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9th Class Chemistry Important Solved Short Notes For Exam 2013
9th Class Chemistry Important Solved Short Notes For Exam 2013
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List of Practical’s
Chemistry 9th
Chapter 1
Experiment 1
Separate the given mixture of iron fillings and sand by Physical method.
Chapter 5
Experiment 2
Experiment 3
Determine the boiling point of given liquids ( Acceton and Ethyl alcohol) and Toluen
Experiment 4
Experiment 5
Chapter 6
Experiment 6
Prepare 100cm3 of 0.1M sodium hydroxide solution from the given 1M solution.
Experiment 7
0.1M solution.
Experiment 8
Prepare 100cm3 of 0.01M hydrochloric acid solution from the given 0.1M solution.
Experiment 9
Prepare pure copper sulphate crystals from the given Impure sulphate.
Experiment 10
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Experiment 12:
Chemistry
The branch of science which deals with the composition and properties of matter, changes in matter and
the laws or principles which govern these changes is called Chemistry.
Ans: Chemistry:-The branch of science which deals with the composition and properties of matter,
changes in matter and the laws or principles which govern these changes is called Chemistry.
1: Organic chemistry:-Organic chemistry is the study of carbon containing substances and the synthesis
of such material. many consumer products are organic in nature.
2: Inorganic chemistry: Inorganic chemistry is the chemistry of element and their compounds except
those of carbon-hydrogen compounds and their derivatives.
3: Physical chemistry: Physical chemistry is the branch of chemistry which deals with the forces and
principles involved in the combination of atoms and molecules.
4: Analytical chemistry: Analytical chemistry is the study of method and techniques used to determined
the kind and quantity of various component in a given substance.
5: Biochemistry: Biochemistry is the chemistry of living organisms such as plants and animals.
Ans: Density:-It is define as ratio between mass and volume. mass per unit volume is known as density.
mathematically: d=mv
Its SI unit is kg/m3. density of solid and liquid usually expressed in g/cm3 and that of gases as g/dm3.
Ans: Temperature:- Temperature is a measure of the intensity of heat. it is thus a measure of the degree
of hotness and coldness in a body.
Ans: Specific gravity:- The specific gravity of a substance is the ratio of its mass to the mass of an equal
volume of water at a specified temperature.
specific gravity of a substance ia a ratio between two same quantities and then fore has no unit.
Q7: Define element?
Ans: Element:- An element is defined as a substance in which all the atoms are chemically identical
having same atomic number. for example: iron: silver: gold: copper: oxygen: hydrogen: etc.
Ans: Compound:- A compound is pure substances which consist of two or more element chemically
combined in a fixed proportion by mass. compound can be broken down by chemical method.
Ans: Mixture:-A mixture contains two or more element which can easily be separated by physical
method. the component doesn’t lose its chemical properties.
Ans: Valency:-The chemical combining capacity of an atom or an element with another element is called
valency.
Ans: Atom:-It is the smallest particle of an element. it does not exist freely into nature. it is the unit of an
element involved in a chemical reaction.
Ans: Molecule:- It is the combination of two or more atom. it can exist freely in the nature.
Ans: Atomic mass:-The atomic mass of an element is the average relative mass of the isotopes of that
element referred to the atomic mass of carbon which is taken as 12.0000 amu.
Ans: Molecular mass:- The molecular mass of an element when it exists in the form of molecular or of a
compound is the average mass of the molecular as compound to one atom of 12C6.
Ans: Gram atomic mass:- The weight of an atom expressed in gram is called gram atomic mass. it is also
called gram atom.
Ans: Gram molecular mass:- The weight of molecule expressed in gram is called gram molecular mass .it
is also called gram molecule.
Ans: Avogadro’s number:-The number of particles contained in a mole is equal to 6.023*10 power 23 is
known as Avogadro number.
Ans: Low of constant composition:-Proust formulate the low of constant composition in 1799 as that
every pure sample of a particular chemical compound contain the same element combined in the same
fixed proportion. it is also called the low of definite proportions.
examples:
1, He obtained several samples of copper carbonate from different sources and also prepared it through
different methods in his laboratory. he found whatever source of method of preparation was used, it
always had the same proportion of copper, carbon and oxygen by mass.
2, He also mixed ten grams of lead with different amount of sulphur to make the grey solid lead
sulphide. he always found that the lead sulphide had the same fixed percentage of lead and sulphur.
Ans: Heterogeneous mixture: the mixture which do not have uniform composition throughout their
mass, are called heterogeneous mixture.
Ans: Homogenous mixture: mixtures having uniform composition are called homogenous mixture.
Ans:
2:it cannot be separated by physical methods. 2:it can be separated into its components by simple
physical methods.
3:element forming compound lose their original properties-s. 3:substance making up the mixture do not
lose their original properties.
5:the melting point and boiling point of compound are sharp and characteristic of each compound. 5:the
melting point and boiling point of a mixture are not sharp.
Ans.: During any process, mass is neither created nor destroyed this law was put forward by a French
chemist, lavoiser in 1785.
During a chemical reaction, the total mass of the product is equal to the total mass of the reactants.
Example no 1:
When a piece of iron is left in moist air its surface gradually turns brown, the object gets rusted and
gains mass.
4Fe+3O22Fe2O3
Example no 2
When coal burns it leaves behind ash. The ash is lighter than coal. But the mass of coal will be equal to
that of ash and the liberated carbon dioxide.
C+O2CO2
reactants.
Examples:-
When unslaked calcium oxide is added to water. the water becomes warm with formation of
Q3: What are different types of reaction? Give chemical reaction of each type?
Ans: Chemical reaction are of following types:
1: Simple decomposition :-In this reaction a single compound is decomposed into two or more simple
substance.
2: Synthesis:-In this reaction two or more substance combine to from a single compound it is also known
as addition reaction.
3: Displacement:-In this reaction an atom or radical displaced by another in a compound. Such reaction
depend upon the electropositive or electronegative nature of an atom or radical to displaced another.
4: Double decomposition / displacement :-In this reaction the two reactants decomposed to form two
new substances by exchanging their radicals.
5: Neutralization:-In this reaction , the hydrogen ion of an acid neutralized by the hydroxide ion of a
base to from salt and water.
6: Hydrolysis:-In this reaction the salt of either weak acid and base dissolve in water to from acid and
base.
There are four laws of chemical combinations these laws explained the general feature of chemical
change. These laws are:
Antoine Lavoiser has rejected the worn out ideas about the changes that take place during a chemical
reaction. He made careful quantitative measurements in chemical reactions and established that mass is
neither created nor nor destroyed in a chemical change.
Statement
“Mass is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction but it only changes from one form
to another form.”
In a chemical reaction, reactants are converted to products. But the total mass of the reactants and
products remains the same. The following experiment easily proves law of conservation of mass.
German chemist H. Landolt, studied about fifteen different chemical reactions with a great skill, to test
the validity of the law of conservation of mass.
For this, he took H.shaped tube and filled the two limbs A and B, with silver nitrate (AgNO3) in limb A
and Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) in limb B. The tube was sealed so that material could not escape outside.
The tube was weighed initially in a vertical position so that the solution should not intermix with each
other. The reactant were mixed by inverting and shaking the tube. The tube was weighed after mixing
(on the formation of white precipitate of AgCl). He observed that weight remains same.
“When different elements combine to give a pure compound, the ratio between the masses of these
elements will always remain the same.”
Proust proved experimentally that compound obtained from difference source will always contain same
elements combined together in fixed proportions.
Example
Water can be obtained from different sources such as river, ocean, well, canal, tube well, rain or by the
chemical combination of hydrogen and oxygen. If different samples of water are analyzed, it will have
two elements, hydrogen and oxygen and the ratio between their mass is 1:8.
Statement
“When two elements combine to give more than one compounds, the different masses of one element,
which will combine with the fixed mass of other element, will be in simple whole number ratio.”
Two different elements can combine to form more than one compound. They can do so by combining in
different ratios to give different compounds.
Example
Hydrogen and oxygen combine with one another to form water (H2O) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In
water and hydrogen oxide 2 g of hydrogen combine with 16g and 32g of oxygen respectively. According
to law of multiple proportions, the different masses of oxygen (16g and 32g) which have reacted with
fixed mass (2g) of hydrogen will have a simple ratio between each other i.e. 16:32 or 1:2. It means that
hydrogen peroxide contains double the number of oxygen atoms than water. This law proves this point
of Dalton’s Atomic Theory that atoms do not break in a chemical reaction.
Statement
“When two element A, B combine separately, with the mixed mass of the third element E, the ratio in
which these elements combine with E is either the same or simple multiple of the ratio in which A and B
combine with each other.”
Example
Hydrogen and Nitrogen separately combine to form ammonia (NH3) and dinitrogen oxide (N2O), in
these compounds, fixed mass of nitrogen is 14g and combines with 8 g of oxygen and 3 g of hydrogen.
The ratio between the mass of oxygen and hydrogen is 8:3. Hydrogen and oxygen also combine with one
another to form water (H2O). The ratio between hydrogen and oxygen in water is 16:2. These ratios are
not same. Let us observe whether these ratios are simple multiple to each other or not following
mathematical operation is carried out.
8:3 ::16:2
8/3 : 16/2
or
8/3 x 2/16
or
Q1) Define solubility what are the factors which can affect solubility?
Ans: Solubility:-“The solubility of a solute in a solvent at a particular temperature is the number of grams
of solute necessary of saturate 100g of the solvent at that temperature.”
Factore of solubility
1)Temperature:-it is often observed solubility of many solute the solution generally increases in
temperature for example, the solubility of potassium mitrate increases with temperatures the solubility
of some solute decreases with the increase in temperature such solute generally heat when dissolved in
water for example, calcium oxide is less soluble in hot water than in the cold state.
gases are also more soluble in cold solvent than in hot solvent.
2) Pressure:-Solubility of gases increases with the increase in pressure . carbon di oxide in filled in soda
water bottles pressure.
3) Nature of the solute and the solvent:-The solubility of polar compound is more in polar solvent and
that of non-polar solvent in non-polar solvent.
Ans: Electrolysis: The substance which allow electricity to pass through their solution and are chemical
decompose are called “electrolysis.”
example: acid,base,salt
Non-electrolysis:-” These substances which do not dissociate into ions when dissolved in water and do
not induct electricity are known as non-electrolysis.”
example:sugar,solution,benzene.
Strong electrolysis:-Those electrolysis which are highly dissociated and can conduct large current are
known as “strong electrolysis”.
Weak electrolysis:Those electrolysis which are poorly dissociated and can conduct poor current are
known as” weak electrolysis”.
Ans: Electrolysis: The movement of ion of an electrolyte and their deposition as neutral species at the
electrodes under the influence of electric current is known as “electrolysis”.
The electrolysis of aqueous copper chloride: When aqueous copper chloride is electrolyzed between
carbon electrodes copper is deposited at the cathode(negative electrode) & chlorine is given at the
anode(positive electrode).
Aqueous copper chloride contain copper ion and chloride ion. The copper ion behind positively charged
move towards the cathode and the chloride ion behind negatively move towards the anode. The copper
ion take up electrons from the cathode and deposit copper on it.
Unsaturated: An unsaturated solution is one which contains less amount of solute that it can held at a
particular temperature.
Super saturated: A super solution is one which contains more solute that it can theorically be held by
the solvent at a particular temperature
Ans: Soft water:-Water which produces lather with soap easily and do not produce insoluble curdy
precipitate is called soft water.
Hard water:-Water which produces insoluble curdy precipitate with soap and lather is not easily formed
is called hard water.
Q1: Write down the general characteristic group of IA, VIIA and VIIIA?
Ans:Group IA(ALKALI METAL): The alkali metals lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium and
francium are light metal. They are very reactive and chemically are strongly electropositively.As the
group is descending there is a gradual decrease in ionization potential with an increase in the size of the
atom. They contain one electron in their outer most shell and form ionic bonds by loss of valence
electron. Compound of these metal were obtained from wood ashes.
Group VIIA(HALOGEN FAMILY):-Fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine constitute a group or family of
element called the halogen, a term which means “salt forms”. The halogen are very active non-metal
and are very much a like in their chemical properties. Each of the halogen has seven valence electron.
Halogen are highly electronegative element and their electro negatively decrease down the
group.Flourine and chlorine are gases at ordinary temperature bromine is a liquid and iodine is a solid.
all the halogen exit as diatomic molecule.
Group VIIIA(NOBLE GASES):-The element of group VIIIA are called “noble gases” or “inert gases” or “zero
gases” element. They are monatomic and low boiling gases. Since the outermost shell of these element
are complete therefore these element are mostly chemically unreactive.All the noble gases except
radon are normally present in the atmosphere. They are mostly obtained from air by liquefaction
process.
properties:
(1) These element have incomplete inner electron shell.
(3) The bond between the atom are very strong and they have melting points.
Q3)Define and explain Mendeleyv’s Period Table and Periodic Law also discuss the Defects in
Mendeleyv’s Periodic Table
Russian Chemist, Mendeleyv’s (186) who was working separately from Lother Mayer published a table
of elements.
According to Mendeleyv’s when the element were arranged in order of their increasing atomic masses,
the elements with similar properties were repeated after regular interval and were placed one above
the other. A table obtained in this manner is called Periodic Table. Mendeleyv’s stated this periodicity in
the form of Periodic Law.
The horizontal rows which run from left to right in Periodic Table are called Periods and they are twelve
in number.
The vertical rows which run from top to bottom in periodic table are called groups and they are eight in
number.
Vacant Spaces
Mendeleyv’s left many vacant spaces for the still unknown elements. For example, next to Calcium (40)
should be Titanium (48) but it resembled silicon (28) instead of Aluminum (27). He left vacant space for
element with atomic mass 44.
Mendeleyv’s discovered new elements and also guessed their atomic mass and properties.
Mendeleyv’s corrected the atomic masses of certain elements on basis of their properties and provided
proper place to them in the periodic table.
According to Mendeleyv’s Periodic Law Potassium (39) should be placed before Argon (40) but he placed
Argon (40) before Potassium (39) which goes against his law.
Position of Isotopes
Mendeleyv’s periodic table gives no indication about the position of isotopes.
Structure of Atom
Lanthanides and Actinides have not been given proper place in Periodic Table.
Alkali metals and coinage metals with different properties are placed in the same group. This defect has
been replaced by placing them into two sub groups.
Q4)Define the following with its unit,factors,tends or variation in groups and periods.
Atomic Radius
Definition
One half of the distance between the nucleus of two identical atoms when these are in close contact
with each other is called Atomic Radius.
Unit
Trend in Period
The atomic radii decreases from left to right within a period in the periodic table. This is because nuclear
charge increases with the increase of atomic number. But the number of shells remains same within a
period.
Trend in Group
Atomic radius increases from top to bottom in a group. This is because, although nuclear charge
increases from top to bottom but at the same time on new shell is also added for each successive
element down the group.
Definition
The minimum energy needed to remove an electron from an isolated, gaseous atom in its ground state
is called Ionization Energy.
Unit
1 ev = 96.49kj
The greater the nuclear charge the higher is the ionization energy.
The larger the size of atom the lower is the ionization energy.
I.E decreases from top to bottom in a group due to increase in atomic size.
Electro negativity
Definition
The tendency of each atom in a covalent molecule to attract a shared pair of electrons towards itself is
known as its electro negativity.
Atomic size
Atomic Number
Electron Affinity
Ionization Energy
Electro negativity increases from left to right within a period due to increase in nuclear charge and
decrease in atomic size.
Electro negativity values decreases from top to bottom within a group due to increase in atomic size.
Electron Affinity
Definition
The energy change that occurs when an electron is gained by an atom in the gaseous state is known as
Electron Affinity.
Electron Affinity for the addition of first electron is negative i.e. energy is released but for further
addition of electrons it is positive because energy has to be added to over come repulsion between
negative ion and electron.
Unit
Atomic Size
Nuclear Charge
Down the group in the periodic table, electron affinity decreases because the addition of a new shell to
each atom decreases its force of attraction.
In a period, the electron affinity increases from left to right because the incoming successive atoms have
higher nuclear charge and attract electron more towards itself.
Q1) Describe the postulates of Dalton atomic theory? What are the draw backs in this theory?
Ans:Dalton atomic theory:-The fundamental postulates of Dalton atomic theory are stated below:
According to the latest research on the structure of atom &matter neutral particle following defeat are
observed in Dalton atomic model.
1) Atom consist of charged particle called proton and electron & neutral particle called neutron.
2) The atom of the same element may differ in their atomic mass and such atom of an element are
called isotopes.
3) The ratio between atom of various element in many molecules of the organic compound is not
simple.
2) Cathode rays are negatively charged as they bend towards the positive pole of the magnetic field.
3) The rays upon striking glass or certain other material cause these material to glow.
4) The charge to mass ratio (e/m) of those particle was found equal to that of electron.
5) The mass of each negative particle was found equal to 1/1837 of the lightest hydrogen atom.
On the basic of those properties it was concluded that cathode rays are negatively charged particle
called electron.
1) Electron revolve around the nucleus in fixed circular paths which he called orbit or energy level.
2) As long as an electron revolve in a particular energy level it does not emit or absorb energy.
3) When an electron absorb energy it moves to a higher energy level further away from the nucleus.
When it lose energy it return to lower energy level closer to the nucleus & the energy is emitted as light.
4) The electron loses a definite quantity of energy called quantum of energy when it jump down from an
orbit of higher energy level to a lower energy level. The energy is emitted in the form of radiation. The
frequency of the energy emitted is directly proportional to the difference in energy between the two
level.
5) The angular momentum (mvr)of an electron in any orbit is integral multiple of h/2x
mvr = nh/2x
Q4) Name the fundamental particle of an atom write the characteristic of each particle?
1)Electron:-
2) Proton:
3) Neutron:
Lord Rutherford (1911) and his coworkers performed an experiment. They bombarded a very thin, gold
fail with Alpha particles from a radioactive source. They observed that most of the particles passed
straight through the foil undeflected. But a few particles were deflected at different angles. One out of
4000 Alpha particles was deflected at an angle greater than 150.
(Diagram)
Conclusion
Following conclusions were drawn from the Rutherford’s Alpha Particles scattering experiment.
1. The fact that majority of the particles went through the foil undeflected shows that most of the space
occupied by an atom is empty.
2. The deflection of a few particles over a wide angle of 150 degrees shows that these particles strike
with heavy body having positive charge.
3. The heavy positively charged central part of the atom is called nucleus.
5. The size of the nucleus is very small as compared with the size of atom.
Rutherford model of an atom resembles our solar system. It has following defects:
1. According to classical electromagnetic theory, electron being charged body will emit energy
continuously. Thus the orbit of the revolving electron becomes smaller and smaller until it would fall
into the nucleus and atomic structure would collapse.
2. If revolving electron emits energy continuously then there should be a continuous spectrum but a line
spectrum is obtained.
(Diagram)
Atomic Number
The number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom is called atomic number or proton number. It
is denoted by z. The proton in the nucleus of an atom is equal to number of electrons revolving around
its nucleus.
Mass Number
The total number of the protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom is called mass number.
The protons and neutrons together are called nucleon. Hence it is also known as nucleon number. It is
denoted by A. the number of neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom is represented by N.
A=Z+N
Isotopes
The atoms of same elements which have same atomic number but different mass number are called
Isotopes. The number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom remains the same but number of
neutrons may differ.
Isotopes of Hydrogen
Protium
Ordinary naturally occurring hydrogen contains the largest percentage of protium. It is denoted by
symbol H. It has one proton in its nucleus and one electron revolve around the nucleus.
Number of Protons = 1
Number of Electrons = 1
Number of Neutrons = 0
Atomic Number = 1
Mass Number = 1
Deuterium
Deuterium is called heavy hydrogen. The percentage of deuterium in naturally occurring hydrogen is
about 0.0015%. It has one proton and one neutron in its nucleus. It has one electron revolving around its
nucleus. It is denoted by symbol D.
Number of Proton = 1
Number of Electron = 1
Number of Neutrons = 1
Atomic Number = 1
Mass Number = 2
Tritium
Radioactive hydrogen is called tritium. It is denoted by symbol T. The number of tritium isotope is one in
ten millions. It has one proton and 2 neutrons in its nucleus. It has one electron revolving around its
nucleus.
Number of Proton = 1
Number of Electron = 1
Number of Neutron = 2
Atomic Number = 1
Mass Number = 3
the atom which lose electron acquire positive charge and the one which again which acquire negative
charge. for example 1
Consider the formation of NaCl:- In formation of NaCL molecules one electron is transferred from an
atom to CL atom their by the octet of each atom is completed.
Covalent bond :-It is the bond formed by the mutal sharing of electron between the tow bonded atoms.
example.
Formation of molecule:-Considered two hydrogen atoms. each has one electron in its outer most shell.
thus the two atoms contribute there two electron to form a shared pair electron. the pair of shared
electron is known as covalent bond. it is donated by H-H.
Single covalent bond:-A covalent bond formed by the mutual sharing of one electron pair is called a
covalent and is denoted by single short straight line.
Double covalent bond:-A covalent bond formed by sharing of two electron pair is denoted by two short
line. for example in O2, C2 etc
Triple covalent bond:-A three electron pair bond is called a triple covalent bond and is donated by three
short line. In nitrogen there is a triple covalent bond.
2: In this bond one atom acquire negative charge. 2: No charges are developed on the two bonded
atoms.
Ans: Ionic compound Covalent compound1: Ionic compound do not contain molecules. 1: Covalent
compound contain molecules.
2: Ionic compound are mostly inorganic compound. 2: Covalent compound are mostly organic
compound.
3: They are usually soluble in water. 3:They are usually insoluble in water.
Formation of chemical bond: When element react to from a compound, the chemical bond are formed
between atom. all chemical bond between atoms are formed by utilizing the electron of outer most
shell generally the atoms combine with are another in there way.
1) By using electron.
When the compound undergoes chemical reaction the bond b/w the atoms are rearranged.
Ans) Commercial hydrogen is relatively less pure and can be prepared by following methods.
1) Passing steam over red hot coke:- By passing steam over red hot coke we get.
C+H2OCO+H2
carbon monoxide can be separate from the gaseous mixture by liquefying at a temperature of -200c.
2) By the electrolysis of water:- The purest but expensive hydrogen is obtained by the electrolysis of
water in the presence of little acid.
2H2O2H2+O2
CH4C+2H2
4) Pure and relatively in expensive hydrogen is prepared by passing steam aver red hot ion.
3Fe+4H2O Fe3O4+4H2
5) By heating a mixture of natural gas steam the presence of a suitable catalyst nickel.
CH4+H2O3H2+CO
Properties of hydrogen:
a) Physical properties:-
1) Hydrogen has got three isotopic forms known as protium ,deuterium and tritium.
b) Chemical properties:-
1) Reducing agent: Hydrogen is a very reducing agent it can reduce metallic oxides to metal easily ,e.g.
CuO+H2Cu+H2O
2)Reaction with non metal: Hydrogen react with non metal like oxygen and nitrogen on heating.
2H2+O22H2O
3) Reaction with halogen: Hydrogen immediately react with halogen to give halides.
H2+Cl22HCl
Q:2) How aluminum is extracted from its ore. give its physical and chemical
properties?
Ans) Preparation:- It is prepared industrially by a process called the hall beroult process.
purification of ore:- naturally occurring bauxite contain impurities like silica and oxides of iron. the first
step is obtained aluminum therefore involves the purification of the mineral. the natural bauxite is
reacted with a hot concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide and form soluble sodium aluminates .the
impurities remain undissolved and ore removed by filtration. aluminum hydroxide is then precipitate
from the solution and is heated to regenerate pure aluminum oxide..
electrolysis of aluminum:- the pure aluminum oxide obtained by the above process is dissolved in a
molten mixture of cryolite and calcium fluoride at 950c. this molten mixture is electrolyzed in a specially
designed cell with carbon anode. the final result can be represented by the following simplified
electrode reaction.
Al2O32Al+3O
aluminum is liberated at the cathode and oxygen is liberated at the anode however the atomic oxygen
released at the carbon anode reacts with anode itself to produce carbon dioxide gas.
thus the carbon anodes constantly consumed during the process and they must be replaced at suitable
intervals.
PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM:-
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES :-
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES :-
ACTION OF AIR ry has no action .but in most air when aluminum powder is strongly heated it forms
aluminum oxide.
ACTION OF WATER :-Cold water has no effect on pure aluminum. but aluminum powder decompose
water at 100C liberating and forms.
REACTION WITH ALKALIS :-Aluminum react vigorously with strong alkalis eg to form aluminates along
with hydrogen .
Q3) What are isotopes? describe the isotopes of hydrogen?
Ans) Isotopes are atom of same element with same atomic number but different mass number.
2)Deuterium
3)Tritium
1) Protium(ordinary hydrogen):- It most frequently occur in nature. it is represented by 1H1. it has one
electron in the nucleus and one electron in the k shell. it occur to 99.98%.
2) Deuterium(heavy hydrogen):- It occur to very little extent. ordinary hydrogen contain about 1 part of
deuterium in 7000 part of it. it is represented by 1H2 or D. it has one electron and one neutron in the
nucleus and one electron revolves in the k shell. it is usually present in the form of D2O (heavy water) in
ordinary water is small amount.
3) Tritium:- It is the heaviest isotopes of hydrogen and very varely occur in nature. it is represented by
1H3 or T . it has one proton and two neutron in the nucleus and one electron revolve in the k shell. it has
radio active form of hydrogen.
Q4) How is sodium hydroxide manufactured electrolytically. Give its important application.
A) sodium hydroxide commonly known as caustic soda is commonly manufactured by the electrolysis of
solution sodium chloride which is commonly known as brine.
in this electrolytic process nelson cell is used. in this cell anode consist of graphite rod and a u shaped
perforated steel cathode used. brine is added in the u tube which on electrolysis gives chloride anode
and sodium at cathode sodium react with water to form sodium hydroxide(caustic soda).
A)extraction of iron: iron metal is gradually extracted from its oxide ores by reducing them with carbon
in the from of coal and coke.
the charge, consisting of roasted ores, coke and limestone is fed into the top of the furnace. a preheated
blast of air at about 1500c is blown into the furnace under pressure near to the bottom. the blast
oxidizes the coke to carbon dioxide.
the reaction is highly exothermic considerable heats librated which raises the temperature about 1900c
in this region as the carbon dioxide passes upwards it react with more coke to form carbon monoxide.
the formation of carbon monoxide is an endothermic process and the temperature in this region falls to
about 1100c .the carbon monoxide thus produced serves as the main reducing agent in the upper region
of the furnace.
the liquid iron runs downward to the bottom of the furnace and is with drawn through a tap hole.
the lime stone which was added to the charged is known as flux. it decomposes to form CaO and carbon
dioxide.CaO react with the gangue(mostly silica and some alumina)to form their respective salts. they
are known as slag.
the slag floats as the molten iron and is run off which molten iron is seen into sand moulds where it
cools down to solid blocks called pig iron.
electroplating:-electroplating is used to cover iron object chromium, nickel or other less easily corroded
metals. this process used to prevent decorative as well as protective coatings.
alloying:-rusting is often prevented by converting the iron into an alloy such as stainless steel.
painting:- paint is generally used for coating large object such as ship, bridges and soon.
grease and oil:- grease and oil is used for coating the moving parts of machinery.
1) concentration:-the ore is concentrated by a process known as froth floation.in froth floation the
mixture of the mineral and impurities are mixed with water and oil. pure oil or creosote oil are usually
used. air is blown into the mixture and the oil forms a froth which floats to the surface. the ore particles
tend to get coated with oil and are carried to the surface with it. the froth along with the mineral
particles is skim men off from the top to get the concentrated.
2) roasting:- the concentrated ore is roasted in a furnace. part of the sulphur is converted to sulphur
dioxide and other impurities such as arsenic which are burnt off.
3) smelting:-in the smelting process the roasted ore is mixed with sand and heated strongly until it
melts. the remaining impurities react with the silica to form a slag of molten silicates. this is removed
from the top of the molten mass which remain is called matte and consist of mixture of CuS2 and FeS.
4) reduction:-reduction of the matte is carried out in a converter where air is blown through. the molten
material and molten material and molten copper is obtained. more sand is added as a flux to remove
the iron in the form of an iron silicate slag.
5) refining:- blistered copper is refined by electrolysis. blistered copper, in the anode and a plate of pure
copper is made cathode. a solution of copper sulphate act as the electrolyte. the impure copper
dissolves at the anode and is deposited in the form of pure copper at the cathode.
1) Copper reacts with oxygen, sulphur and halogens under suitable condition to from the corresponding
compound.
2) It react with acid which contain oxygen, such as dilute nitric acid and concerned sulphuric acid.
3) Copper displace less reaction metal, such as silver another precious metals like give and iron.