2ND ENCOUNTER

FOUNDATION OF
INTERPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION
 TODAY’S MENU

1. WHY YOU COMMUNICATE?

2. WHY STUDY INTERPERSONAL

COMM?

3. DEFINITION

4. PRINCIPLES

5. COMMUNICATION’S MODELS

6. INTERPERSONAL VS IMPERSONAL
VS INTRAPERSONAL

7. FACE TO FACE VS MEDIATED

8. BENEFIT AND CHALLENGE TO CMC

 WHY YOU COMMUNICATE?
1 - PHYSICAL NEEDS
a. The link between communication and physical well-being.

Lack of close relationships —> health threats. For instance:

• A lack of social relationships jeopardizes coronary health to a degree that rivals cigarette smoking, high
blood pressure, blood lipids, obesity, and lack of physical activity.

• Socially isolated people are four times more susceptible to the common cold than are those who have
active social networks.

• Social isolates are two to three times more likely to die prematurely than are those with strong social ties.
The type of relationship doesn’t seem to matter: Marriage, friendship, religious ties, and community ties
all seem to increase longevity.

• The likelihood of death increases when a close relative dies. In one Welsh village, citizens who had
lost a close relative died within one year at a rate more than five times greater than the rate of those
who had not lost a relative.

b. A life that includes positive relationships created through communication leads to better health, have
lower blood pressure than those who are more defensive. Stress hormones decline the more often people
hear expressions of affection from loved ones.
 WHY YOU COMMUNICATE?
2 - IDENTITY NEEDS

Our sense of identity comes from the way we interact with other people.
Each of us enters the world with little or no sense of identity. We gain an
idea of who we are from the way others define us. The messages we
receive in early childhood are the strongest.

3 - SOCIAL NEEDS

Social needs that we satisfy by communicating: pleasure, affection (the

desire to give and receive love and liking), companionship, relaxation, and
control ( a desire to influence the people and events in our lives).

A strong link between effective interpersonal communication and

happiness. Positive relationships may be the single most important source
of life satisfaction and emotional well-being in every culture.
WHY STUDY
INTERPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION?

• Personal and Social Success

• One study found that 80 percent of young adult women consider a
spouse who can communicate his feelings more desirable than a
man who earns a good living.
• Your personal success and happiness depend largely on your
effectiveness as an interpersonal communicator.
• Professional Success
• Ability to communicate interpersonally is widely recognized as
crucial to professional success.
• “very important” in hiring decisions, “communication and
interpersonal skills” was at the top of the list.
 DEFINITION
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

• QUANTITATIVE - not enough to cover the whole phenomena

Includes any interaction between two people, or dyad.

A salesclerk and customer IS interpersonal acts
A teacher and class or a performer and audience IS NOT

• QUALITATIVE

Occurs when people treat one another as unique individuals, regardless of

the context in which the interaction occurs or the number of people involved.

When quality of interaction is the criterion, the opposite of interpersonal

communication is impersonal communication, not group, public, or mass
communication.
 INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

“
A form of communication that dynamic, constantly in motion and
changing over time, between two (or more) people in which the
messages exchanged significantly influence their thoughts, emo-
tions, behaviors, and relationships.

”
 PRINCIPLES
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

1. A transactional process. Interpersonal communication is a mutual process, an ongoing event,

communication is constantly occurring and changing.

2. Purposeful. Five purposes may be identifed: to learn, relate, infuence, play, and help.

3. Ambiguous. All messages are potentially ambiguous; different people will derive different meanings from
the “same” message.

4. Maybe symmetrical or complementary; interpersonal interactions may stimulate similar or different behavior
patterns, refers both to content and to the relationship between the participants.

5. Punctuated; that is, everyone separates communication sequences into stimuli and responses on the basis
of his or her own perspective.

6. Inevitable, irreversible, and unrepeatable. When in an interactional situation, you cannot not communicate;
you cannot uncommunicate; and you cannot repeat exactly a speci c message.
MODEL OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
A MODEL IS A REPRESENTATION OF WHAT SOMETHING IS AND
HOW IT WORKS .

1. LINEAR MODEL

• The first model of interpersonal communication (Laswell, 1948) depicted communication as a

linear, or one-way, process in which one person acts on another person.

• These early linear models had serious shortcomings. They portrayed communication as flowing in
only one direction—from a sender to a passive receiver. This implies that listeners never send
messages and that they absorb only passively what speakers say - Hypodermic Needle Theory.
 MODEL OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

2. INTERACTIVE MODEL

• Interactive models portrayed communication

as a process in which listeners give feed-
back, which is response to a message. It
recognize that communicators create and
interpret messages within personal fields of
experience

• Although the interactive model is an

improvement over the linear model, it still
portrays communication as a sequential
process in which one person is a sender
and another is a receiver.

• Interactive models also fail to capture the

dynamic nature of interpersonal
communication and the ways it changes
over time.
 MODEL OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

3. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL

• Emphasizes the dynamism of interpersonal

communication and the multiple ROLES
people assume during the process.

• As we encounter new people and have new

experiences that broaden us, we change
how we interact with others. As we get to
know others over time, relationships may
become more informal and intimate.

• The transactional model doesn’t label one

person a sender and the other a receiver.
Instead, both people are defined as
communicators who par- ticipate equally
and often simultaneously in the
communication process.
 DIFFERENCES
OPPOSITION

INTERPERSONAL VS IMPERSONAL

INTERPERSONAL VS INTRAPERSONAL
IMPERSONAL VS INTERPERSONAL
DONEC QUIS NUNC
 PERSONAL AND IMPERSONAL COMMUNICATION:

A MATTER OF BALANCE

• Most relationships aren’t either interpersonal or impersonal. Rather, they

fall somewhere on a continuum between these two extremes. Your own
experience probably reveals that there is often a personal element in
even the most impersonal situations.

• The personal-impersonal mixture of communicating in a relationship can

change over time. Even the “closest” relationships can become
impersonal over time. The communication between young lovers who talk
only about their feelings may change as their relationship develops, so
that several years later, their communication has become more routine
and ritualized, and the percentage of time they spend on personal,
relational issues drops and the conversation about less intimate topics
increases.
 INTERPERSONAL VS INTRAPERSONAL

Intrapersonal Communication

• internal monologue, communication involving only one

person, in the form of talking out loud to oneself or
having a mental “conversation” inside one’s head.

• transactional, but all the interaction occurs within the

individual

• From planning to problem solving, internal conflict

resolution, and evaluations and judgments of self and
others, we communicate with ourselves through
intrapersonal communication.
 INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

• FACE TO FACE COMMUNICATION

• Directly, at same place, time

• Non-Verbal Cues, reading their body language

• MEDIATED COMMUNICATION

• May not be in the same place and time

• Using media to deliver message; phone, internet

 ELEMENTS
FACE TO FACE VS COMPUTER MEDIATED COMMUNICATION
 ELEMENTS
FACE TO FACE - COMPUTER MEDIATED COMMUNICATION
 MEDIATED
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
• BENEFIT

• isn’t the threat to relationships. Most Internet users—both adults and children—report the time they
spend online has no influence on the amount of time they spend with their family or friends.

• CMC make it easier to maintain relationships. (Busy, LDR difficult to FtF). Asynchronous (not the
same time) nature of CMC provides a way to share information that otherwise would be impossible,
without having to connect in real time.

• Personal relationships has grown since user started to use the Internet. Families that use mediated
communication— particularly cell phones—stay in touch more regularly.

• CMC isn’t a replacement for face-to- face interaction, nothing appears to compare to face-to-face
communication in terms of satisfying individuals’ communication, information, and social needs.

✓ Mediated communication is a source of “glocalization,” connecting people to distant friends and

relatives as well as to those who live nearby.
✓ Computer-based communication encourages offline interaction with close friends by keeping
relationships alive and active.
✓ Text-only messages have the power to stimulate both self-disclosure and direct questioning
between strangers, resulting in greater interpersonal attraction.
 CHALLENGE TO MEDIATED COMMUNICATION

• LEANER MESSAGE

• Face to face - telephone - CMC

• Face-to-face communication is rich because it abounds with nonverbal

cues that help clarify the meanings of one another’s words and offer
hints about their feelings, facial expressions, vocal tone

• CMC - less nonverbal cues — lead to misunder

• Without nonverbal cues, online communicators can create

idealized—and sometimes unrealistic—images of one another. The
absence of nonverbal cues allows cybercommunicators to carefully
manage their identities - hyperpersonal communication.
 CHALLENGE TO MEDIATED COMMUNICATION

• DISINHIBITION - ketidakmampuan seseorang dalam mengendalikan

perilaku, pikiran, dan perasaannya di dunia maya.

• The tendency to transmit messages without considering their

consequences can be especially great in online communication,
where we don’t see, hear, or sometimes even know the target of our
remarks. This disinhibition can take two forms.

• PRIVACY. Not all information can be shared to others.

• EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION. Communicators are more direct—

blasting off angry—even vicious—emails, text messages, and
website postings. The common term for these outbursts is flaming.
 CHALLENGE TO MEDIATED COMMUNICATION

• PERMANENCE

• It can be bad enough to blurt out a private thought or lash out in

person, but at least there is no permanent record of your
indiscretion.

• By contrast, a regrettable text message, email, or web posting

can be archived virtually FOREVER. Even worse, it can be
retrieved and forwarded in ways that can only be imagined in
your worst dreams.

• Think twice before saying (TYPING) something you may later

regret.
SELESAI
 JOURNAL RESUME
FACE TO FACE VERSUS MEDIATED COMMUNICATION

• File is available at Schoology

MAIN QUESTION:
• In Group of 4-5 members (in
your own choice)

• Write down the resume in two

pages (.pdf) HOW
FACE TO FACE COMMUNICATION
• Write down the name and NIM DIFFER FROM
of your members COMPUTER MEDIATED ONE!

• Only one member that upload

it to Schoology

• Deadline: D-1 next encounter