PROJECT REPORT

On
Collection, Evaluation and Standardization of Production Technology
for Quinoa cultivation in Madhya Pradesh

Financial Support From

RVSKVV Funded Institutional Research Project

Department Of Horticulture

College of Agriculture, Indore (M.P.) – 452001

 1. Title : Collection, Evaluation and Standardization of Production Technology for Quinoa
cultivation in Madhya Pradesh

2. Budget head : C-1 (98) RVSKVV Funded Institutional Research Project

3.Report No. and Period : Report 1 (April 2018- March 2019)

3. Date of start : 30.08.2018
5. Date of termination : One year
(a) Name of Institution : Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya,
College of Agriculture, Indore-452001 (M.P.)
(b) Division / : Department of Horticulture
6. Department/ Station College of Agriculture, R.V.S.K.V.V., Indore 452001 M.P.

6. Introduction: (Technical Status and constraints)

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd.) is an annual herbaceous plant belongs to Amaranthaceae
family, but formerly placed in Chenopodiaceae family that originated in the Pacific slopes of the
Andes in South America. It was cultivated and used by the Inca (ruling class) people since 5,000
B.C. It is consumed in wide variety of forms i.e., grains, flakes, pasta, bread, biscuits, beverages,
meals etc. Quinoa is discovered as a health food by North Americans and Europeans in the
1970‟s and its popularity is dramatically increased in recent years because it is gluten-free
(helpful for diabetic patients) and high in protein. In India, quinoa was cultivated in an area of
440 hectares with an average yield of 1053 tonnes (Srinivasa Rao, 2015). It is cultivated in the
world with an area of 126 thousand hectares with a production of 103 thousand tonnes. Bolivia
in South America is the biggest producer of quinoa with 46 per cent of world production
followed by Peru with 42 per cent and United States of America with 6.3 per cent (FAOSTAT,
2013). As per United Nations Organisation for Agriculture and Food, the quinoa grain is the only
vegetable food that provides all amino acids essential to the life of humans in optimum
quantities and is comparable with milk. The protein content ranges from 7.47 to 22.08 per cent
with higher concentration of lycine, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, cystine and glycine. The
ash content is 3.4 per cent containing high amount of Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn. The oil content is
1.8 to 9.5 per cent and rich in essential fatty acids like linoleate and linolenate. In addition,
quinoa seed is rich in thiamine (0.4 mg), folic acid (78.1 mg), vitamin C (16.4 mg), riboflavin (0.39
mg) and carotene (0.39 mg) in 100 g seed respectively. The calorific value is 350 cal per 100 g
grains and is greater than that of other cereal and legume foods. The digestability of quinoa
protein is more than 80 per cent. In addition to above nutritional factors, the quiona grain is soft,
gluten free, gets cooked quickly and has a pleasant taste. Quinoa also contain natural anti-
 oxidants like α-tocopheral (5.3 mg), γ-tocopheral (2.6 mg) in 100 g seed and phytoestrogens that
prevent chronic diseases such as osteoporosis, breast cancer, heart diseases and other feminine
problems caused by lack of oestrogen during the menopause. Hence FAO nominated 2013 as
International year of Quinoa (Bhargava et al., 2006).
Constraints
India experienced four revolutions since independence i.e., green revolution in Agriculture (rice &
wheat), white revolution (milk), pharma (medicine) and Information technology that lead India to the
path of debt laden to self sufficiency. But still India tops in malnutrition with over 45 per cent among
children and 70 per cent pregnant woman and nearly 52 per cent population are suffering with
diabetes due to over dependence on few cereal foods (rice or wheat). It is eroding the productivity of
country by 4-6 per cent Gross Domestic Product (GDP). (Srinivasa Rao, 2014). In this context, quinoa
can be introduced in India to check malnutrition as well as to increase foreign exchange. Growing
period of quinoa varied between 70 to 200 days and some entries did not mature in some locations.
The experiment conducted to evaluate quinoa entries in America, Europe and Africa and reported that
growing period of quinoa in Kenya was 65-98 days and all cultivars matured with seed yield of 4000 kg
ha-1. In Denmark and Sweden, growing period was 120-160 days but yields were low and few varieties
only matured. The growing period in Greece was 110-160 days and the yield was 2000 kg ha-1
(Jacobsen, 2003) Quinoa can play a major role in future diversification of agriculture system in India.
Inspite of its wide adaptability, nutritional superiority, its commercial potential has remained
untapped. Quinoa is cool season crop and can be cultivated during rabi season.
Literature on optimum density, seed rate, spacing and other agrotechniques for its cultivation in India is
scanty. Optimum plant density for high yield as 220 -327 plants m-2 and found large standard deviation
indicating that similar yields may be obtained from a wide range of densities (Jacobsen, 2003). Very
little research work has been done on the standardization of package of practices of quinoa in India.
Bhargava et al. (2006) studied about genetic variability and adaptation in North India and reported that
entries originated from inter- Andean valleys of Bolivia that are white or yellow in colour with small size
are more adoptable than other entries. Standardization of production technology is a base especially for
a new crop in a particular region (Sajjad et al., 2014). Hence, a project was proposed with the following
objectives.

8.(a)Aims and Objectives: The major objectives of the project are:

 Collection and evaluation of the quinoa
 To Standardize the production technology of quinoa for Madhya Pradesh.

(b) Technical programme 2018-19

8.1 Collection of various elite material of quinoa from different places of India.
8.2 Evaluation of quinoa in dry land condition of Madhya Pradesh.
 8.3 Standardization of production technology of quinoa in dry land condition of Madhya Pradesh
9. Personal Employment-
Name of the Principal Investigator : Swati Barche (Asso. Professor)
Name of the Co-PI : Kamal Singh Kirad (Sr. Scientist cum Head,KVK,
Dhar)
10. Budget allotment and expenditure 01-04-2018 to 31-03-2019
Opening Allotment RECD against Total Actual Refundin Council share of Closing
Balance Remmitanc allotment (Col1+2) Expend g 2018-19 expenditure Balance
as on e by Council Council share iture actually incurred 31.03.2019
1.04.201 during the receipt realized for & audited during
8 Year 2018- from the 2018- year 2018-19
19 scheme during 19
the Year 2018-
19
1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9
0 90000 50000 90000 49263 0 49263 40737

11. Executive Summary

PROGRESS OF RESEARCH

Location: Research Farm College of Agriculture, Indore

General information: The Indore centre is located in central highlands (Malwa) Gujarat Plain Kathiawar
peninsula semi – arid eco- region (AESR 5.1). It represents Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh which is situated at
76054’ E longitudes and 220 43’ N latitudes and altitudes of 567 m above MSL.

Soil: The soils of the area are medium, deep and shallow black soils, mostly derived from Deccan trap. They
are called black cotton soils and classified as Vertisols. These soils occupy 16.21m ha area in Central and Western
parts of the State. The soils of the area are medium, deep and shallow black soils, mostly derived from
Deccan trap. They are called black cotton soils and classified as Vertisols. These soils occupy 16.21m ha area in
Central and Western parts of the State.

Rainfall: In the year 2018-19, the monsoon activities have started from 22 SMW (May 28-3 June,2017)
that is effectively from 28th may, 2017, which was at the time of normal onset of monsoon and remain continued
till 38 SMW (14-21 October

Climate: The climate of the area is hot dry semi-arid with an average annual rainfall ranging from 825-
1100 mm. Length of growing period for agronomical and horticultural crops are 90-120 days and 180-210 days.
a. Weather (reported period): The distribution of rainfall during the season and the data on weather
elements i.e., mean maximum and minimum temperatures, relative humidity, etc., recorded at this centre as
per standard meteorological week (SMW) has been presented in Table M-1.
Table M 1:Agro-Meteorological Parameters for the year 2018-19recorded at Indore

SMW DATE R.H. Temp (oC) Rains Rain

(%) Max Min. (MM) y
. Days
1 2 3 4 5 7 8
14 April 2 – 8 2018 81.1 37.6 24.1 0

15 April 9 – 15 63.1 39.2 23.6 0

16 April 16 – 22 68.1 41.1 28.9 0

17 April 23- April 29 73.7 37.4 26 0

18 April 30 – May 6 70.4 40.4 29.4 0

19 May 7 – 13 78.4 41.9 30.4 0

20 May 14 – 20 77.7 41.4 30.3 0

21 May 21 – 27 78.8 40.8 30 0

22 May 28 – June 3 78 39.1 29.3 9.7 1

23 June 4– 10 85.5 36.9 27.5 152.4 3

24 June 11– 17 85.6 35.1 26.9 10.3 1

25 June 18– 24 82.4 33.3 26.4 58.3 2

26 June 25– July 01 86.8 31.9 26.6 9.1 1

27 July 02– 08 87.2 29.9 25.6 27.0 2

28 July 09 – 15 88.1 29.7 24.7 76.1 3

29 July 16 – 22 92.5 29 24.5 27.0 3

30 July 23 – 29 93.9 24.5 22.6 74.8 6

31 July 30 – Aug.05 90.7 28.8 24.5 5.1 1

32 Aug. 06 – 12 87 29 24.4 0.0 0

33 Aug. 13 – 19 87.2 29.8 24.4 50.4 2

34 Aug. 20 – 26 91.5 28.9 25.1 66.9 5

35 Aug. 27 – Sept 02 84.5 28.6 24.4 141.9 5

36 Sept. 03 – 09 86.9 30.8 24.5 14.0 1

37 Sept 10 – 16. 85.3 28.6 24.4 82.2 5

38 Sept. 17 – 23 88.2 29.7 23.5 53.8 5

39 Sept 24 – 30 83.5 32.8 24.6 0

40 Oct. 01 – 07 60.9 34.6 24.6 0

41 Oct. 08 – 14 71.9 33.4 25.1 1.4 0

42 Oct. 14 – 21 54.7 35.1 21.8 0

43 Oct. 22 – 28 57.4 28.5 20.3 0

44 Nov. 29 – 04 63.6 32.9 14.1 0

45 Nov. 5-11 82.6 30.4 12.7 0

46 Nov. 12-18 83 29.4 11.4 0

47 Nov. 19-25 78.8 27.7 12.7 0

48 Nov. 26- 2 Dec. 78.9 29.4 8.4 0

49 Dec. 3 – 9 85.5 26 10.8 0

 50 Dec. 10 – 16 72.2 27.8 11.5 0

51 Dec. 17 – 23 81 25.6 9.8 0

52 Dec. 24 – 31 2018 86.2 27 7.6 0

SMW Jan. 1 – 7 2019 87.8 26.9

86.3
Jan. 8 – 14 26.2 9.4 0

1 Jan. 15 – 21 90.3 29.7 10.6 0

2 Jan. 22 – 28 91.8 27.6 8.3 0

3 Jan. 29 – Feb. 4 91 30.9 9.9 0

4 Feb. 5 – 11 87.7 30.6 11.5 0

5. Feb. 12 – 18 90.5 30.8 10.6 0

6 April 2 – 8 2019 81.4 37.6 24.1 0

7 April 9 – 15 79.8 39.2 23.6 0

8 April 16 – 22 74.1 41.1 28.9 0

9 April 23- April 29 65.4 37.4 26 0

10 April 30 – May 6 58.4 40.4 29.4 0

11 May 7 – 13 61.7 41.9 30.4 0

12 May 14 – 20 81.1 41.4 30.3 0

13 May 21 – 27 63.1 40.8 30 0

Total 860.4 46

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS
 Experiment No. 1:

Title of Experiment: Collection of various elite material of quinoa from different places of India.

1. Location: Research Farm College of Agriculture, Indore

2. Year & season: 2018-19

3. Crop & varieties: Quinoa

4.Background information:. The Andean Region is considered the centre of origin of many native species such as
quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd), which for thousands of years was the main food of the ancient cultures of
the Andean and is distributed in different agro-ecological zones within the Region. Currently, quinoa is in a
process of expansion because it has great potential to improve the living conditions of people in the Andean and
the modern world. Quinoa is a grain that has outstanding intrinsic characteristics, such as: • Its broad genetic
variability. Its gene pool is extremely strategic for developing superior varieties (precocity, grain size and colour,
resistance to biotic and abiotic factors, grain yield and byproducts); • Its adaptability to adverse climate and soil
conditions. Crops can be produced from sea level to 4000 meters (Altiplano, salt lakes, Puna (high grasslands),
valleys,and sea level) in areas where other crops can’t grow; • Its nutritional quality, represented by its essential
amino acid composition in both quality and quantity, making it a functional and ideal food for the body; • The
diversity of methods of use: traditional, nontraditional and industrial innovations; and • Its low production cost
because the crop requires little in the way of inputs and labour. Faced with the global need to identify crops with
potential to produce quality food, quinoa has a high potential both for its nutritional benefits and its agricultural
versatility to contribute to food security in various Regions of the planet, especially in countries which are limited
in food production or where the population has no access to protein sources. Quinoa is remarkably adaptable to
different agro-ecological zones. It adapts to climates from desert to hot, dry climates, can grow at relative
humidities from 40% to 88% and withstands temperatures from -4 ° C to 38 ° C. It is a highly water efficient plant,
is tolerant and resistant to lack of soil moisture, and produces acceptable yields with rainfall of 100 to 200 mm.

5. Objectives: To collect the various elite planting material of quinoa from different places of India

6 .Investigators: Dr. Swati Barche

7. (a) Name and Discipline of the PI:Dr. Swati Barche (Horticulture)

(b) Name and Discipline of the Co-PI:Dr. kamal Singh Kirad (Horticulture)

8. Date & year of Commencement of experiment: October,2018

9. Result:It is clear from the data indicated in the Table 2 that the various germplasm of quinoa has been collected from the
various sources like NBPGR , New Delhi,where material was obtained through MTA agreement while other elites o f quinoa
procured from the Neemuch, Ratlam, Indore, Betul and Ambikapur cultivators who are involved in the quinoa cultivation.

List of the collected germplasm is shown as below in Table-2

Table 2 – Sources of Quinoa for finding suitability in Malwa region
Sl. Name of Source Place Year
No. variety/germplasm
1. EC-507747 NBPGR, New Delhi New Delhi 2018
2. EC-507743 NBPGR, New Delhi New Delhi 2018
3. EC-507742 NBPGR, New Delhi New Delhi 2018
4. EC-507738 NBPGR, New Delhi New Delhi 2018
5. EC-507748 NBPGR, New Delhi New Delhi 2018
6. EC-411824 NBPGR, New Delhi New Delhi 2018
7. EC-507739 NBPGR, New Delhi New Delhi 2018
8. EC-507744 NBPGR, New Delhi New Delhi 2018
9. EC-507747 NBPGR, New Delhi New Delhi 2018
10. EC-507749 NBPGR, New Delhi New Delhi 2018
11. EC-507740 NBPGR, New Delhi New Delhi 2018
12. EC-507746 NBPGR, New Delhi New Delhi 2018
13. EC-411825 NBPGR, New Delhi New Delhi 2018
14. Thadoli Neemuch 1 Neemuch Gram 2018
Thadoli
15. Thadoli Neemuch 2 Neemuch Gram 2018
Thadoli
16. Indore Local-1 Indore 2018
17. Ratlam Local Ratlam Sailana 2018
18. Betul Local Betul Betul 2018
19. Ambikapur Local Ambikapur Ambikapur 2018

Experiment No. 2 : Evaluation of quinoa in dry land condition of Madhya Pradesh.

1. Location: Research Farm College of Agriculture, Indore

2. Year & season: 2018-19

3.Crop & varieties: Quinoa

4.Background information: India experienced four revolutions since independence i.e., green revolution in
Agriculture (rice & wheat), white revolution (milk), pharma (medicine) and Information technology that lead India
to the path of debt laden to self sufficiency. But still India tops in malnutrition with over 45 per cent among
children and 70 per cent pregnant woman and nearly 52 per cent population are suffering with diabetes due to
 over dependence on few cereal foods (rice or wheat). It is eroding the productivity of country by 4-6 per cent
Gross Domestic Product (GDP). (Srinivasa Rao, 2014). In this context, quinoa can be introduced in India to check
malnutrition as well as to increase foreign exchange. The crop is survive best under dry land as well as irrigated
condition both. Crop can be boon for dry land farmers and used in multiple cropping system.

5. Objective-To study the performance of quinoa under dry land condition of M.P.

6.Investigators: Dr. Swati Barche

7. (a) Name and Discipline of the PI:Dr. Swati Barche (Horticulture)

(b) Name and Discipline of the Co-PI:Dr. kamal Singh Kirad (Horticulture)
8. Date & year of Commencement of experiment: October,2018
9. Result:It is clear from the Table 3 that the higher germination percentage was found in local elite Thadoli
Neemuch-1(81.24%) while least was recorded in Ambikapur local (2.04%).The various elite of quinoa showed
significant effect on the average plant height at harvesting stage. It is well clear from the Table and depicted in
the Fig-1 that the plant height was ranged from 92.39cm to 217.30cm.The maximum height (217.32cm) was
registered in elite EC-507744 followed by EC-507747 (212.45cm) and EC-507739 (209.75cm) which were
statistically at par while minimum plant height (92.39cm) was found in Indore Local-1.The stem diameter of plant
was recorded and presented in the table shown below. It was ranged from 2.71cm to 12.47cm.the maximum diameter
was found in Thadoli Neemuch 2 (12.47cm) while minimum was recorded in Thadoli Neemuch 1 (2.71cm).The
significantly maximum number of branches per plant (42.55) was recorded in EC-507747 followed by EC-507739
(34.15) while minimum (7.52) was recorded in the elite Ratlam Local . The maximum inflorescence length (25.02cm)
was found in EC-507739 while minimum (4.76cm) was recorded in EC-507742.The highest no.of inflorescence per
plant was recorded in EC-507748 while least(7.56) were recorded in the elite Thadoli Neemuch 1.Maximum leaf size
(46.40cm2 )   was noted in EC-507746 and minimum (14.20 cm2 )  was in EC-507740. Leaf area index was
maximum in Ratlam Local (2.77) while least in EC-507739 (0.30).Highest seed yield (252.33g and 8.80 q/ha) was
recorded in the elite EC-507747 followed by EC-507747 valued 337.67g and 8.42q/ha while least were weighed in
EC-507743 (14.33g and 0.35q/ha).
Table 3 – Performance of Quinoa under dryland conditionof M.P.
Sl. Name of Germination Plant Stem No. of Inflorecence
No. variety/germpl Percentage Height Diameter Branches Length
asm (cm) (cm) per plant (cm)
1. EC-507747 78.45
131.59 8.67 42.55 7.93
2. EC-507743 75.66
108.44 5.82 18.94 5.56
3. EC-507742 72.96
101.89 3.27 15.28 4.76
4. EC-507738 71.41
101.61 3.07 14.38 14.05
5. EC-507748 70.07
123.90 3.38 29.04 14.85
6. EC-411824 73.81
103.88 3.20 13.04 11.63
7. EC-507739 77.06
209.75 7.61 34.15 25.02
8. EC-507744 71.04
217.32 3.99 23.91 22.24
9. EC-507747 75.69
212.45 3.99 19.40 17.39
10. EC-507749 71.22
151.57 2.86 26.35 13.49
11. EC-507740 70.45
156.41 3.55 18.91 11.74
12. EC-507746 73.25
144.52 3.41 25.23 11.68
13. EC-411825 70.66
110.99 2.95 12.03 11.07
14. Thadoli 81.24
Neemuch 1 128.73 2.71 12.61 11.80
15. Thadoli 78.25
Neemuch 2 154.87 12.47 14.66 14.37
16. Indore Local-1 73.25 92.39 5.22 16.16 14.58
17. Ratlam Local 70.21 185.38 3.26 7.52 13.33
18. Betul Local 74.41 200.82 4.27 12.95 16.90
19. Ambikapur 2.04
Local
SEm+ 4.54 0.14 0.63 0.41
-

C.D.at 5% 13.07 0.39 1.87 1.19

Sl. Name of No.of Leaf Size Leaf Area Seed Seed yield
inflorecence
No. variety/germpl Index Yield per (q/ha)
per plant
asm plot (g)
1. EC-507747
12.00 28.48 0.81 352.33 8.80
 2. EC-507743
8.00 34.60 0.65 14.33 0.35
3. EC-507742
10.87 25.75 0.77 200.00 5.00
4. EC-507738
22.42 37.25 1.34 40.00 1.00
5. EC-507748
22.15 27.13 1.17 242.67 6.05
6. EC-411824
13.27 15.27 1.81 126.00 3.15
7. EC-507739
25.48 18.93 0.30 151.33 3.77
8. EC-507744
19.79 24.80 0.55 255.00 6.37
9. EC-507747
17.74 17.34 0.49 337.67 8.42
10. EC-507749
16.32 15.13 0.97 95.00 2.37
11. EC-507740
8.40 14.20 0.44 111.67 2.77
12. EC-507746
11.50 46.40 1.34 265.33 6.62
13. EC-411825
9.61 45.19 1.27 115.00 2.87
14. Thadoli
Neemuch 1 7.56 32.06 0.96 297.67 7.42
15. Thadoli
Neemuch 2 12.62 35.74 0.87 221.33 5.52
16. Indore Local-1 15.07 36.24 1.40 218.00 5.45
17. Ratlam Local 7.67 34.58 2.77 290.00 7.25
18. Betul Local 11.38 26.56 1.93 288.67 7.20
19. Ambikapur
Local
SEm+ 0.41 0.83 0.08 6.21 4.02
-

C.D.at 5% 1.20 2.41 0.25 17.84 11.69

Experiment No. 3 : Standardization of production technology of quinoa in dry land condition of

Madhya Pradesh
.
1. Location: Research Farm College of Agriculture, Indore

2. Year & season: 2018-19

3.Crop & varieties: Quinoa

4.Background information:Quinoa is very much suited under dryland condition as it does not required the high
amount of irrigation. Few farmers of the Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan , Andhra Pradesh Gujarat grows this crop
successfully without following the standard production technology. It is well suited crop for the dryland growers
but its package of practices has not been standardized for dry land farmers.

Soil type
Quinoa thrives in loamy soils with high organic content and good drainage. Soils with a neutral pH are preferred,
however plants can tolerate alkaline (pH 8.5) and acidic soils (pH 4.8).
Climate
Quinoa can be grown in August- September at various latitudes and altitudes under the broad constraints of
temperature and moisture levels at these locations. Quinoa is a water efficient plant which can grow in regions
with limited soil moisture and rainfall of 100mm, however irrigation can improve yields. The crop does not
tolerate poor drainage and water logging.
Land preparation- Land should be given couple of ploughings to make weed free and bring the soil to fine tilth
stage. Seeds are directly sown in the main field .
Seed Rate-15-20 kg/ha
Row-to Row Spacing-50x50cm
Plant to plant spacing-50x50cm
Depth of sowing-1-3cm
Irrigation -Generally, rain fed crops do not require any irrigation if there is a well distributed rain-fall throughout 
the year.
Manures and Fertilizers in Quinoa Farming:- Supplement the field with 20 to 30 tonnes of well rotten farm yard
manure to improve the soil with organic matter during land preparation. Quinoa crop responds well to nitrogen
fertilizer. This crop requires chemical fertilizers of N:P:K in the ratio of 120 kg:50 kg: 50 kg per hectare land.
Harvesting-3 to 4 months after sowing.

Principal Investigator Swati Barche .....................................

(Assoc. Professor)
Kamal Singh Kirad .....................................
(Sr. Scientist & Head )

Head of the Institution Dr. U. R. Khandakar ……………………….

Dean,College of Agriculture
Indore (M.P.)

Executive Authority Dr. B.S. Baghel ……………………….

of the V.V. Director, Research Services
RVSKVV, Gwalior (M.P.)
 COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, INDORE
No/ Dated 23.07.2018

To,
The Director Research Services
RVSKVV, Gwalior (M.P.)

Through proper channel

Sub-Submission of third ad-hoc research Project

Sir,
Please find enclosed four copies of ad-hoc project proposal entitled
“Standardization of production technology for Quinoa cultivation in Madhya Pradesh”
submitted by Dr. Swati Barche, Assoc. Prof. (Horticulture), college of Agriculture,
RVSKVV, Indore for your kind perusal and consideration. Soft copy of the proposal has
already been mailed on 22.07.2018

She has already submitted two projects entitled “Standardization of drip

irrigation and plastic mulch duration in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) dated 30.01.2018
and “Identification of suitable variety and standardization of production technology for
grain and leaf Amaranth cultivation in Madhya Pradesh.’’ Both two were submitted
under RKVY to Dept. of Horticulture & food processing, Bhopal, M.P.

Enclo- four copies of proposal

(U.R. KHADAKAR)