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Eee Department: Course File For Power Electronics
Eee Department: Course File For Power Electronics
Prepared by
Mr.K.NAGESH
Asst Prof. EEE Dept
POWER ELECTRONICS
III Year B.Tech EEE I - SEM
Course file - 2011
Syllabus:
Thyristors – Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCR’s) – BJT – Power
MOSFET – Power IGBT and their characteristics and other thyristors – Basic theory of
operation of SCR – Static characteristics – Turn on and turn off methods- Dynamic
characteristics of SCR - Turn on and Turn off times -Salient points
Objectives:
Schedule:
Reference Books:
Prepared by
Mr.K.NAGESH
Asst Prof. EEE Dept
2. Power Electronics : Circuits, Devices and Applications – by M. H. Rashid,
Prentice Hall of India, 2nd edition, 1998
Assignment Questions:
3) With neat sketches discuss the TURN ON & TURN OFF methods of an SCR
5) The voltage and current ratings of a particular circuit are 3.3KV and 750
amps.SCRs with rating of 800V and 175 amps are available. The recommended
minimum derating factor is 15%. Calculate min. series and parallel units required.
Also calculate the values of resistance and capacitance to be used in the static and
dynamic equalizing circuits if the max. forward blocking current for the SCRs is
25mA and ΔQmax is 50μC. Where ΔQmax is max. charge stored in thyristor
7) (a) Explain the dynamic turn-on and turn-off times of SCR with neat waveforms.
(b) Discuss the various thermal ratings of SCR.
8) Explain the operation of series connected and parallel connected SCRs with
neat circuit diagrams and their characteristics.
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Asst Prof. EEE Dept
Objective Questions:
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(c) SUS (d) Diac
12) Which of the following PNPN devices does not have a gate terminal?
(a) Triac
(b) SCS
(c) SUS
(d) Complementary SCR
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(b) rectifier
(c) multiquadrant chopper
(d) cycloconverter
19) When transistors are used in series or parallel, a snubber circuit is used to
(a) control the current
(b) control the voltage
(c) limit di/dt
(d) all of these
(a) seconds
(b) milliseconds
(c) microseconds
(d) nanoseconds
(a) Thyristor
(b) MOSFET
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(c) Triac
(d) UJT
(a) resistor
(b) inductor
(c) capacitor
(d) battery
29) A GTO like all the other power semiconductor devices requires protection
against
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(a) the advantages of high gate current at low level gate drive.
(b) a poor di/dt rating even at high gate current
(c) its di/dt improving only at high gate current
(d) very slow spreading velocity
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(c) over temperature limit of power transistor is high
(d) none of the above
40) The operating frequency of a power MOSFET is higher than a power BJT
because
(a) it is a majority carrier device
(b) it has an insulated gate
(c) drift layer is absent in it
(d) its gain is infinite
41) The on-state voltage drop of a power MOSFET is higher than a power BJT
because
(a) it has no drift layer
(b) conductivity modulation is absent
(c) its current capacity is higher
(d) both a & b
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(a) avoid the damage due to handling
(b) avoid damage due to static charge
(c) avoid damage due to moisture
(d) none of above
(a) positive
(b) negative
(c) flat
(d) none
50) The SOA of IGBT is better than that of a power transistor because
(a) 10 kHz
(b) 50 kHz
(c) 100 kHz
(d) none
52) The reduction in the on-state voltage drop in IGBT takes place due to
(a) added p + layer in the IGBT structure
(b) conductivity modulation
(c) the n drift layer
(d) none
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(c) linear
(d) none of the above
57) Which of the following conditions is necessary for triggering system for
thyristors?
(a) It should be synchronized with the main supply
(b) It must use separate power supply
(c) It should provide a train of pulses
(d) None of these
59) The SCR is turned-off when the anode current falls below
(a) forward current rating
(b) breakover voltage
(c) holding current
(d) latching current
62) If gate current is increased, the anode-cathode voltage at which SCR closes
is
(a) Increased
(b) Decreased
(c) Maximum
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(d) Least
64) With gate open, a SCR can be turned-on by making supply voltage
(a) minimum
(b) reverse
(c) equal to cathode voltage
(d) equal to break-over voltage
66) The turn-off time of thyristor is 30 m sec at 50°C. It.s turn-off time at 100°
is
(a) same
(b) 15 m sec
(c) 60 m sec
(d) 100 m sec
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(d) Rate of rise of pressure
75) The turn-on time of a SCR with inductive load is 20 ms. The pulse train
Frequency is 2.5 kHz with a mark/space ratio of 1/10, then
(a) The SCR will turn-on
(b) The SCR will not turn-on
(c) The SCR will turn-on if inductance is removed
(d) The SCR will turn-on if pulse frequency is increased to two times.
77) In a SCR
(a) gate current is directly proportional to forward breakover voltage.
(b) as gate-current is raised, forward breakover voltage reduces.
(c) gate-current has to be kept ON continuously for conduction.
(d) forward-breakover voltage is low in the forward blocking state.
78) There are only silicon controlled rectifiers and not germanium because
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(b) Only Si has stable off-state.
(c) Si only has the characteristic a1 + a2 < 1 at low collector currents and
reaches 1 at high currents.
(d) Both b & c
80) The average on-state current for an SCR is 20 A for conduction angle of
120°. The average on-state current for 60° conduction angle will be
(a) 20 A (b) 10 A
(c) Less than 20 A (d) 40 A
81) The average on-state current for an SCR is 20 A for a resistive load. If an
inductance of 5 mH is included in the load, then average on-state current
would be
(a) more than 20 A (b) less than 20 A
(c) 15 A (d) 20 A
84) The forward voltage drop during SCR-on state is 1.5 V. This voltage drop
(a) Remains constant and its independent of load current
(b) Increases lightly with load current
(c) Decreases slightly with load current
(d) Varies linearly with load current
Answers:
1) d 2) a 3) c 4) b 5) a 6) d
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25) a 26) c 27) b 28) c 29) d 30) c
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UNIT – II DEVICES AND COMMUTATION CIRCUITS
Syllabus:
Two transistor analogy – SCR - UJT firing circuit ––– Series and parallel
connections of SCR’s – Snubber circuit details – Specifications and Ratings of SCR’s,
BJT, IGBT - Numerical problems – Line Commutation and Forced Commutation
circuits.
Objectives:
Schedule:
Reference Books:
Prepared by
Mr.K.NAGESH
Asst Prof. EEE Dept
1) Power Electronics – by M. D. Singh & K. B. Kanchandhani, Tata Mc Graw – Hill
Publishing Company, 1998.
2) Power Electronics – By P.S Bimbra Khanna Publishers.
Assignment Questions:
1) Derive the Static equalizing and dynamic equalizing parameters in case of series
and parallel connected SCRs.
2) (a) What is the importance of Surge current rating of a thyristor, explain in detail.
(b) A thyristor has half-cycle surge current rating of 1000mA for a 50Hz supply.
Calculate its one-cycle surge current rating and I2t rating.
5) (a) Draw the equivalent circuit of a UJT and explain its working.
(b) Describe the VI characteristics of a UJT. Clearly explain its negative resistance
nature.
6) (a) Explain the parallel operation of SCR’s and define and derive string efficiency.
(b) Explain various protection methods for SCR.
8) With neat Sketches Explain Line commutation & Forced Commutation Circuits
& Operation.
Objective Questions:
2) On-state voltage drop across a thyristor used in a 250 V supply system is of the
order of
(a) 100-110 V
(b) 240-250 V
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(c) 1-1.5 V
(d) None of these
5) In an SCR, anode current flows over a narrow region near the gate during
(a) delay time d
(b) rise time tr and spread time tp
(c) td and tp
(d) td and tr
9) For an SCR, with turn-on time of 5 msec, an ideal trigger pulse should have
1 (a) short rise time with pulse width = 3 msec.
2 (b) long rise time with pulse width = 6 msec.
3 (c) short rise time with pulse width = 6 msec.
(d) long rise time with pulse-width = 3 msec.
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11) Turn-on time of an SCR can be reduced by using a
6 (a) rectangular pulse of high amplitude and narrow width
7 (b) rectangular pulse of low amplitude and wide width
8 (c) triangular pulse
9 (d) trapezoidal pulse
12) Specification sheet for an SCR gives its maximum rms-on-state current as 35 A.
This rms rating for a conduction angle of 120° would be
(a) more than 35 A (b) less than 35 A
(c) 35 A (d) None of these
transistor is
16) An SCR does not conduct for a certain value of load resistance. In order to make
it ON, it is necessary to
1 (a) decrease the load resistance (b) increase the resistance
2 (c) increase the gate-pulse (d) none of these
17) Most SCRs can be turned-off by voltage reversal during negative half-cycle of
the ac supply for
1 (a) all frequencies (b) frequencies upto 300 Hz
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2 (c) frequencies upto 30 kHz (d) frequencies upto 300 kHz
3
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(c) tunnel diode
(d) SCR
1
24) A UJT has one base resistance of 5.2 k. Its intrinsic stand of ratio is 0.67. The
inter-base voltage of 12 V is applied across the two passes. The value of base
current will be
3 (a) 1.16 mA (b) 1.28 mA
4 (c) 1.34 mA (d) 1.41 mA
5
25) A PUT has VBB = 24 V, & RB1 = 3RB2. The value of h will be
6 (a) 1/3
7 (b) 2/3
8 (c) 3/4
9 (d) 4/3
10
26) A PUT relaxation oscillator has values VBB = 15 V, R = 22 kW, R2 = 6 kW, IP =
100 mA, VV = 1 V, IV = 7 mA, C= 1 mF, RK = 100 kW, R3 = 12 kW. The value of
VPwill be
11 (a) 0.7 V
12 (b) 10 V
13 (c) 10.7 V
14 (d) 15 V
15
31) Equalising circuits are provided across each SCR in series operation to provide
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uniform
1
2 (a) current distribution (b) voltage distribution
3 (c) firing of SCRs (d) all of the above
35) Derating factors for parallel connection of thyristors are normally in the range
13 (a) 0.5 to 1%
14 (b) 1 to 5%
15 (c) 8 to 20%
16 (d) 25 to 50%
17
36) To obtain the highest possible string efficiency, the SCRs connected in string
must have
18 (a) different characteristics
19 (b) same characteristics
20 (c) same voltage ratings only
21 (d) same current ratings only
22
37) String efficiency is used for measuring the
23 (a) voltage rating of SCRs
24 (b) current rating of SCRs
25 (c) temperature rating of SCRs
26 (d) degree of utilization of SCRs
38) In series string, thyristor having the highest leakage resistance or low voltage
current will share
27 (a) larger portion of the applied voltage
28 (b) smaller portion of the applied voltage
29 (c) larger portion of current
30 (d) smaller portion of current
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39) Dynamic equalizing networks are used to limit the
(a) rate of rise of current
(b) rate of rise of voltage
(c) rate of rise of temperature
(d) rate of rise of pressure
Answers:
1) a 2) c 3) c 4) d 5) d 6) c
Syllabus:
Phase control technique – Single phase Line commutated converters –
Mid point and Bridge connections – Half controlled converters with Resistive, RL
loads and RLE load– Derivation of average load voltage and current -Active and
Reactive power inputs to the converters without and with Free wheeling Diode –
Numerical problems
Objective
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Asst Prof. EEE Dept
Detailed Explanation on Phase Control Technique.
Single Phase Half Controlled Converters Circuits Explanation with different
loads & Free wheeling Diode
Solving the Numerical problems
Schedule;
Reference Books:
Assignment Questions:
1) Explain the operation of a singe phase half wave converter for R-load with
neat circuit diagram and necessary waveforms. Also derive the output
average voltage and current for α = 30 , α = 45 .α = 60 .
0 0 0
3) Explain the Operation of Single phase Half controlled Converter With R & RL &
RLE Loads & Plot the necessary wave forms.
5) Derive the output voltage & current equations for the single phase Half
controlled Converter with suitable considerations.
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Asst Prof. EEE Dept
Objective Questions:
1) A converter means
(a) Rectifier
(b) Inverter
(c) both a & b
(d) none
3) A single phase half-wave controlled rectifier has 400 sin 314 t volts as the input
voltage and resistor R is the load. For firing angle of 60° for the SCR, the average
output voltage in volts is
(a) 400/π
(b) 300/ π
(c) 240/ π
(d) 360/ π
6)
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7)
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(a) 240°
(b) 180°
(c) 200°
(d) 120°
Answers:
1) c 2) a 3) b 4) c 5) a 6) d
7) a 8) a 9) c 10) d
Syllabus:
Fully controlled converters, Mid point and Bridge connections with
Resistive, RL loads and RLE load– Derivation of average load voltage and current –
Line commutated inverters -Active and Reactive power inputs to the converters
without and with Free wheeling Diode, Effect of source inductance – Derivation of
load voltage and current – Numerical problems.
Objectives:
Schedule:
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Asst Prof. EEE Dept
Introduction to Fully controlled converters -1
Mid point and Bridge connections with Resistive, RL loads
and RLE load -1
Derivation of average load voltage and current -1
Line commutated inverters -1
Active and Reactive power inputs to the converters without
Free wheeling Diode -1
Active and Reactive power inputs to the converters with
Free wheeling Diode - 1
Effect of source inductance - 1
Derivation of load voltage and current - 1
Numerical problems - 1
Assignment Questions:
1) Explain the operation of a single phase full wave mid-point converter with R-load
with the help of circuit and output waveforms with respect to supply voltages.
Derive the output voltage for α = 30 , α = 45 .α = 60 .
0 0 0
2) A single phase fully controlled bridge is used for obtaining a regulated converter
dc output voltage. The rms value of ac input voltage is 230V and firing angle is
maintained at 600, so that the load current is 4A.
(a) Calculate the d.c. output voltage and active and reactive power input.
(b) Assuming load resistance remains same and if free-wheeling diode is used at
the output, calculate dc output voltage. The firing angle is maintained at 600.
3) (a) Derive the expression for the input power factor of single phase fully
controlled bridge rectifier.
(b) Explain the effect of freewheeling diode in detail. Also, justify the statement
“Freewheeling diode improves the power factor the system”.
4) Explain the Effect of Source inductance on the converter operation.
5) Derive the output voltage & current equation for the Full converter operations with
R, RL, RLE loads
Objective Questions:
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b) 4 SCRs
c) Both a & b
d) None
e)
3) In a Single phase full converter Bridge the Output Voltage given by
6) In a single-phase full converter, ifα and β are firing and extinction angles
respectively, then the load current is discontinuous if
9) In a single-phase full converter, if output voltage has peak and average values of
325 V and 133 V respectively, then the firing angle is
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(a) 40° (b) 50° (c) 70° (d) 130°
10) In a single-phase full-converter, if the load current is I and ripple-free, then the
average thyristor current is
12) A single-phase, one pulse controlled circuit has resistance and counter emf load
and 400 sin 314 t as the source voltage. For a load counter emf of 200 V, the
range of firing angle control is
(a) 30° to 150°
(b) 30° to 180°
(c) 60° to 120°
(d) 60° to 180°
13) The effect of the source inductance on the performance of the single-phase and
three-phase full-converters is to
(a) reduce the ripples in the load current
(b) make discontinuous current as continuous
(c) reduce the output voltage
(d) increase the load voltage
Answers:
1) d 2) b 3) a 4) b 5) b 6) a
13) c
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Syllabus:
Three phase converters – Three pulse and six pulse converters – Mid
point and bridge connections average load voltage With R and RL loads – Effect of
Source inductance–Dual converters (both single phase and three phase) -
Waveforms –Numerical Problems.
Objective:
Three Phase Converters Circuits Explanation with R,RL,RLE loads & Free
wheeling Diode with the output quantities Derivations.
Discussion of source inductance effect on converter operation.
Solving the Numerical problems.
Schedule:
Assignment Questions:
1) A three phase full converter is supplied from a three phase 230V, 60Hz supply.
The load current is continuous and has negligible ripple. If the average load
current Idc = 150A and commutating inductance Lc = 0.1mH, determine the
overlap angle when
(a) α = 100
(b) α = 300 and
(c) α = 600
2) Explain the operation of three phase fully controlled bridge converter with RL
loads. Describe in detail with discontinuous conduction mode with associated
waveforms.
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5) (a) Explain the operation of three phase, half controlled bridge converter with R
load and associated waveforms.
(b) Derive the expression for average load voltage for α = 30
Objective Questions:
1. For a three phase six pulse diode bridge rectifier ,the average output voltage in
terms of maximum value of line voltage Vm is
2. In a three phase half wave diode rectifier ,the ratio of average output voltage to
per phase maximum ac voltage is
a. 0.955
b. 0.827
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c. 1.654’
d. 1.169
a. 60
b. 120
c. 180
d. 90
5. In a 3- Φ half wave diode rectifier ,if the per phase input voltage is 200V then the
average output voltage is
a. 233.91V
b. 116.95V
c. 202.56V
d. 101.28V
6. In a three phase semi converter ,for firing angle less than or equal to 600 each
thyristor anddiode conduct ,respectively for
7. In a three phase full wave diode rectifier , if Vm is the maximum value of line
voltage ,then each diode is subjected to a peak inverse voltage of
8. In a three phase half wave diode rectifier, dc output voltage is 230V .The peak
inverse voltage across each diode is
a. 481.7V
b. 460V
c. 345V
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d. 230V
9. In a three phase half wave diode rectifier, the peak inverse voltage in terms of
average output voltage is
a. 1.571
b. 900
c. 1200
d. 1800
10. In a three phase half wave diode rectifier, if Vm is the maximum value of per
phase voltage ,then each diode is subjected to a peak inverse voltage of
12. In a three phase semi converter for firing angle equal to 1200 and extinction
angle equal to 1110 , freewheeling diode conduct for
a. 10
b. 30
c. 50
d. 110
13. In a three phase semi converter , for firing angle less than or equal to 600 ,free
wheeling diode conducts for
a. 30
b. 60
c. 90
d. zero degree
14. In a three phase semi converter , for firing angle equal to 900 ,and for
continuous conduction ,each SCR and diode conducts for
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15. In a three phase semi converter for firing angle equal to 1200 and extinction
angle equal to 1100 , each SCR and diode conduct ,respectively for
16. In a three phase full converter , the output voltage during overlap is equal to
a. zero
b. source voltage
c. Source voltage minus the inductance drop
d. average value of the conducting phase voltages
17. In a three phase full converter, if the load current is I and ripple free then the
average thyristor current is
a. 1/2 I
b. 1/3I
c. 1/4I
d. I
18. In a three phase semi converter, the three SCRs are fired at an interval of
a. 60
b. 90
c. 120
d. 180
19. In a three phase full converter, the six SCRs are fired at an interval of
a. 30
b. 60
c. 90
d. 120
20. In a three phase full converter, the three SCRs pertaining to one group are fired
at an interval of
a. 30
b. 60
c. 90
d. 120
a. reactor
b. resistor
c. fuse
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d. capacitor
23. In a single phase full converter, the output voltage due to overlap is
a. zero
b. source voltage
c. Source voltage minus the inductance drop
d. inductance drop
24. The angular period over which both the incoming and outgoing SCRs are
conducting together is called
a. Overlap angle
b. firing angle
c. extinction angle
d. ignition angle
27. A dual converter using two full converters can give _ _ _ _ _ quadrant operation
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four
a. circulating voltage
b. circulating current
c. load voltage
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d. load current
29. In a dual converter with circulating current mode firing pulses to the two
converters are so adjusted that =
a. 120
b. 150
c. 90
d. 180
30. Two full converters connected back to back the same dc load is called a _ _ _ _
a. chopper
b. inverter
c. rectifier
d. dual converter
31. A 1- Φ voltage controller is employed for controlling the power flow from
260V,50Hz source into a load consisting of .The value of maximum RMS load current
and the firing angle are respectively
a. 20A,00
b. 26A,00
c. 20A ,900
d. 26 A,900
32. In the case of AC voltage regulator ,control range of firing angle is given as
a. Φ < ∞ < ,1800
b. α < Φ < ,1800
c. Φ < α < ,3600
d. α < Φ < ,3600
33. In a circulating current type dual converter ,the nature of the voltage across
reactor is
a. alternating
b. pulsating
c. direct
d. triangular
a. 1 as rectifier ,2 as inverter
b. both as rectifiers
c. both as inverters
d. 1 as chopper and two as inverter
Answers:
1) b 2) b 3) b 4) b 5) a 6) c
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7) a 8) a 9) c 10) b 11) a 12) c
Syllabus:
AC voltage controllers – Single phase two SCR’s in anti parallel – With R
and RL loads – modes of operation of Triac – Triac with R and RL loads – Derivation
of RMS load voltage, current and power factor wave forms – Firing circuits
-Numerical problems -Cyclo converters – Single phase mid point cyclo converters
with Resistive and inductive load (Principle of operation only) – Bridge configuration
of single phase cyclo converter (Principle of operation only) – Waveforms
Objectives:
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Asst Prof. EEE Dept
Explanation of Basic AC Voltage Controller operation.
Discussion of different loads operation of AC Voltage controller.
Triac Operation Explanation.
Basics of Cycloconverters & its modes of operation.
Cycloconverter operations with different loads
Schedule:
ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS:
1) (a) Explain the principle of ON-OFF control used in a.c. voltage controller.
(b) Derive the expression for the input power factor in an a.c. voltage controller
using ON-OFF control.
(c) Explain its application with the help of a circuit and waveforms.
2) Derive the output rms voltage, output rms current and source power factor for a
single phase ac voltage controller fed to R-L load.
3) The ac voltage controller uses on-off control for heating a resistive load of R = 4
ohms and the input voltage is Vs = 208V, 60Hz. If the desired output power is P0
= 3KW, determine the
(a) duty cycle δ
(b) input power factor
(c) sketch waveforms for the duty cycle obtained in (a)
4) A single phase load of resistance of 12 ohms is fed from 240V (rms), 50 Hz supply
by a pair of inverse parallel thyristors. Find the mean power in the load at firing
angle of
(a) 00
(b) 900 and
(c) 1200. Ignore source inductance and device voltage drops.
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(d) What are the major limitations of cyclo converters
6) For a single phase mid-point cyclo-converter, explain the operation of the circuit
when fed to R-load with the help of neat circuit diagram and relevant output
waveforms for α = 300 and α = 1200 for f0 = 1/4 fs.
7) Explain the operation of single phase midpoint cyclo converter with R-L load s for
continuous conduction with relevant circuit diagram nd necessary output waveforms
for f0 = 1/3 fs.
8) Explain the operation of single phase bridge type cyclo converter when fed form
230V, 50Hz source and controlling power to resistive load with the help of neat
circuit diagram and output voltage and current waveforms for α = 450 and α =
1600 for f0 = 1/5 fs.
9) For the ideal type A-chopper circuit, following conditions are given, Edc = 220V,
chopping frequency, = 500 Hz, duty cycle δ=0.3 and R = 1 ohm, L = 3mH and Eb
= 23V. Compute the following quantities.
(a) Check whether the load current is continuous or not.
(b) Average output current
(c) maximum and minimum values of steady state output current
Objective Questions:
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2. A single phase voltage controller feeds power to a resistance of 10 Ω .The source
voltage is 200V rms. For a firing angle of 900, the rms value of thyristor current in
amperes is
a. 20
b. 15
c. 10
d. 5
4. A single phase voltage controller using two SCR's connected in anti parallel acts as
controlled
rectifie if
5. A load resistance of 10Ω is fed through through a single phase voltage controller
from a voltage
source 200 sin 314t .For a firing delay of 900 ,the power delivered to load in kW ,is
a. 0.5
b. 0.75
c. 1
d. 2
6. Three phase to three phase cycloconverters employing 18 SCRs and 36 SCRs have
the same voltage and current ratings for their component thyristors .The ratio of VA
rating of 36-SCR device to that of 18 SCR device is
a. 1/2
b. 1
c. 2
d. 4
7. The cycloconverters (CCs ) require natural or forced commutation as under
a. natural commutation in both step up and step down CCs
b. forced commutation in both step up and step down CCs
c. forced commutation in step up CCs
d. forced commutation in step down CCs
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9. In a single phase voltage controller with RL load , α is the firing angle, Φ is the
load phase angle and β is the extinction angle .For this voltage controller ,output
power can be controlled if and
11. For converting 3-phase supply at one frequency to single phase at a lower
frequency ,the basic principle is to _ _ _ _ _ the firing angle _ _ _ _ _
a. keep ,constant
b. vary, gradually
c. increase, at once
d. decrease , instantaneously
13. A three phase to single phase conversion device employs 6-pulse bridge
cycloconverter .For an input voltage of 200V per phase ,the fundamental rms value
output voltage is
a. 600/πV
b. 300 V
c. 300/ π V
d. 6003/ π V
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14. Which of the following statement is incorrect for cycloconverters
15. Three phase to three phase cycloconverters employing 18 SCRs and 36 SCRs
have the same voltage and current ratings for their component thyristors. The ratio
of power handled by 36-SCR
device to that handled by 18- SCR device
a. 4
b. 2
c. 1
d. ½
16. The number of thyristors required for single phase to single phase cyclo
converters of the midpoint type are
a. 4
b. 8
c. 10
d. 6
17. The number of thyristors required for three phase to three phase 3-pulse type
cyclo converters are
a. 6
b. 18
c. 36
d. 42
Answers:
1) a 2) c 3) a 4) b 5) c 6) c
Syllabus:
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Choppers – Time ratio control and Current limit control strategies – Step
down choppers Derivation of load voltage and currents with R, RL and RLE loads-
Step up Chopper – load voltage expression
Morgan’s chopper – Jones chopper and Oscillation chopper (Principle of operation
only) Waveforms –– AC Chopper – Problems.
Objectives
Schedule:
Introduction to Choppers -1
Time ratio control and Current limit control strategies -1
Step down choppers Derivation of load voltage and currents
With R, RL and RLE loads - 1
Step up Chopper – load voltage expression - 1
Morgan’s chopper, Jones chopper - 1
Oscillation chopper (Principle of operation only) Waveforms - 1
AC Chopper & Problems - 1
Assignment Questions:
2) Explain the working of Class-D commutation circuit and also mention its
application with neat circuit.
3) For the ideal type A-chopper circuit, following conditions are given, Edc =
220V, chopping frequency, = 500 Hz, duty cycle δ=0.3 and R = 1 ohm, L =
3mH and Eb = 23V. Compute the following quantities.
(a) Check whether the load current is continuous or not.
(b) Average output current
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(c) maximum and minimum values of steady state output current
(d) A step-up chopper with a pulse width of 150 μs operating on 220V, dc
supply.
4) Compute the load voltage if the blocking period of the device is 40 μs.
(a) What is the necessity of step-up chopper where do you use.
Objective Questions:
a. AC to DC Conversion
b. DC to AC conversion
c. DC to DC conversion
d. AC to AC conversion
a. Remain same
b. Increase
c. Decrease
d. Become zero
a. Zero
b. 100 V
c. 400 V
d. 500 V
a. Zero
b. 100 V
c. 400 V
d. 500 V
5. In a step-down chopper fed from a DC input voltage of 100 V and supplying a
highly inductive load, when the chopper thyristor is switched OFF, then neglecting
the on-state drops in the power semiconductor devices, the voltage across the
thyristor will be
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a. Zero
b. 40 V
c. 80 V
d. 100 V
a. Zero
b. 50 V
c. 100 V
d. 200 V
a. Zero
b. 40 V
c. 80 V
d. 100 V
a. Zero
b. 50 V
c. 100 V
d. 200 V
10. A separately excited DC motor is operated from a fixed input DC voltage through
a step-down chopper system. For changing the mode of operation from
discontinuous to continuous, the dutyratio
of chopper must
a. Remain same
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b. Increase
c. Decrease
d. become zero
11. A step-down chopper supplies an output DC voltage of 200 V from the input DC
voltage of 250V. If the chopping frequency is 500 Hz, the off-time will be
a. 0.4 ms
b. 1.0 ms
c. 1.6 ms
d. 2.0 ms
12. A step-down chopper supplies an output DC voltage of 120 V from the input DC
voltage of 200V. If the off-time is 4 ms, the chopper period is :
a. 10 ms
b. 20 ms
c. 30 ms
d. 40 ms
13. In a step-down chopper, if the on-time is double of the off-time, then the duty-
cycle of thechopper is
a. 20 %
b. 33 %
c. 66 %
d. 80 %
14. For a step-down chopper working at a chopping frequency of 100 Hz, the on-
time is 8 ms. For an
average output DC voltage of 400 V, what must be the input DC voltage :
a. 100 V
b. 300 V
c. 500 V
d. 1000 V
15. In a step-down chopper, if the on-time is 8 ms and off-time is 2 ms, then the
duty-cycle ofchopper is
a. 20 %
b. 40 %
c. 60 %
d. 80 %
a. 20 %
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b. 40 %
c. 60 %
d. 80 %
a. 20 V
b. 40 V
c. 60 V
d. 80 V
18. In the current limit control of a step-down chopper, when the current reaches the
upper limit, what operation must be done
a. Chopper is switched ON
b. Chopper is switched OFF
c. No operation necessary
d. Load is decreased
19. In the current limit control of a step-down chopper, when the current reaches the
lower limit, what operation must be done
a. Chopper is switched ON
b. Chopper is switched OFF
c. No operation necessary
d. Load is increased
20. In the time-ratio control of a step-down chopper with a constant chopper period
of 10 ms, if the on-time of 4 ms is doubled, then the average output DC voltage will
a. Be the same
b. Become half
c. Become 2 times
d. Become 2.5 times
21. In the time-ratio control of a step-down chopper, if the on-time is kept constant
at 2 ms, but the chopping frequency is decreased from 200 Hz to 100 Hz, then
average output DC voltage will be :
a. The same
b. Become half
c. Become 2 times
d. Become 2.5 times
22. In the time-ratio control of a step-down chopper with an input DC voltage of 100
V, if the off-time is kept constant at 4 ms, but the chopping period is decreased from
12 ms to 8 ms then the average output DC voltage will
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a. Remain same
b. Become 0.75 times
c. Become 0.5 times
d. Become 04 times
24. For a fixed chopping frequency of a step-down chopper fed from a constant input
DC voltage, if the average output DC voltage is to be decreased, then which of the
following operation for the chopper is done
a. On-time is increased
b. On-time is decreased
c. Off-time is decreased
d. Chopping period is decreased
25. The strategy in constant frequency system for time-ratio control of a step-down
chopper is
26. The strategy in variable frequency system for time-ratio control of a step-down
chopper is
27. In the time-ratio control of a step-down chopper, the chopping frequency is kept
constant at 50Hz. If the on-time of 10 ms is decreased to 5 ms, then the average
output DC voltage will
a. Be the same
b. Become half
c. Become 2 times
d. Become 2.5 times
28. In a step-up chopper fed from a DC input voltage of 100 V, working at the duty-
cycle of 25 % and supplying a highly inductive load, when the chopper thyristor is
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switched ON, then neglecting the on-state drops in the power semiconductor
devices, the voltage across the thyristor will be
a. Zero
b. 100 V
c. 200 V
d. 400 V
29. In a step-up chopper fed from a DC input voltage of 100 V, working at the duty-
cycle of 25 % and supplying a highly inductive load, when the chopper thyristor is
switched OFF, then neglecting the on-state drops in the power semiconductor
devices, the voltage across the diode in series
with the input supply will be
a. Zero
b. 100 V
c. 200 V
d. 400 V
30. In a step-up chopper fed from a DC input voltage of 100 V, working at the duty-
cycle of 75 % and supplying a highly inductive load, when the chopper thyristor is
switched OFF, then neglecting the on-state drops in the power semiconductor
devices, the voltage across the thyristor will be
a. Zero
b. 100 V
c. 200 V
d. 400 V
31. In a step-up chopper fed from a DC input voltage of 100 V, working at the duty-
cycle of 75 % and supplying a highly inductive load, when the chopper thyristor is
switched ON, then neglecting the on-state drops in the power semiconductor
devices, the voltage across the series diode will be
a. Zero
b. 100 V
c. 200 V
d. 400 V
32. A step-up chopper supplies an inductive load from an input DC voltage of 100 V.
If the duty-cycle is changed from 75 % to 50 %, the average output DC voltage will
a. Be the same
b. Become half
c. Become 1.5 times
d. Become 2 times
33. A step-up chopper supplies a load with output DC voltage of 500 V from an input
DC voltage of 400 V. If the off-time is 8 ms, then the on-time of the chopper is
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a. 2 ms
b. 4 ms
c. 6 ms
d. 10 ms
34. In a step-up chopper circuit, when the chopper thyristor is turned ON, then the
current in the inductor (connected in series with the input DC supply) will
a. Remain same
b. Increase
c. Decrease
d. become zero
35. In a step-up chopper circuit, when the chopper thyristor is turned OFF, then the
current in the inductor (connected in series with the input DC supply) will
a. Remain same
b. Increase
c. Decrease
d. become zero
a. 50 V
b. 100 V
c. 150 V
d. 200 V
39. In an AC chopper feeding a load, the two main thyristors in a line are connected
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a. In series with each other
b. In parallel to each other
c. In reverse parallel to each other
d. In parallel to the load
40. In an AC chopper feeding a load, if the firing angle of thyristors is increased from
10o to 30o, then
the RMS value of output AC voltage will
a. Remains same
b. Decrease
c. Increase
d. Become zero
41. In a Jones chopper circuit, when the auxiliary thyristor-T2 is turned ON, then
which condition
occurs for the main thyristor-T1 by the discharge of the capacitor through T1 and T2
a. T1 turns On
b. T1 gets forward biased
c. T1 gets reverse biased
d. Condition for T1 remains the same
42. In a Jones chopper circuit, if the inductance-L1 becomes 4 times while the
capacitance-C remains the same, then the off-time of chopper will become
a. 0.5 times
b. 1.2 times
c. 2 times
d. 4 times
43. In a Jones chopper circuit, if the maximum load current becomes 2 times, then
the off-time of chopper will become
a. 0.5 times
b. 1.2 times
c. 2 times
d. 4 times
44. Which particular component forms the special features of the Morgan chopper
circuit
a. 2-winding transformer
b. 3-winding transformer
c. Tapped autotransformer
d. Saturable reactor
45. In Morgan chopper circuit, the average output DC voltage can be decreased by
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a. Reducing the operating frequency
b. Increasing the operating frequency
c. Using an auxiliary thyristor
d. Not using an auxiliary diode
46. In Morgan chopper circuit, the average output DC voltage can be increased by
47. Which of the class of commutation does the Jones chopper belong to
a. Class-A
b. Class-B
c. Class-C
d. Class-D
48. Which particular component forms the special features of the Jones chopper
circuit
a. 2-winding transformer
b. 3-winding transformer
c. Tapped autotransformer
d. Saturable reactor
Answers:
1) c 2) b 3) c 4) a 5) d 6) a
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37) c 38) d 39) c 40) b 41) c 42) c
49) c
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UNIT – VIII INVERTERS
Syllabus:
Inverters – Single phase inverter – Basic series inverter – Basic parallel
Capacitor inverter bridge inverter – Waveforms – Simple forced commutation circuits
for bridge inverters – Mc Murray and Mc Murray – Bedford inverters - Voltage control
techniques for inverters Pulse width modulation techniques – Numerical problems.
Objectives:
Schedule:
Introduction to Inverters - 1
Single phase Inverter - 1
Basic series inverter - 1
Basic parallel Capacitor inverter bridge inverter – Waveforms - 1
Simple forced commutation circuits for bridge inverters - 1
Mc Murray and Mc Murray – Bedford inverters - 1
Voltage control techniques for inverters - 1
Pulse width modulation techniques - 1
Numerical problems - 1
Assignment Questions:
1) Single phase half bridge inverter has a resistive load of R = 3 ohms and dc
input voltage Edc = 50V. Calculate
a. rms output voltage at fundamental frequency E1
b. the output power
c. average and peak current of each thyristor
2) A single phase full bridge inverter uses a uniform PWM with two pulses per
half cycle for voltage control. Plot the distortion factor, fundamental
component, and lower order harmonics against modulation index.
3) Draw and explain the simple SCR series inverter circuit employing class A
type commutation. With the help of important waveforms. State the
limitations of this inverter.
4) What are the different pulse width modulation techniques used for inverters.
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5) Which of the schemes gives better quality of voltage and current.
7) A single phase full bridge inverter uses a uniform PWM with two pulses per
half cycle for voltage control. Plot the distortion factor, fundamental
component, and lower order harmonics against modulation index.
b. 90
c. 120
d. 180
a. 60
b. 90
c. 120
d. 180
4. In a three-phase bridge inverter circuit, regarding the peak value of the output AC
voltage, it is
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a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 6
7. In a single-phase bridge inverter, the gate signals to the main thyristors are given
at an interval of
a. 60
b. 90
c. 120
d. 180
a. AC to DC conversion
b. DC to AC conversion
c. DC to DC conversion
d. AC to AC conversion
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
12. The total number of free-wheeling diodes in a single-phase half (semi)-controlled
bridge inverter will be
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a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
13. Two thyristors T1 and T2 are used in a basic series inverter circuit to supply a
series R-L-C load from an input DC supply. If the time-delay between turn-off of T1
and torn-on of T2 is increased, then, the inverter frequency will
a. Remain constant
b. Become zero
c. Increase
d. Decrease
14. Two thyristors T1 and T2 are used in a basic series inverter circuit to supply a
series R-L-C load from an input DC supply. If the time-period for oscillation of R-L-C
circuit is increased, then the inverter frequency will :
a. Remain constant
b. Become zero
c. Increase
d. Decrease
15. Two thyristors T1 and T2 are used in a basic series inverter circuit to supply a
series R-L-C load from an input DC supply. When thyristor T1 is triggered, the load
current
16. Two thyristors T1 and T2 are used in a basic series inverter circuit to supply a
series R-L-C load from an input DC supply. When both the thyristors are OFF, the
load current
17. Two thyristors T1 and T2 are used in a basic series inverter circuit to supply a
series R-L-C load from an input DC supply. When thyristor T2 is triggered, the load
current
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18. In a basic parallel inverter, two thyristors T1 and T2 are used to switch the dc
supply alternately to the two halves of the transformer primary. However, in
addition, for which condition of load will two feedback diodes become essential
19. In a basic parallel inverter, two thyristors T1 and T2 are used to switch the dc
supply alternately to the two halves of the transformer primary. When thyristor T1 is
turned on, the capacitor gets charged to the voltage of
a. 1
b. 2
c. -2
d. -1
20. In a basic parallel inverter, two thyristors T1 and T2 are used to switch the dc
supply alternately to the two halves of the transformer primary. When thyristor T2 is
turned on, the capacitor gets charged to the voltage of
a. 1
b. 2
c. -2
d. -1
21. In a basic parallel inverter, two thyristors are used to switch the dc supply
alternately to the two halves of the transformer primary. For this, which of the
following component is used to connect the input DC source to the mid point of the
transformer
a. Resistance
b. Inductor
c. Capacitor
d. Diode
22. In a basic parallel inverter, two thyristors are used to switch the dc supply
alternately to the two halves of the transformer primary. For this, which of the
following component is used across the transformer primary
a. Resistance
b. Inductor
c. Capacitor
d. Diode
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23. In a basic parallel inverter, two thyristors T1 and T2 are used to switch the dc
supply alternately to the two halves of the transformer primary. For this, where is
the load connected to get the alternating supply
24. In the McMurray - Bedford full-bridge inverter, total how many numbers of
thyristors will be required
a. 2
b. 4
c. 6
d. 8
25. In the McMurray - Bedford full-bridge inverter, total how many numbers of
diodes will be required
a. 2
b. 4
c. 6
d. 8
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
27. In the single-phase modified McMurray full-bridge inverter, which of the following
component is added to the single-phase McMurray inverter :
a. 4 auxiliary thyristors
b. 4 auxiliary diodes
c. Additional 4 capacitors
d. Additional 4 inductors
28. In the modified McMurray full-bridge inverter, total how many numbers of
thyristors (main +auxiliary) will be required
a. 2
b. 4
c. 6
d. 8
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29. In the modified McMurray full-bridge inverter, total how many numbers of diodes
(main +auxiliary) will be required
a. 2
b. 4
c. 6
d. 8
30. In a three-phase bridge inverter with sinusoidal PWM control, if the modulation
index is increased from 0.5 to 0.8, then it results in
31. In a three-phase PWM bridge inverter with PWM control, which of the following
statements is true regarding the output AC voltage
32. One of the main purpose of using a PWM control in a three-phase bridge inverter
is :
33. In sinusoidal PWM technique for a three-phase bridge inverter, for the generation
of gating signals of thyristors, which type of carrier wave and reference wave are
compared
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d. Comparing a rectangular reference signal with a triangular carrier wave
35. In PWM control of inverters, the ratio of carrier frequency to reference or output
frequency is called as
a. Modulation index
b. Frequency modulation ratio
c. Distortion ratio
d. Displacement factor
Answers:
1) d 2) a 3) c 4) a 5) d 6) d
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