Cano, Jason Kidd B.

3Bio2 COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE ANATOMY 1

MAMMALIAN MUSCULATURE
(RABBIT)

Name of the Muscle Description Origin (O) Insertion (I) Action (A)
I. Dermal/Integumentary
The dermal muscle of the head; a Under the surface of the skin of
Skin of the ears, eyelids, lips, etc. MOVES the skin of head parts to
Platysma branchial muscle, an extension of the neck and the head, consisting
(head) which they are inserted
the hyoid arch of different parts
Dermal muscle that covers the
entire lateral surface of the Outer surface of latissimus dorsi,
Panniculus Carnosus /
thorax and abdomen, more medial side of the humerus, and Skin SHAKES the skin
Cutaneous Maximus
prominent anteriorly (degenerate linea alba
in man)
II. Abdominal Wall (Hypaxial)
An extensive neurosis which
Outermost layer of the abdominal
Lumbodorsal fascia and the passes downward and backward CONSTRICTS the abdomen
External Oblique wall; anterior part concealed
posterior ribs by separate slips to the linea alba and inguinal (stomach out)
under latissimus dorsi
ligament
Underneath the dorsal part of the
external oblique; short; fibers
Internal Oblique
directed downward and forward Second sheet of the lumbodorsal
Linea alba by an extensive COMPRESSES the abdomen
with a very broad aponeurosis fascia, posterior ribs, and
aponeurosis (stomach in)
Very thin third muscle layer; inguinal ligament
Transversus Abdominus/is fibers directed ventrally and
slightly posteriorly
Long, slender muscle on each
Anterior end of the pubic RETRACTS ribs and sternum,
Rectus Abdominis side of linea alba, extending from Sternum and costal cartilages
symphysis COMPRESSES abdomen
pubic symphysis to anter. thorax
Cano, Jason Kidd B. 3Bio2 COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE ANATOMY – RABBIT MUSCULATURE & OIA 2

III. Epaxial Muscles Description Origin (O) Insertion (I) Action (A)
Multifidus spinae (under splenius)

Sacrospinalis (all in thorax):

[pp. 4-6]
a. Semispinalis
b. Longissimus
c. Iliocostalis
IV. Chest
Humerus
Large muscle that covers most of
Pectoralis major Sternum *concealed by clavodeltoid
the surface of the chest
muscle DRAWS arm toward the chest
Slender muscle at the anterior
Pectoralis primus Manubrium of the sternum Humerus
end of pectoralis major
Internal to the middle of the belly
of the pectoralis major; sweeps
Clavicle, spine of the scapula DRAWS arm and shoulder
Pectoralis minor over the shoulder internal also to Manubrium of the sternum
toward the chest
clavodeltoid and anterior
trapezius
V. Neck and Throat
The most superficial muscle on
Depressor conchae posterior (2) Manubrium of the sternum
the ventral surface of the neck; Base of the ear -
(special portion of platysma) (forming a letter V)
external jugular vein runs in it
Long muscle in the median line
of the neck; paired muscle with DRAW the hyoid posteriorly;
Sternohyoid (2) Manubrium of the sternum Anterior horn of the hyoid
two members closely fused in the RAISE sternum
median ventral line (magkadikit)
Long muscle on each side of the
sternohyoid Manubrium of the sternum Singly TURN head; DEPRESS
Sternomastoid (2) Mastoid process of the skull
(ventral to sternohyoid) the head on the neck
Cano, Jason Kidd B. 3Bio2 COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE ANATOMY – RABBIT MUSCULATURE & OIA 3

Name of the Muscle Description Origin (O) Insertion (I) Action (A)
Strap shaped muscles lateral to
sternomastoid and unite at the
Cleidomastoid clavicle with the clavoideltoid; Mastoid region of the skull Clavicle
*more medial one, lies lateral
and dorsal to sternomastoid ELEVATES clavicle, TURNS
(same with cleidomastoid) head
*slightly lateral to the
Clavicle
Basioclavicularis cleidomastoid at its cranial end Occipital bone
*medial to the cleidomastoid
but crosses ventral to
cleidomastoid laterally
Continuation of cleidomastoid
Clavodeltoid Clavicle Humerus RAISES the humerus
and basioclavicularis
Great mass of muscle covering
Outer surface of the posterior end CLOSES/ELEVATES the lower
Masseter the angle of the jaws, its outer Zygomatic arch
of the mandible jaw
surface has a tough, shiny fascia
Muscle along the ventral surface
OPENS/DEPRESSES the lower
Digastric (2) of each half of the jaw bone, Occipital bone Ventral surface of the mandible
jaw
terminating in a slender tendon
Thin sheet crossing transversely
Median ventral line (raphe) and RAISES the floor of the mouth,
Mylohyoid between and dorsal to the 2 Mandible
hyoid BRINGS hyoid forward
digastric muscles
Divisible (via raphe) to expose
the trachea; internal to it are:
trachea, larynx/Adam’s apple,
Sternothyroid (2) Sternum Thyroid cartilage PULLS the larynx posteriorly
thyroid cartilage (of larynx),
found on each side of the trachea
& dorsal to sternohyoid
Thin muscle, each side of larynx
Thyrohyoid (2) Thyroid cartilage Hyoid (posterior horn) RAISES the larnyx
exten. fr. thyroid car. to hyoid
Cano, Jason Kidd B. 3Bio2 COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE ANATOMY – RABBIT MUSCULATURE & OIA
VI. Upper Back and Shoulder Description
Large, flat muscles extending
Latissimus dorsi obliquely from middle of the
back to the forelimb
Flat, thin muscles covering upper
Anterior
back and back of the neck;
Trapezius trapezius
anterior to the lat. dorsi
muscles (2)
Posterior *space bet. these 2 are stout
trapezius fascia
Long, slender muscle running
along the ventral border of the
Levator scapulae ventralis /
anterior trapezius near its
Levator scapulae major
insertion, then diverges to its
origin
Large, thick muscle extending
Rhomboideus from vertebral border of scapula
to the middorsal line
A fairly broad but thin muscle of
Splenius (2) the neck under the anterior
trapezius
Epaxial muscles under splenius:
Underneath the superficial
muscular layer of scapula; filling
Supraspinatus
the supraspinous fossa of the
scapula
Infraspinatus Partly covered by the 3rd deltoid
+ 2nd deltoid, small triangular
muscle lateral to clavo.
Clavodeltoid (1st deltoid)
+ 3rd deltoid lateral to 2nd, longer
than the 2nd
4
Origin (O) Insertion (I) Action (A)
Crest on the medial side of the
Lumbodorsal fascia, posterior DRAWS the arm caudad &
humerus
ribs dorsad
*covered by chest muscles
Ext. occipital protuberance of
Metacromion process & nearby DRAWS the scapula & limb
skull, ligament in the middorsal
muscles and fascia upward and forward
line
Lumbodorsal fascia & neural DRAWS the scapula
Spine of the scapula
spines of the thoracic vertebrae dorsally/backward
Ventral surface of the skull at the
Metacromion process & nearby
suture bet. occipital and PULLS scapula anteriorly
muscles and fascia
basisphenoid
Middorsal ligament of neck & DRAWS scapula toward
Vertebral border of the scapula
succeeding neural spines vertebral column
Middorsal line of neck & Singly TURNS head, together
Occipital region of skull, atlas
adjacent fascia RAISES the head
Supraspinous fossa Greater tuberosity of the
EXTENDS the humerus
humerus
Infraspinous fossa and spine
1st and 2nd – Acromion process
*3rd deltoid – fascia of Humerus RAISES the humerus
infraspinatus
Cano, Jason Kidd B. 3Bio2 COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE ANATOMY – RABBIT MUSCULATURE & OIA 5

Name of the Muscle Description Origin (O) Insertion (I) Action (A)
Stout muscle along the axillary
Dorsal half of the axillary border Humerus (crest on the medial
Teres major border of the scapula, behind the
of the scapula side)
infraspinatus DRAWS humerus against the
Small but stout muscle between body, ROTATES the humerus
Ventral half of the axillary Greater tuberosity of the
Teres minor teres major and infraspinatus
border of the scapula humerus
(upon separation)
Runs along the external surface
of the splenius to be connected
Rhomboideus capitis / Side of the skull above the Posterior end of the vertebral DRAWS scapula craniad,
with the skull; slender bandlike
Levator scapulae minor tympanic bulla border on the medial side ROTATES scapula
muscle in contact with (internal
to) inner surface of rhomboideus
Large muscle that completely
covers the medial/inner surface
of the scapula, fibers disposed in PULLS the humerus toward the
Subscapularis Medial surface of the scapula Lesser tuberosity of the humerus
several directions; with a shiny median ventral line (raphe)
fascia; posterior end cont. with
teres major
Transverse processes of the
Serratus Anterior/cervical Large, fan-shaped muscle
cervical vertebrae by separate
ventralis serratus ventralis extending anteriorly and Vertebral border of the scapula DRAWS scapula forward,
slips, first 2 ribs
(2) posteriorly from the scapula to above the subscapularis backward, or against the body
Posterior/thoracic
walls of the thorax Seven slips from the ribs
serratus ventralis
Several long, flat muscles
extending from the trans.
processes of the cervical vert. to
Sternomastoid, cleidomastoid,
Scalenes (pl.) the ribs; hidden by the scapula Internal of pectoralis muscles RAISE the ribs, BEND the neck
etc.
and on the ventral side of the
origins of the serratus ventralis
(above)
Cano, Jason Kidd B. 3Bio2 COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE ANATOMY – RABBIT MUSCULATURE & OIA 6

Name of the Muscle Description Origin (O) Insertion (I) Action (A)
The ventral part of dorsal half of
the thorax underneath the lat.
Ribs via slips
dorsi, trapezius muscles, and Tendon from the medial dorsal
Serratus dorsalis (pl., fibers) *(forking the muscle into RAISES the ribs craniad
rhomboideus muscles line
separate fibers)
*(separated by aponeuroses of
the lumbodorsal fascia)
A series of muscles on the sides
of the chest running from one rib
to the next one(s); extending on
Posterior margins of the vertebral Anterior margins of the
Intercostals External intercostals the chest wall ventral to the PULL the ribs forward
ribs succeeding vertebral ribs
(pl.) insertion of serratus dorsalis;
*chief fibers directed obliquely
respiratory backward
muscles of Internal to the external
the thorax intercostals, fibers directed
Internal intercostals oppositely (obliquely forward); Margins of the vertebral ribs Margins of sternal ribs LOWER the ribs
best seen in the ventral thoracic
wall (int. to scalenes)
Epaxial muscles of the thorax:
Semispinalis dorsi
(narrow median portion next to Running along the dorsal part of
-
median dorsal line) the thorax; passing internally to
serratus dorsalis;
Longissimus cervicis (origin—) concealing the dorsal
Dorsal portions of the ribs
(thick lateral portion) intercostals; -
with tough, shiny lumbodorsal
fascia
Iliocostalis -
Cano, Jason Kidd B. 3Bio2 COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE ANATOMY – RABBIT MUSCULATURE & OIA 7

VII. Upper Arm/Forearm Description Origin (O) Insertion (I) Action (A)
Long head of triceps Large mass on the back of the
Scapula, from the axillary border
brachii upper arm
Triceps Lateral head of Lateral surface of the upper arm, EXTENDS the forearm (“great
Greater tuberosity of humerus
brachii (3) triceps brachii ventral to long head extensors of the forearm”)
Olecranon
Medial head of In contact with humerus, lies in
Dorsal surface of the humerus
triceps brachii between long and lateral heads
Epitrochlearis / Lower part of fascia on the
- EXTENDS the forearm
Extensor antibrachii medial surface of the long head
Spindle-shaped muscle on the
Biceps brachii Glenoid fossa
anterior surface of the upper arm
Ulna and radius FLEXES the forearm
Next lateral to the biceps, in Ventral and lateral surface of the
Brachialis
contact with humerus humerus
VIII. Thigh
In the dorsal part of the fascia
lata (–covers the anterior half of
Tensor fasciae latae Ilium Fascia lata TIGHTENS the fascia
the lateral surface of the thigh);
continuous with adjacent muscles
Anterior head Found by cutting open the fascia Neural spines of adjacent ABDUCTS (towards body’s midline)
Tendon on the knee-cap (patella)
Biceps (smaller) lata, occupying the middle vertabrae the thigh
femoris (2) portion of the lateral surface of
Posterior head Ischial tuberosity Fascia of the shank FLEXES the shank
the thigh; has 2 heads
Continuous with tensor fasciae Small projection below the
Gluteus Anterior G.M. Part of the ilium
latae greater trochanter (of femur)
maximus
(2) Posterior G.M. Partly covered by biceps femoris Fascia of the sacrum Third trochanter (of femur) ABDUCTS the thigh
Larger, thicker muscle anterior to
Gluteus medius gluteus maximus & partly Crest & anterior part of the ilium Greater trochanter (of femur)
covered by it
Cano, Jason Kidd B. 3Bio2 COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE ANATOMY – RABBIT MUSCULATURE & OIA 8

Name of the Muscle Description Origin (O) Insertion (I) Action (A)
A stout muscle found under the
Vastus lateralis fascia through cutting (up to the Greater trochanter
knee) fascia lata & its tensor
Posterior part of vastus lateralis, Greater trochanter & surface of
Vastus intermedius
partly separable from it the femur
Thin muscle folded over the
anterior margin of the thigh;
Quadriceps 1st part – Ilium & fascia lata Tibia, patella, tendon which EXTENDS the shank (“powerful
Extends on both lateral and
femoris Rectus femoris (2) 2nd part – Ilium, in front of the extends over patella extensor of the shank”)
medial surfaces of the thigh;
acetabulum
FUSED with the fibers of tensor
fascia latae
On the medial side of the thigh,
posterior to the 1st part of the
Vastus medialis Femur
rectus femoris but not separable
from it
Very long, narrow muscle
extending like a band along the
ADDUCTS the thigh,
middle surface of the thigh;
Sartorius Inguinal ligament Tibia ROTATES the thigh,
Lies bet. vastus medialis &
EXTENDS the shank
gracilis; covers some large blood
vessels
Large, thin muscle over the Fascia of: the distal portion of
Gracilis posterior half of the medial Pubic symphysis the thigh & proximal portion of ADDUCTS the leg
surface of the thigh the shank (Fascia of the shank)
Runs from median ventral line to
Adductor longus
the femur; ANTERIOR muscle Various parts of the ischium Femur ADDUCTS the thigh
Adductor magnus —POSTERIOR muscle
Internal to adductor magnus;
Semitendinosus Ischial tuberosity Medial condyle of the tibia FLEXES the shank
cylindrical muscle
Cano, Jason Kidd B. 3Bio2 COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE ANATOMY – RABBIT MUSCULATURE & OIA 9

Name of the Muscle Description Origin (O) Insertion (I) Action (A)
Muscle that forms the posterior
magin of the thigh, between the Fascia over the biceps femoris,
Semimembranosus Fascia of the shank FLEXES the shank
biceps femoris & adductor ischial tuberosity
magnus
IX. Shank
On the lateral (outer, dorsal)
Lateral condyle & tuberosity of
Tibialis anterior surface of the shank, covered by Second metatarsal
tibia
biceps femoris & fascia
FLEXES the foot
Dorsal to tibialis anterior,
Peroneus consisting of a group of several Tibia & fibula Metatarsals
fused (more or less) muscles
Thin but broad muscle forming
the caudal surface of the shank, Lateral and medial condyles of
Gastrocnemius*
*with 2 nearly separate portions femur and tibia
(lateral, medial)
Internal to gastrocnemius (part Tendon of Achilles EXTENDS the foot
Soleus Head of the fibula
lateral to surface of the thigh)
Internal to gastrocnemius (part
Plantaris medial to the surface of the Lateral condyle of femur
thigh)
Exposed on the medial surface of
Extensor* hallucis longus
the tibia FLEXES the digits
Extensor* digitorum longus Covered by the tibialis anterior Tibia Tendons of the digits
Between the tibia & soleus and
Flexor* digitorum longus EXTENDS the digits
plantaris