 plane 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0
𝑄 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1

𝐷 where 𝑃 𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 is a point in the plane

proj𝑛 𝑃𝑄 and 𝑑 = −𝑎𝑥0 − 𝑏𝑦0 − 𝑐𝑧0

𝑃 𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0
The distance 𝐷 between
𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐 the point 𝑄(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and the
𝐷=
𝑎2 + 𝑏2 line 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0

LINEAR ALGEBRA 3
 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑡𝑣Ԧ
𝑧
𝑥 − 𝑥0 , 𝑦 − 𝑦0 , 𝑧 − 𝑧0 = 𝑡 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐
𝑄 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝐿
𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 − 𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 = 𝑡 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐

𝑟Ԧ − 𝑟0 = 𝑡𝑣Ԧ
𝑃 𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 𝑟Ԧ The equation of a line through the
𝑟Ԧ = 𝑟0 + 𝑡𝑣Ԧ
point 𝑃 in the direction of the vector 𝑣Ԧ
𝑣Ԧ 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐
𝑟0
𝑦
𝑂 parameter
𝑥 − 𝑥0 = 𝑡𝑎
𝑃𝑄 ∥ 𝑣Ԧ 𝑥 = 𝑥0 + 𝑎𝑡
𝑥 The parametric equations for a line
𝑃𝑄 = 𝑡𝑣Ԧ 𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 𝑏𝑡 through the point 𝑃(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) in the
direction of vector 𝑣Ԧ = 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐
𝑧 = 𝑧0 + 𝑐𝑡

𝑥 − 𝑥0 𝑦 − 𝑦0 𝑧 − 𝑧0
𝑡= = = Symmetric equation
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

Lines in Space LINEAR ALGEBRA 4

 𝑖Ƹ 𝑗Ƹ 𝑘෠ 𝑢2 𝑢3 𝑢1 𝑢3 𝑢1 𝑢2
𝑢 × 𝑣Ԧ = 𝑢1 𝑢3 = 𝑣 𝑖 Ƹ − 𝑗 Ƹ + ෠
𝑢2
2 𝑣3 𝑣1 𝑣3 𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑘
𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑣3

𝑢2 𝑢3 𝑢1 𝑢3 𝑢1 𝑢2
𝑢 × 𝑣Ԧ = 𝑣 𝑣3 , − 𝑣1 𝑣3 , 𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑣Ԧ
2
𝑣Ԧ sin 𝜃

𝑢 × 𝑣Ԧ = 𝑢2 𝑣3 − 𝑢3 𝑣2 , 𝑢3 𝑣1 − 𝑢1 𝑣3 , 𝑢1 𝑣2 − 𝑢2 𝑣1
𝜃
𝑢 × 𝑣Ԧ
𝑢

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑢 𝑣Ԧ sin 𝜃 = 𝑢 𝑣Ԧ 1 − cos2 𝜃

𝑣Ԧ
𝑢 ∙ 𝑣Ԧ 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑢 𝑣Ԧ 1− 2 2 𝑢 × 𝑣Ԧ
𝑢 𝑣Ԧ
𝑢
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑢 2 𝑣Ԧ 2 − 𝑢 ∙ 𝑣Ԧ 2
𝑢 × 𝑣Ԧ is orthogonal to both 𝑢 and 𝑣Ԧ
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑢12 + 𝑢22 + 𝑢32 𝑣12 + 𝑣22 + 𝑣32 − 𝑢1 𝑣1 + 𝑢2 𝑣2 + 𝑢3 𝑣3 2

If 𝑢 and 𝑣Ԧ are vectors in 3-space, then 𝑢 × 𝑣Ԧ equal to the

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑢2 𝑣3 − 𝑢3 𝑣2 2 + 𝑢1 𝑣3 − 𝑢3 𝑣1 2 + 𝑢1 𝑣2 − 𝑢2 𝑣1 2 area of parallelogram determined by 𝑢 and 𝑣. Ԧ

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑢 × 𝑣Ԧ 𝑢 × 𝑣Ԧ = 𝑢 𝑣Ԧ sin 𝜃

LINEAR ALGEBRA 5
 If 𝑢, 𝑣Ԧ and 𝑤 are vectors in 3-space, then

𝑢 ∙ 𝑣Ԧ × 𝑤

is called the scalar triple product of 𝑢, 𝑣Ԧ and 𝑤

𝑢1 𝑢2 𝑢3
𝑢 ∙ 𝑣Ԧ × 𝑤 = 𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑣3
𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3

𝑢 ∙ 𝑣Ԧ × 𝑤 = 𝑣Ԧ ∙ 𝑤 × 𝑢 = 𝑤 ∙ 𝑢 × 𝑣Ԧ

LINEAR ALGEBRA 6
Triple Scalar Product
The volume of parallelepiped
𝑣Ԧ × 𝑤
𝑉 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 ∙ ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝑉 = 𝑣Ԧ × 𝑤 ∙ proj𝑣×𝑤 𝑢

𝑢 𝑢 ∙ 𝑣Ԧ × 𝑤
𝑉 = 𝑣Ԧ × 𝑤 ∙
proj𝑣×𝑤 𝑢 𝑣Ԧ × 𝑤

𝑤 𝑉 = 𝑢 ∙ 𝑣Ԧ × 𝑤

𝑣Ԧ The volume of a parallelepiped with vectors 𝑢, 𝑣Ԧ and 𝑤 as

𝑣Ԧ × 𝑤 adjacent edges is

𝑉 = 𝑢 ∙ 𝑣Ԧ × 𝑤

LINEAR ALGEBRA 7
 Anton, H., Rorres, C., 2014, Elementary Linear Algebra
Application Version, Wiley, USA

References Larson, R., Edwars, B., 2016, Calculus 11th Edition

Cengage Learning: Boston, USA.

LINEAR ALGEBRA 8