PROJECT REPORT- 2016

Model study of Backend supply chain of Quinoa & Millets

Submitted By:
Ajeet kumar
(PGDMA-1502)
Post Graduate Diploma in Management - Agriculture
National Academy of Agricultural Research Management
(Indian Council of Agricultural Research)
Under the guidance of

Company Guide
Institute Guide
Dr. S. K. Soam Mr. C. S. Jadhav
Head ICM Division Director,
NAARM Inner Being Wellness Pvt. Ltd.
Incubatee of a-IDEA
Technology Business Incubator of NAAR
Dr. S. k. Soam
Head & HOD of ICM Division

Certificate

This is to certify that the project entitled “Model study of backend supply chain of Quinoa
and Millets” submitted to the National Academy of Agricultural Research Management
(NAARM), Hyderabad in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Post-Graduate Diploma in management (Agriculture) is a faithful record of bona fide work
carried by Ajeet kumar under my guidance and supervision and that no part of the report has
been submitted for any other degree or diploma.
It is further certified that the assistance and help received during the course of the
investigation has been duly acknowledged by him.

Place: Hyderabad
Date: (S. K. Soam)
 Student Declaration

I hereby declare that project work and its analysis entitled “Model study of backend supply
chain of Quinoa and Millets” or part thereof has not been submitted for any other degree
and or diploma of any University. The source of materials used and all assistance received
during the course of investigation have been duly acknowledged.

Place: Hyderabad AJEET KUMAR

Date:
 Acknowledgement

The success of the project is dedicated to the encouragement and guidance of many
people. I take this immense privilege to express my gratitude to the people who have
been an important part of the successful completion of this project.
I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to INNER BEING WELLNESS PRIVATE
LIMITED for giving me the opportunity to work as an intern. I got the opportunity to
understand their business and have gained experience which will surely help me future.
I especially wish to acknowledge Mr. C. S. Jadhav (Director, Inner Being Wellness
Private Limited), Dr. K. Srinivas, Dr.S.K. Soam, Mr. Vijay Nadiminti, Mr. Ajit Kumar
for the intellectual stimulation, monitoring and providing continuous feedback to
continue the project in desired direction.
I would also like to acknowledge the contribution and guidance provided by the workers
in Inner being.
I owe a special debt of thanks to a-IDEA, technology business incubator of National
Academy of Agricultural Research Management, Hyderabad for allowing me to work
as an intern in a startup which enhanced my perspective of business in the specific
domain of nutrifood.
 Table of content
S. N. Particular Page No.
1 Introduction and Background 1

1.1 India health and nutrition 1

1.2 India and dry land 1

1.3 Importance of Dry land farming in Indian Agriculture 2-3

1.4 Nutritional crop for dry land 3-5

2 Objective 6

3 Methodology 7

4 Observation 8

4.1 Package of practices of Quinoa 8-9

4.2 Domestic Package of Practices (Indigenous): 9-10

4.3 Contract farming 13-14

4.5 Sorghum Package of Practices 15-16

4.6 Standard Package of Practices (Ragi) 16-18

4.7 Millet production in India 19-20

4.8 Millet Supply chain 21-22

5 Recommendation 23

6 Reference 24
 List of figure

S. N. Title Page no.

1 This table comparing the nutrition of the crops 4
with Quinoa
2 Comparison between international v/s domestic 11-12
package of practices of Quinoa
3. Inner being supply chain 13

4. Recommended supply chain 13

5. Price differentiation between processed and 14

unprocessed quinoa
Quinoa price
6. Maintain the inventory of particular products in 14
demand
7. Jowar Indian scenario 19

8. Ragi Indian scenario 19

9. Jowar Telangana district wise scenario 20

10. Ragi Telangana district wise scenario 20

11. Millet supply chain model 21

12. Recommended supply chain of millets 22

 Chapter-1

Introduction & Background-

India health and nutrition
Despite the Green Revolution and the much-admired national level food security, ensuring
household and individual level food and nutritional security is still a daunting task. India is
home to about 240 million undernourished people, one-fourth of the world’s

As per the Global Hunger Index (GHI), 2014, in the list of 76 countries, with a GHI of 17.8
against the world average of 14.6 India ranked 55th, posing an alarming situation. The high
GHI is the result of high levels of child underweight. A recent UNICEF report reveals that India
accounts for 42% of world’s underweight children under five years of age. According to an
estimate, more than 51 and 74% women and children are anemic respectively. India is home
to nearly 622 million diabetics- second only to China. Food-based nutrition is the most
important way to fight hidden hunger, under nutrition and ill health. Nutrition is the focal
point of health and well-being. Nutrition is directly linked to human resource development,
productivity and ultimately to the national growth. Malnutrition is a complex phenomenon.
It is both the cause and effect of poverty and ill health, and follows a cyclical, inter-
generational pattern.

India and dry land

About 69 percent of India is dry land – arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid and these areas are
heavily populated, Degradation has severe implications for livelihood and food security for
millions of people living in these areas. About 70% of rural population lives in dry farming
areas and their livelihood depend on success or failure of the crops. Dry land Agriculture plays
a distinct role in Indian Agriculture occupying 60% of cultivated area and supports 40% of
human population and 60 % livestock population.

1
Importance of Dry land farming in Indian Agriculture
1. About 70% of rural population lives in dry farming areas and their livelihood depend on
success or failure of the crops

2. Dry land Agriculture plays a distinct role in Indian Agriculture occupying 60% of cultivated
area and supports 40% of human population and 60 % livestock population.

3. The contribution (production) of rain fed agriculture in India is about 42 per cent of the
total food grain, 75 per cent of oilseeds, 90 per cent of pulses and about 70 per cent of cotton.

4. By the end of the 20th century the contribution of dry lands will have to be 60 per cent if
India is to provide adequate food to 1000 million people. Hence tremendous efforts both in
the development and research fronts are essential to achieve this target.

5. More than 90 per cent of the area under sorghum, groundnut, and pulses is rain fed. In
case of maize and chickpea, 82 to 85 per cent area is rain fed. Even 78 percent of cotton area
is rain fed. In case of rapeseed/mustard, about 65.8 per cent of the area is rain fed.
Interestingly, but not surprisingly, 61.7, 44.0, and 35.0 per cent area under rice, barley and
wheat, respectively, is rain fed.

6. At present, 3 ha of dry land crop produce cereal grain equivalent to that produced in one
ha irrigated crop. With limited scope for increasing the area under plough, only option left is
to increase the productivity with the modern technology and inputs, since the per capita land
availability which was 0.28 ha in 1990 is declined to 0.19 ha (approx.) in 2010.

7. The productivity of grains already showed a plateau in irrigated agriculture due to problems
related to nutrient exhaustion, salinity build up and raising water table. Therefore, the
challenges of the present millennium would be to produce more from dry lands while
ensuring conservation of existing resources. Hence, new strategies would have to be evolved
which would make the fragile dry land ecosystems more productive as well as sustainable. In

2
order to achieve evergreen revolution, we shall have to make grey areas dry lands as green
through latest technological innovations.

8. Dry lands offer good scope for development of agro-forestry, social forestry and such other
similar systems which will not only supply food, fuel to the village people and fodder to the
cattle but forms a suitable vegetative cover for ecological maintenance.

Nutritional crop for dry land

Millet, Sorghum, Quinoa can be utilize as the nutrition based food which can eradicate the
malnutrition and hunger. These are also dry land crops, thus they will help the farmers for
utilizing the dry land and for their better livelihood. They require less rainfall regime
demanded by other crops. Thus, they do not burden the state with demands for irrigation or
power.

Quinoa

Quinoa is a highly nutritious crop, provides all 9 essential amino acids, making it a complete
protein. Quinoa is a gluten-free and cholesterol-free whole grain and is almost always organic.
Quinoa can be grown on dry lands with limited irrigation facilities. Quinoa has been cultivated
in the United States, primarily in the high elevation San Luis Valley (SLV) of Colorado where it
was introduced in 1982. In this high-altitude desert valley, maximum summer temperatures
rarely exceed 85 °F (29 °C) and night temperatures are about 45 °F (7 °C). Due to the short
growing season, North American cultivation requires short-maturity varieties, typically of
Bolivian or Chilean origin. Quinoa plants do best in sandy, well-drained soils with a low
nutrient content, moderate salinity, and a soil pH of 6 to 8.5 (Table 1).

Seed, in comparison with other cereals, is higher in protein content (approx. 14,6 %). Its
protein fraction is well balanced and comes close to the ideal protein, qualitatively
corresponding to casein. It has more favorable amino acid composition also - higher content
of lysine, methionine and threonine and high content of arginine and histidine, which are
important in infant nutrition. The starch content is approximately 60 % represented by small
granules usable in food industry as an ingredient in cream substitute. Quinoa starch shows
better viscosity than other cereals. Low content of amylose and the size of starch granules are
significant factors affecting usage of quinoa flour. Products are much elastic and nutritive by

3
10 % addition of quinoa in common flour. If higher amounts of quinoa flour is added then the
volume and porosity of paste is lower and consistency is tough. Amount of lipids in quinoa is
about 8 % of dry mass. The oil is very stable thanks to relatively high natural antioxidant
content. Total oil contains 54 % of linoleic acid and 20 % of oleic acid. Quinoa is a good source
of thiamine, folic acid and vitamin C but has lower content of niacin (B3) in comparison with
other cereals. Seeds contain more Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Na and Cu than cereals. It is very
important to realize distribution of every single mineral in fractions of the seed. Seeds contain
some anti-nutritious compounds such as saponins, phytates, tannins, and protease inhibitors.
Of all these compounds the amount of saponins causing bitter taste is the least desirable but
we can remove it through processing.

Crops Calcium Carbohydrate Protein Fat Iron Energy (K Cal)

(mg) (g) (g) (g) (mg)
Quinoa 47 61.86 15.36 6 4.7 399
Barley 8.6 77.72 9.91 1.16 2 336
Pearl millet 38 64 10.6 4.8 8 363
(Bajra)
Foxtail 31 60.9 12.3 3.3 2.8 351
millet
Sorghum 15 74.63 11.3 3.3 4 339
(jowar)
Oats 11 67 11 6.3 4 384
Wheat 29 71.28 12.61 1.54 3.19 327
Rice(Brown) 11 77.24 7.94 2.92 1.6 370
Corn 7 74.26 9.42 4.74 2.7 365
Table 1: This table comparing the nutrition of the crops with Quinoa

. Millets

India is the world's largest producer of millets. In the 1970s, all of the millet crops harvested
in India were used as food staple. By the 2000s, the annual millets production had increased

4
in India, yet per capita consumption of millets had dropped by between 50% to 75% in
different regions of the country. As of 2005, the majority of millets produced in India is being
used for alternative applications such as livestock fodder and alcohol production.[11] Indian
organizations are discussing ways to increase millet use as food to encourage more
production. Millets are not only adapted to poor, droughty, and infertile soils, but they are
also more reliable under these conditions than most other grain crops.

Finger millet

Finger millet plays an important role in both the dietary needs and incomes of many rural

households. Finger millet is rich in fiber, iron, and calcium. The crop has high yield potential

(more than 10 t/ha under optimum irrigation conditions) and its grain store very well.

Sweet Sorghum

Sweet sorghum is any of the many varieties of the sorghum plant which has high sugar
content. Sweet sorghum is a type of grass that thrives better under drier and warmer
conditions than many other crops. The crop is particularly suitable for growing in dry land
conditions, as it only extracts one seventh of the water used by sugarcane

5
 Chapter-2

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

 To find out standard v/s adopted Package of practices of quinoa and find out the
gap area.
 Identify existing supply chain model for Millets and Quinoa.
 To formulate strategies for efficient backend supply chain of Quinoa and Millets.
 Mapping the Quinoa grower in selected regions of AP and Telangana.

6
 Chapter-3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Study Area

Andhra Pradesh:

Anantpur (Andhra Pradesh) (4 mandals)

Telangana:

Mahabubnagar (Telangana) (1 mandals)

Nature and Source of Data

Primary data was collected from all the stakeholders of quinoa like farmers, distributors &
processors with personal interviews.

Secondary source of data was taken into consideration was TSIPARD (Telangana State
Institute of Panchayat Raj And Rural Development), Project Anantha (AP).

Sample Size

Farmers-46
Distributors & Processer-2
Sampling procedure

This study is based on the responses of farmers, distributors, processors. The details are
collected by pre tested questionnaire which contains both open ended and closed ended
questions from farmers, distributors, processors.

Purposive sampling is done for selecting farmers, distributors, processors from Telangana and
AP. Simple random sampling is done for selecting farmers from all over the A.P. and
Telangana.

7
 Chapter-4
Observation

Package of practices of Quinoa

Climate
Quinoa requires short dry land and cool temperatures for good growth

Soil
This crop grows well on sandy-loam to loamy-sand soils. These soils have poor or excessive
drainage, low natural fertility, or very acidic (pH of 4.8) to alkaline (8.5) conditions.

Seed Preparation and Germination

Quinoa prefers cool soil conditions (45o to 50o F). Germination occurs within 24 hours after
planting when adequate moisture is present, and seedlings emerge in three to five days.
Quinoa seeds, like those of spinach, may not germinate if conditions are warm and may
need to be refrigerated for a week (vernalized) to obtain adequate germination

Seedbed Preparation
Quinoa requires a level, well-drained seedbed in order to avoid waterlogging

Method
Seeds should be planted at a depth of 1/2 to 1 in. depending on soil type and available soil
moisture. The small size of the seed makes it susceptible to both dehydration and
waterlogging when planted too shallow, or deep, respectively. Row width can vary, but rows
should be spaced by a minimum of 14 in.

Seed Rate
A stand of this density would require 1/2 to 3/4 lb of seed/acre. Seeding rates are usually
doubled when growing conditions are not optimal.

Fertilizer Requirements

Water Requirements
This crop is somewhat drought tolerant with a water requirement of 10 to 15 in. per year
(precipitation and irrigation combined on sandy-loam or loamy-sand soils). The application
of lower amounts of water reduced plant height by 50% with only an 18% reduction in yield.

Weed Control
Weed control in quinoa fields is difficult since plants grow slowly during the first two weeks
after emergence. There are no registered herbicides for quinoa at this time. Competition
from weeds is greater when quinoa is planted later in the growing season. Kochia and lambs

8
quarters numbers can be reduced when field irrigation is followed by cultivation before
seeding.

Diseases
Disease and pest problems may arise after a crop like quinoa is introduced to a new
production area. Several of the viruses tested produce symptoms, yet research needs to be
conducted to determine if any cause significant damage. Diseases such as damping off
(Sclerotium rolfsii), downy mildew (Peronospora farinosa), stalk rot (Phoma
exigua var. foveata), leaf spot (Ascochyta hyalospora), grey mold (Botrytis cinerea), and
bacterial blight (Pseudomonas sp.)

Insects and Other Pests

A wide variety of insect pests can damage quinoa during seed germination up through
harvest and seed storage in production areas of South America.

Harvesting

Plants have a sorghum-like seed head at maturity. Harvest usually begins when the seed can
barely be dented with a fingernail and plants have dried, turned a pale yellow or red color,
and leaves have dropped. Smaller screens are used than with cereal grains due to the small
size and lighter weight of quinoa seed. A fanning mill and gravity separator is usually
necessary to remove trash from the seed after combining. Grain must be dry before storage.
Quinoa Stover contains little fiber and subsequently provides little crop residue.

Rain during harvest will cause problems since mature seed will germinate within 24 hours
after exposure to moisture.

Drying and Storage

The seed must remain dry during storage. Prior to using quinoa in food processing, the
saponins in the pericarp are removed by soaking them in water or by mechanical methods,
such as with a rice polisher or a machine similar to those used to remove wheat bran.

Domestic Package of Practices (Indigenous):

Climate
Quinoa requires short day lengths and cool temperatures (25-30C) for good growth.

9
Soil
This crop grows well on red/black soils. These soils have poor or excessive drainage, low
natural fertility, or very acidic (pH of 4.8) to alkaline (8.5) conditions.

Seedbed Preparation
Quinoa requires a level, well-drained seedbed in order to avoid waterlogging. In India some
farmers prepare seedbed before sowing the seed and some are directly sowing the seed in
field.

Method
Mostly farmers are prefer the direct sowing the seed in in the field and rarely some farmer
are moving the transplantation method

Rate of Seeding
Quinoa seed required one kg/acre whereas new farmers grow at the rate of 1-1.5kg/acre.

Fertilizer Requirements
For good quality quinoa crop cultivation farmer use NPK with Nature farm and some farmers
use the organic fertilizers like fermented animals dung and Neem cake etc.

Water Requirements
This crop required three times irrigation in a weak. Mainly flood irrigation and drip irrigation
is used.

Weed Control
Diseases and Insects and Other Pests
Effect of diseases and insects are rarely recorded but in some cases if farmers find disease
or pest attach they generally use Neem cake and Neem powder and weed control is done
manually

Harvesting
Best time for harvesting at 95% dryness level of plant, leaves become Red or yellow and
start dropping from plant.

Drying & storage

After harvesting quinoa is kept in sun for drying after that it is stored in dry place and the
quinoa is ready for packing and processing.

10
Table: 2 Comparison between international v/s domestic package of practices of Quinoa

comparison International Domestic

Soil Sandy-loam to loamy-sand Red/Black

soils low natural fertility, or
very acidic (pH of 4.8) to
alkaline (8.5) conditions.

Temperature Around 18 to 20 degree 20-25 0C

Celsius

Seed Preparation Quinoa prefers cool soil

conditions (45o to 50o F).

Germination Germination occurs within

24 hours after planting

Seedbed Preparation Well-drained seedbed in Well-drained seedbed avoid

order to avoid waterlogging. waterlogging

Seeding Rate 1 kg/arc 1-2kg/arc

Method and Rate of Seeds should be planted at a Direct sowing or transplantation

Seeding depth of 1/2 to 1 in.
depending on soil type and
available soil moisture. .
Row width can vary, but
rows should be spaced by a
minimum of 14 in. Varieties
in Colorado have been
grown in rows 20 to 30 in.

Quinoa crop responds well Quinoa crop respond well to the

to nitrogen fertilizer. This organic fertilizer and some are use the
Fertility
crop requires chemical nature farm and calcium nitrate neem
Requirements
fertilizers of N:P:K in the cake fertilizers.
ratio of
120kg,:50kg,50kg/1hec land

Generally rain fed crops do In India quinoa sowing period are the
not require any irrigation if rabi sesion
Water Requirements
there is a well distributed
rain fall throughout the
year.

Variety Selection a yellow-seeded variety, Only growing the white variety quinoa
CO407,

11
 Sun flower have been the In India they are not use any weed
most common weeds. Wild control chemicals
Weed Control
mustard and sunflower can
be a problem since it is not
possible to separate them
from quinoa seed.

Diseases such as damping In some area of Telengana are the

off (Sclerotium insect destroy the crop while in A.P.
Diseases rolfsii), downy mildew there is no disease at all.
(Peronospora farinosa), stalk
rot (Phoma
exigua var. foveata), leaf
spot (Ascochyta hyalospora),
grey mold (Botrytis cinerea),
and bacterial blight
(Pseudomonas sp.) have also
caused significant losses in
South America, North
America, and Great Britain.
Insects and Other No insect and pest problem in this
Pests crops.

Harvest usually begins when In Indian farmers manually harvest

the seed can barely be the crops when the 90% plant are the
Harvesting
dented with a fingernail and leaf are the dry than crop are ready to
plants have dried, turned a harvest.
pale yellow or red color, and
leaves have dropped. The
seed should thresh easily by
hand at this time.

The seed must remain dry After harvesting grain are the heat dry
during storage Prior to using and storage.
Drying and Storage
quinoa in food processing

Gap of Package of practices-

 Seed rate was more compare to standard seed rate

Quinoa
 supply
Farmers chain
were not aware about the crop

 Sowing time of crop was different

 In my study area there is no effect of diseases and pests(Nagar-Kurnool)

12
Quinoa supply chain

Fig1: Inner being supply chain

Fig2: Recommended supply chain of inner being

Contract farming
Contract farming- Under contract farming Inner Being provide all the required input materials
timely on the basis buy-back or purchase output by the affordable prices. They create
awareness among the farmers by providing technical guidance how to grow and make them
adhere to standard package of practices. Having less maturity day, less water requirement,
less maintenance cost attract farmers grow the quinoa.

13
Farmer’s benefit in contract farming
 They may utilize their dry land for agriculture
 Quinoa crop will give high return to farmers compare to some other dry land crops
 Both company and farmers will form a strong supply chain
 Provide all inputs

Companies benefit in contract farming

 Company will procure bulk Quantity of raw materials in a single place and affordable
price
 Company will get desired quality raw materials.
 Buy-back contract
 Company may maintain good relationship with farmers.
 Provide farmers training for quinoa

Create the (FPO) farmer produce organizations and self-help groups in village level for
quinoa and millets
Meeting
Contact development
Established own processing unit for quinoa and millets
Company to projected to sales 32667 kg of quinoa and 147002 kg millets in this financial
year. This target require processing cost is lakh 11.43348 and 33 lakh for millets i.e. approx.
40 lakh Rs. ,so it is recommended to established their own processing unit that require only
10 lakh for processing same quantity.

Table3: Price differentiation between processed and unprocessed quinoa

Quinoa price
Processed Rs/kg Unprocessed Rs/kg
quinoa 235 quinoa 80
handling cost 5 handling cost 5
Transportation cost 20 Transportation cost 20
Warehousing cost 30 Warehousing cost 30
Processing 35
Total 290 170
Table 4: Maintain the inventory of particular products in demand
Quinoa
Quantity
Inventory management in kg
Sales projection FY(2016-17) 32667
Per month 2722.25
Per day 108.89
500g packet 54.445
3 days inventory 163.335

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 Sorghum Package of Practices

Land Preparation
Deep ploughing once in summer followed by 2-3 harrowing
Soil application of Thirum @ 4.5 kg /ha
8-10 tons of farm yard manure per ha

Sowing
3rd week of June 1st week of July with one set of Monsoon

Seed rate
7-8 kg seed /ha (3kg /acre)

Spacing
Row to row distance 45 cm and plant to plant distance 12 to 15 cm

Seed treatment
Treat the seed with 14 ml imidaclopride (Goucho) +2+g carbendazim (Bavistin) for one kg
seed or thiomethaxam (cruser) 3g/kg seed

Fertilizers applications
For light soil and low rainfall areas: 60kg Nitrogen, 30kg P2Os and 20kg K2o per ha.
For medium and deep soils and moderate to high rainfall areas: 80kg, nitrogen 40kg P2O5
and 40kg of k2O /ha

Weed control and inter cultivation:

 Keep the crop free from weeds for about initial 35 days
 Spray atrazine @ 0.5 kg a. i. /ha immediately after sowing

Insect-Pest Management
Shoot Fly
Nature of damage- The infestation result in withering and drying of the central leaf giving a
typical “deaheart” symptom.

Control
 Early sowing within 7 to 10 days of the onset of monsoon.
 High seed rate 10-12kg /ha
 Seed treatment with imidacloprid rate 14ml/kg seed or thiamethoxam 70WS rate 3
g/kg seed

15
Stem borer
Nature of damage
 Irregular-shaped holes on the leaves caused by the early instar larvae feeding in the
whort.
 Drying of central shoot giving “deaheart” look.
 Extensive stem tunneling.

Control measure
 Need-based application of carbofuran 3G carbaryl3G or furadan 3G @ 8-12 kg/ha at
20 and 35 days emergence inside the leaf whorls
 Intercropping of sorghum with cowpea.

Disease Management
Grain mold
Symptoms
 Symptom of fungal infection and develop fungal bloom of various colours (black,
white or pink) depending on fungus.
 The infected grains are soft, powdery, low in nutritional quality, poor germination
and acceptability for human consumption.
Control
 Harvesting of genotypes at physiological maturity and drying.
 Spray of Tilt 25% EC@ 0.2% starting from flowering and another spray after 10 days
interval.
Downy mildew
Symptoms
 The most conspicuous symptom is the appearance of vivid green & white stripes on
the leaves & white patches of oosores.
 Whole leaves may become chlorotic at advance stage and plants usually fail to exert
panicles. Even if panicle are exerted, they are small, compact or club –shaped and
have little or no seed set.
Control
 Deep ploughing before to reduce oospores
 Seed dressing with metalaxyl/ridomil25@a.i./kg seed followed by spray with
ridomyl-MZ@3g/liter water.

Standard Package of Practices (Ragi)

Scientific name- Eleusine coracana

16
Soil Requirement- wide range of soil from rich loam to poor shallow upland soil with organic
matter. However porous/light red loam/sandy loam soil with good internal drainage are good
for its cultivation. Soil ph. of 4.5-8.
Heavy clay soil with poor water drainage should be avoided

Seed & seed treatment- 5-7kg/ha and seed treatment with carbendazim 2g/kg of seed.

Temperature-Ragi crop requires day temperature of 30-34 Celsius and 22-25 Celsius night
temperature. Rainfall is about 100cm.

Land preparation: nursery and main field separately

Nursery-400 sq.m nursery is required per one hectare. Preparation of raised seedbeds of 1m
width and convenient length.

Main field-2-3 ploughings of main field to get fine tilth.

Sowing / Planting-

Early kharif and rabi- plant 21-25 days old seedlings at a spacing of 25cm X-10 cm or farmer’s
method of zigzag planting-with 50 seedling/sq.m-Spacing: 20 X 10 cm

Late kharif -Plant 25-28 days old seedlings / hill or farmers method of behind plough planting
to
achieve 33 hills / sq.m-Spacing 30 X 10 cm. The clean cultivation and-weed free lands 3 tyned
gorru.

Sowing methods-

Broadcasting- seed are directly sown in the field.

Line sowing-in this method spacing of 22-30cm between lines and 8-10cm within lines
maintained.

Drilling in rows- seed sowing are using drill. Drill is very beneficial in line sowing.

17
Transplanting- Seedling with 4 weaks age should be transplanted in field.

For Rabi kharif season seedling should be transplanted 25*10m & for late kharif season should
be planting should be done 3 cm depth in soil.

Before transplanting follow these disease preventive method-

Use 0.1% carbendazim solution to dip the leafy portion of ragi seedlings to prevent the blast
from nursery to main field.

Drip the root portion of the ragi seedlings in the solution of Azospirillum inoculations in 40-
50 liters of water for about 3 minutes.

Weed management: Apply flu chloralin a.i. @ 1 kg dissolved in 600 lts of water /ha. applied
as pre-emergence will give better control of weeds. One to two intercultivations are
necessary.

Irrigations: Late kharif crop is raised purely under rainfed conditions. For the irrigated crop,
irrigations at 10-12 days interval in light soils and 15-20 days in heavy soils. Irrigations at peak
tillering, flowering, grain setting stages are important. Irrigate the crop at 50% soil moisture
depletion stage.

Crop management:

Pestmanagement:
1) Stem borer- Spray endosulphan @ 2 ml or monocrotophos @ 1.6 ml per litre of water.
2) Leaf eating caterpillars- Dust 1.2% lindane powder @ 25 kg/ha. In the early hours.
3) Aphids and other sucking pests- Spray dimethoate or methyl-demeton @ 2 ml/l of water.

Disease management-

Blast – a. Treat the seed with carbendazim @ 2g/kg of seed.

b. Dip seedlings in 0.1% solution of carbendazim just before planting.
c. Spray carbendazim 0.5 g/lt or mancozeb @ 2 g/lt of water at 50% emergence stage and 10
days later.
2) Leaf spot: Spray mancozeb @ 2 g/lt.

Post harvest technology:

a. Harvest the matured earheads in two stages if necessary.

b. Heap the harvested earheads overnight to achieve uniform colour of seed.
c. Dry the earheads in sunlight for 2-3 days and extract the seeds by cattle/tractor
threshing
d. Dry well the seed to 10-12% moisture level and store in gunny bags.

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Millet production in India-

 India is the world's largest producer of millets

 In the 1970s, all of the millet crops harvested in India were used as food staple
 Total area under Sorghum in world 40 million/hec, Production 61 MMT, and Yield 1.5
tone/hec in -2013-14

Jowar area,production ,yield in India

12
9.49 9.57 9.26
10 8.6 8.5
7.79 7.38 7
8 6.7 6.25 5.98 6.21 5.82 5.39
6 5.28

4
2
0
2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

area production Yield

Fig3: Jowar area, production and yield in India

Area,production ,yield finger millets(Ragi) in India

10 8.75
8.17
8
6.3
5.65
6 4.6
4

2 0.83 0.38 0.89 0.72 0.79 0.45 0.75 0.43 0.68 0.42
0
2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

area prod yield

Fig4: Area, production, yield finger millets (Ragi) in India

Area (in million Hectare) Production (Million Tones) Yield (Q/Hectare)

Millet growing states in India

Major Millet growing states in India are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Rajasthan, Tamil nadu,
Maydh Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Gujarat and others etc.

District wise area, production, & yield in Telangana

19
Total area under Jowar in Telangana 79001 hec, Production 83267 tones, and Yield 1054
kg/hec in -2014-15

District wise Ragi area,production& productivity in Telangna

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0

DISTRICT TOTAL DISTRICT TOTAL DISTRICT TOTAL

Fig5: District wise Ragi area, production& productivity in Telangana

District wise Jowar Production Yield Area in Telangana

30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0

Area TOTAL Yield TOTAL Production TOTAL

Fig6: District wise Jowar Production Yield Area in Telangana

Source: Director of economics & statistics Hyderabad

Total area under Ragi in Telangana 1527 hec, Production 1748 tones, and Yield 1145 kg/hec
in -2014-15

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 Millet Supply chain

Fig7: Millet Supply chain of 24 mantra Source: 24 Mantra

Fig8: Millet supply chain of Deccan development of millet society

Source: Deccan Development of millet society

21
Fig 9:Recommended supply chain of inner being wellness

22
 Chapter 5

Recommendation

 Improve the supply of product placement

 Maintain the inventory of particular products in demand
 Create the (FPO) farmer produce organizations and self-help groups in village level
for quinoa and millets
 Established own processing unit for quinoa and millets
 Contract farming

23
 Chapter-6

REFERENCE
 ACHARYA N. G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
 http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-04-
21/news/61378666_1_hunger-index-fighting-hunger-india
 FAO
 Department of Agronomy, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences and Cooperative
Extension Service, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706.
 Indian institute of millet research Hyderabad
 Ministry agriculture Gov. of India
 Director of economics and statistics Hyderabad

 http://www.sresta.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Brochure-for-Web_2014-09-
30.pdf

 Deccan development of millet society Hyderabad

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