ACTI

VEANDPASSI
VEVOI
CE

WhatI
sVoi
ce?

Voi
cei
sthet
erm usedt
odescr
ibewhet
hera 
ver
b i
sact
iveorpassi
ve.

Ina 
passi
vesentence,
thev erbi
ssaidtobei
nthe 
passi
vev
oice.Si
mil
arl
y,t
hev
erbi
nan 
act
ive
sent
ence 
issai
dt obeinthe act
ivev
oice.
 

Thev
oiceofav
erbt
ell
suswhet
hert
he 
subj
ect
 oft
hev
erbi
sact
eduponori
sact
ing.

Ty
pesofVoi
cesi
nEngl
i
sh

Ther
earetwo(2)t
ypesofv
oicesi
nEngl
i
sh.Theyar
e:
1.Theacti
vevoi
ceand
2.Thepassi
vevoi
ce

WhatI
stheAct
iveVoi
ce?
I
nt heacti
vevoice,
thesubjectoft
hev er
bi stheonewhodoestheacti
onwhi
chthev
erb
descri
bes,andtheobjecti
stheonethesubj ectact
son.Ift
hesubj
ecti
sper
for
mingtheact
ion,
thentheverbissai
dtobei nthe 
act
ivevoice.Lookatt
his:

Exampl
esoftheActi
veVoi
ce
Thefol
l
owingsent
encesdemonst
rat
eact
ivev
oice:

 Thestudentssei
zedt hebus.
 Johnkil
ledthest
ubbor ngoat .
 ThepostmasterbroughtMar y’slet
ter.
 Wesubmi tt
edtheassi gnmentsy ester
day
.
 Doyouhav ethemat erialhebrought?

WhatI
sthePassi
veVoi
ce?
Thepassiv
ev oi
cehastodowithaver
balgroupthatcont
ainsf
ormsoft
hebe-
ver
bspl
ust
he
pastpar
ti
cipl
eform oft
hever
binpassi
veinvoice.

(
Ver
bal
group=be-
ver
b+pastpar
ti
cipl
eofv
erb)

Inotherwor
ds,
wemarkthever
balgroupf
orthepassiv
ewords.I
fthesubjecti
shav
ingt
he
acti
ondonetoi
t,t
hent
hever
bissaidtobeinthe 
passi
vev
oice.Lookatthis:
ExamplesofthePassiveVoi
ce
Tomaket hi
stypeclearanddist
ingui
shabl
efrom t
heacti
vev
oice,
letususesi
mil
arsent
ences
usedabove,buti
nthepassiveforms.Seethefol
l
owing:

 Thebuswassei zedbyt hestudents.

 Thestubbor ngoatwaski l
ledbyJohn.
 Mary’
sletterwasbr oughtbyt hepostmaster.
 Theassignment swer esubmi tt
edbyusy est
erday
.
 Doyouhav ethemat eri
alwhichwasbr oughtbyhi
m?

Whent
oUset
heAct
iveandPassi
veVoi
ce
Howdoyoudecidewhentousetheact
ivev
oiceandwhent ousepassivevoi
ce?Wel l
,bot
har
e
grammat
ical
l
ycorrect
.Howev
er,
theemphasisofthesubj
ectandobjectchanges.Bel
owisali
st
ofadv
ant
agesforbothwhi
chwil
lhel
ptoguideyourdeci
sion.

Adv
antagesoft
heact i
vevoice:
 Acti
vesentencesareshorter.
 Acti
vesentencesaremor edirect
.(Thisensur
esthesubjectt
akesr
esponsi
bil
i
tyf
or
theacti
on.
)
 Acti
vesentencesaremor eengagingforthereader.
 Acti
vesentencesareoftenlessconfusingandlessambiguous.
 Acti
vesentencesall
owy out oexpressanauthori
tat
ivet
one.

Adv
antagesoft hepassi vev oice:
 Pa ssi
vesent encesallowt hesubj ecttoav oidresponsibil
i
tyfortheacti
on.
 Pa ssi
vesent encescanshowaneut ralorobj ecti
vetone.
 Pa ssi
vev oi
cei susedt oputemphasi sont heagent .
Thenewl i
br arywi l
lbeopenedbyt heQueen.
 Pa ssi
vev oi
cei susedt omakemor epoli
teorf ormal st
atements.
Thecarhasn’ tbeencl eaned.(mor epol i
te)
(Youhav en’tcleanedt hecar .–lesspol it
e)
 Pa ssi
vesent encesar eusedwhent hesubj ectisobvious,unimport
ant,orunknown.
Janewasshot .(Wedon’ tknowwhoshother .
)
Thischur chwasbui l
tin1815.( Uni mpor t
antagent)
Hehasbeenar r
est ed.(Obv i
ouslybyt hepol i
ce)
 Passivesentencesal lowy out oshi f
tthefocusoft hesubjectwhentheactionismore
importantthant heagent , asinpr ocesses,instructi
ons,events,
report
s,headli
nes,
new
it
ems, andadv erti
sement s.
30peopl ewer eki l
l
edi nt heeart
hquake.

VOI
CEChange

Thepassiv
eofanacti
vetenseisfor
medbyputti
ngt
heverbtobeint
othesametenseas
theact
ivever
bandaddingthepastpar
ti
ci
pleoft
heact
ivever
b.Thesubj
ectoft
heacti
ve
 ver
bbecomesthe‘agent’oft hepassivev er
b.Theagenti sv er
yoft
ennotment
ioned.
Wheni
tismenti
oned,i
tispr ecededbybyandpl acedattheendofthecl
ause.
Acti
ve:Mygr andfatherpl
ant
edt hi
stree.
Passi
ve:Thist r
eewaspl ant
edbymygr andf
ather
.

ACTI
VETOPASSI
VE
Tochangeasent encefrom theacti
v evoi
cetot hepassivev oi
ce:
Theobjectoftheact i
vevoicesentencebecomest hesubjectoft
hepassivevoi
ce
sentence.
AgathaChristi
ewr otethi
sbook.
Thisbookwaswr i
ttenbyAgat haChri
stie.
Wechanget hemai nverboftheact i
vevoicesentenceint
othepassivevoice.
Thet enser
emai nsunchanged.
Thesubj ectoftheacti
vevoicesent encebecomest heagentofthepassiv
e
sentence.I
tisplacedaf t
erthepastpartici
pleanditisprecededbythepreposi
ti
onby .
AgathaChristi
ewr otethi
sbook.
Thisbookwaswr i
ttenbyAgat haChri
stie.

Lesl
i
e t
ook t
hisphot
ogr
aph y
est
erday
.
SUBJECT ACTI
VE OBJECT TI
ME
VERB COMPLEMENT

Thi
s wast
aken byLesl
i
e y
est
erday
.
pho
St
o
UBgr
JEa
Cph
T PASSI
VEVERB AGENT TI
ME
COMPLEMENT

BYORWI
TH?
I
nthepassivev oice,
weuse:
bywi t
ht heagenttorefertobywhom t heact
ionisbeingdone.
ThedoorwasopenedbyMrBl ack.(MrBlak=agent)
wit
ht or efert
otheinst
rument ,
objectormateri
althatwasusedf orsomet
hingt
obe
done.
Thedoorwasopenedwi thakey .(
akey=t heobjectt
hatwasused)
Theomel ett ewasmadewi t
heggs,cheeseandpepper s.(
eggs,cheeseandpepper
s=the
mat er
ialthatwasused)
 PASSIVEVERBTENSES
ACTI VEVOI CE PASSI VEVOI CE
PresentSimple Hedel i
verst hel ett
er s. Thel etter
sar edeliv
ered.
PastSi
mpl e Hedeliv
eredt hel etters. Thel etterswer edeli
vered.
Futur
eSimpl e Hewi l
ldeli
v erthel etters. Thel et t
erswillbedelivered.
Pr
esentContinuous Hei sdeli
ver i
ngt hel etters. Thel ettersarebei ngdeli
vered.
PastConti
nuous Hewasdel i
ver i
ngt hel et t
ers. Thel ett
er swer ebei ngdeli
vered.
Goingto Heisgoingtodel iverthe Thelettersar egoingt obe
PresentPerfect l
et
Ht
er
es
h.
asdeliveredt hel etters. del
i
Tv
he
ere
l
ed.
t
tershav ebeendel ivered.
PastPerf
ect Hehaddel
iver
edthel
etter
s. Theletter
shadbeendel
ivered.
I
nfini
ti
ve Hehastodeli
vert
hel
etter
s. Thelett
ershav
etobedeli
v ered.
Modals Hemustdeliv
erthel
ett
ers. Thelett
ersmustbedel
i
ver ed.

SI
MPLE CONTI
NUOUS PERFECT

+ S+am/i
s/ar
e+Pt
p S+am/
is/
are+bei
ng+Pt
p S+hav
e/has+been+Pt
p

PRESENT - S+am/i
s/ar
e+not+Pt
p S+am/
is/
are+not+bei
ng+Pt
p S+hav
e/has+not+been+
Pt
p
? Am/I
s/Ar
e+S+Pt
p? Am/
Is/
Are)+S+bei
ng+Pt
p? Hav
e/Has)+S+been+Pt
p?

+ S+was/wer
e+Pt
p S+was/
wer
e+bei
ng+Pt
p S+had+been+Pt
p

PAST - S+was/wer
e+not+Pt
p S+was/
wer
e+not+bei
ng+Pt
p S+had+not+been+Pt
p

? Was/Wer
e+S+Pt
pV? Was/
Wer
e+S+bei
ng+Pt
p? Had+S+been+Pt
p

+ S+wi
l
l+be+Pt
p

FUTURE - S+wi
l
l+not+be+Pt
p

? Wi
l
l+S+be+Pt
p?

+ S+Vt
obe(
am/
is/
are)+goi
ngt
o+
be+Pt
p
GOI
NGTO - S+Vt
obe(
am/
is/
are)+not+
goi
ng
?t
o+b
Vt e
obe+P
( t
p
am/is/
are)+S+goi
ngt
o+
be+Pt
p?

AGENT
Tosaywhodi
dtheact
iont
hatwear
etal
ki
ngabout
,i.
e.t
oref
ert
otheagent
,weuset
he
pr
eposi
ti
onbyandt byPet
hename( er)
, byt
noun( het
eacher
)orpr byhi
onoun( m)att
heendof
thesentence.
Weusual l
yonlyref
ertotheagentwheni
tgivesussomeimpor
tanti
nfor
mat
ionwhi
ch
other
wisewoul dbemissingf
rom t
hesentence.
Ourhousewasdesignedbyafamousar
chit
ect
.
Wedon’tment i
ontheagent:
 1.ifwedon’ tknowwhohasdonewhatwear etalki
ngabout .
Ourcarwasst olenlastnight.(Wedon’ tknowwhost oleit)
2.ifwear enotint
erestedinwhohasdonewhatwear etalkingaboutori tisnot
i
mportanttoment i
oni t
.
Hehasbeent akent ohospi t
al.(Whatwear einterestedi nisthefactt
hat
hehasbeent akent ohospitalandnotwhohast akenhi m. )
3.ifiti
seasyt ounderstandwhodi dsomet hingwi t
houtitbei ngment i
oned.
Themur der
erwasar r
estedlastni ght
.(Iti
snotnecessar ytoment i
onthat
hehasbeenar restedbythepol i
cebecausei tissel f-
evident.
)
4.ifthesubjectoftheactivevoicesent enceissomet hinglikesomebody ,people,
they
,you,etc.
Someonebr oket hewindow.→ Thewi ndowwasbr oken.

DOUBLEOBJECTVERBS
Whenwehav ev erbst hattaketwoobj ect sli
ke,forexampl e,gi
v esomebodysomet hing,wecan
converttheact i
v esent enceintoapassi veonei nt woway s:
a.bymaki ngt hei ndir
ect(animat e)obj ectthesubjectofthepassivevoicesentence,which
i
sal sot hewayt hatweusual lypr efer.
b.Bymaki ngt hedi rect(
inanimat e)obj ectthesubjectoft hepassiv
evoice.
Rickgav eme( indirectobject)thisbook( dir
ectobject).
Iwasgi v ent hisbookbyRi ck.
Thisbookwasgi vent omebyRi ck.
Someoft hev er bst hattaketwoobj ectsar e:give,t
ell
,send,show, bri
ng,wri
te,of
fer,pay,et
c.
 Whent hei ndirectobj ecti
sal oneaf terthev erbinthepassi vevoi
cesentence,i
tneedst he
prepositiont o.
I ftheindi r
ectobj ectoftheact i
v ev oi
cesent enceisaper sonal pr
onounithastobechanged
i
ntoasubj ectpr onount obet hesubj ectofthepassi vevoicesentence.

SUBJEC OBJECT
T
I ←→ me SUBJECT OBJECT
You ←→ you We ←→ us
He ←→ him You ←→ you
She ←→ her They ←→ them
I
t ←→ i
t

Thepassi
veofsomev
erbsofchoosi
ng,
cal
l
ing,
nami
ng,
maki
ng,
andt
hinki
ngmaybef
oll
owed
byapr
edi
cat
enomi
nat
ive.
 
Act
iveVoi
ce…….
Passi
veVoi
ce 
(
PREDI
CATEOBJECTI
VE)…….
(PREDI
CATENOMI
NATI
VE)
 

Weel
ect
edJohnpr
esi
dent
.…….
Johnwasel
ect
edpr
esi
dent
. 
TheRomanpeopl
ecal
l
edt
hechi
eff
ri
end.…….
Thechi
efwascal
l
edf
ri
endbyt
heRomanpeopl
e. 
Theher
aldpr
ocl
aimedhi
m emper
or.…….
Hewaspr
ocl
aimedemper
orbyt
heher
ald.
 

Not
e: 
Int
heact
ivev
oice,
thesev
erbsmayt
aket
woobj
ect
sref
err
ingt
othesameper
sonor
t
hing,
—adi
rectobj
ectandapr
edi
cat
eobj
ect
ive.I
nthepassi
ve,
thedi
rectobj
ectbecomest
he
subj
ectandt
hepr
edi
cat
eobj
ect
ivebecomesapr
edi
cat
enomi
nat
ive,
agr
eei
ngwi
tht
hesubj
ect
. 
 I
ntr
ansi
ti
vev
s.Tr
ansi
ti
veVer
bs 

I
NTRANSI
TIVEVERB

Anint
ransi
ti
veverb 
expr
essesthatsomeoneorsomethi
ngtakesact
iont
odosomethi
ng—by
i
tsel
f.
 Theverbdoes 
not 
acceptanobject(
noun)asi
tscomplement
.Apassi
vest
ruct
ur cannot
e 
befor
med.
I
NTRANSI
TIVEVERB OPTI
ONALCOMPLEMENT

NOUNPHRASE+VERB(
ACTI
VEVOI
CE) (
+PREPOSI
TIONALPHRASE)

Theaudi
ence 
l
aughed  

Theki
ds 
smi
l
ed.
   

Ev
ery
one 
clapped whent
hespeakerf
ini
shed.

Theev
ent
 occur
red 
(t
ookpl
ace) i
nthe 
mor
ning.
CANPASSI
VEBEFORMED?
 NO  

VEVERB(
NOUNPHRASE+PASSI PASSI
VEVOI
CE)  

*
Thej wer
okes  elaughed. Wi
thoutanobj
ect
,thepassi
vecannotbef
ormed.

*
Theki wer
ds  esmi
l
ed. (Thesepassi
vev oi
cesareincor
rectandar
enot
usedinthi
sway .Thesestr
uctur
esgivesome
unusualmeaning.)

*
Thespeaker
 wascl
apped.  

*
Thet
al wasoccur
k  red.  

TRANSI
TIVEVERB

At r
ansiti
vev
erb expr
essest
hatsomeoneorsomethi
ngtakesacti
ontodosomethi
ng.Theverb
requi
resanobjectnounasit
scomplement.Theobj
ecti
stheperson/
thi
ngaff
ect
edbyt heact
ion. 
         
TRANSI
TIVEVERB OBJECTCOMPLEMENT

NOUNPHRASE+VERB(
ACTI
VEVOI
CE) NOUNPHRASE(
+PREPOSTI
ONALPHRASE)

Theaudi
ence 
enj
oyed t
hej
okes.

Theki
ds 
l
iked t
hespeaker
.

Ev
ery
one 
appl
auded t
hespeaker
 whenhef
ini
shed.

Thel
i
brar
ian 
schedul
ed t
heev
ent
 i
nthemor
ning.
CANPASSI
VEBEFORMED?
 YES  
 VEVERB(
NOUNPHRASE+PASSI PASSI
VEVOI
CE) OPTI
ONALBY–PHRASE

Thej
okes 
wer
eenj
oyed.  

Thespeaker
 wasl
i
ked¹ by
 theki
ds.

Thespeaker
 wasappl
auded by
 theki
ds.

Thet
alk 
wasschedul
ed i
nthemor
ning(
by 
thel
i
brar
ian.
)

I
NTRANSI
TIVEVERBS

I
ntr
ansi
ti
vev
erbsar
eor
dinar
il
yusedi
ntheact
ivev
oiceonl
y.
 
1.Theby
stander
slaughed.
 
2.Thewat
chdogsbar
k. 
3.Snowi
sfal
l
ing.
 

Ani
ntr
ansi
ti
vev
erbf
oll
owedbyapr
eposi
ti
oni
sof
tenusedi
nthepassi
ve,
theobj
ectoft
he
pr
eposi
ti
onbecomi
ngt
hesubj
ectoft
hev
erb.
 
Act
iveVoi
ce…….
Passi
veVoi
ce 
1.Ev
ery
bodyl
aughedathi
m.…….
Hewasl
aughedatbyev
ery
body
. 
2.Theat
tor
neygener
alhasnoty
etpassedupont
hisbi
l
l.…….
Thi
sbi
l
lhasnoty
etbeenpassed
upon.
 
3.Hehast
amper
edwi
tht
hisl
ock.…….
Thi
slockhasbeent
amper
edwi
th.
 
4.Thecar
tranov
erme.…….
Iwasr
unov
erbyt
hecar
t.
 

Ot
herexampl
esar
e: 

1.t
alkabout(
=di
scuss)
  6.obj
ectt
o
2.l
ookori
nqui
rei
nto(
=inv
est
igat
e)  7.i
nsi
stupon
3.l
ookupon(
=regar
d)  8.actupon 
4.j
eerat(
=der
ide)
 
5.r
easonwi
th

Not
e: 
Int
his,
thepr
eposi
ti
oni
str
eat
edl
i
keanendi
ngat
tachedt
othev
erbt
omakei
ttr
ansi
ti
ve.
I
not
herwor
ds,
laughat
,passupon,
etc.
,ar
etr
eat
edascompoundv
erbsandt
heobj
ectoft
he
pr
eposi
ti
oni
s,i
nef
fect
,theobj
ectoft
hecompound.I
nthepassi
ve,
thi
sobj
ectbecomest
he
subj
ectandt
hepr
eposi
ti
on(
nowl
acki
nganobj
ect
)remai
nsat
tachedt
othev
erb.Thepassi
ve
const
ruct
ioni
swel
lest
abl
i
shed,
butnotal
way
sgr
acef
ul.
 

I
NTERROGATI
VE

Quest
ionsbegi
nni
ngwi
thdo/
does
St
ruct
ureofi
nter
rogat
ivesent
encei
nact
ivev
oicest
art
ingwi
thdo/
does:
Do/
does+subj
ect+v
erb+obj
ect?(
Act
iveVoi
ce)
Ex:Doesshecookthefood?(Act
iveVoi
ce)
(Here‘
she’i
ssubj
ect,‘
cook’i
sverband‘
thefood’
isobj
ect
.)
Whi
l
echangi
ngt
hesent
encei
ntopassi
ve,
thi
sst
ruct
urebecomes
Am/
is/
are+subj
ect+V-
3+by+agent?(
Passi
veVoi
ce)
Ex:I
sthefoodcookedbyher?(Passi
veVoice)
(Her
e‘Thefood’becomessubj
ectinpassi
vevoice,
‘cooked’
isV-
3(pastpar
ti
cipl
e)ofcook,
and
‘
her’i
sagent(doer)
)
Seesomemor
eexampl
est
ocl
ari
fyt
his
 DoesShubham wr
it
ehomewor
k?(
Act
iveVoi
ce)
I
shomeworkwri
tt
enbyShubham?(PassiveVoi
ce)
 DoesSi
mranl
ear
nEngli
sh?(Act
iveVoi
ce)
I
sEngli
shl
ear
ntbySi
mran?(Passi
veVoice)

Quest
ionsbegi
nni
ngwi
tham/
is/
are
St
ruct
ureofi
nter
rogat
ivesent
encei
nact
ivev
oicest
art
ingwi
tham/
is/
are:
Am/
is/
are+subj
ect+v
erb+i
ng+obj
ect?(
Act
iveVoi
ce)
Ex:I
sshecookingthefood?(
Acti
veVoi
ce)
(Her
e‘she’
issubject
,‘
cooki
ng’i
sver
band‘t
hef
ood’
isobj
ect
.)
Whi
l
echangi
ngt
hesent
encei
ntopassi
ve,
thi
sst
ruct
urebecomes
Am/
is/
are+subj
ect+bei
ng+V-
3+by+agent?(
Passi
veVoi
ce)
Ex:I
sthefoodbeingcookedbyher
?(Passi
veVoice)
(Her
e‘Thefood’becomessubj
ecti
npassiv
evoice,‘
cooked’
isV-
3(pastpar
ti
cipl
e)ofcook,
and
‘
her’i
sagent(doer)
)
Note:
 
Youmi
ghthavenot
icedt
hatwhenev
ert
her
eisv
erb+i
ngi
nact
ivev
oice,
wear
eusi
ng
bei
ng+V-3i
npassi
vevoi
ce.
Seesomemor
eexampl
est
ocl
ari
fyt
his
 I
sShubham wr
it
inghomewor
k?(
Act
iveVoi
ce)
I
shomewor kbeingwri
tt
enbyShubham?(PassiveVoi
ce)
 I
sSachinpl
ay i
ngcri
cket
?(Act
iveVoi
ce)
I
scri
cketbeingplay
edbySachi
n?(Passi
veVoice)
 
Quest
ionsbegi
nni
ngwi
thdi
d
Nor
mal
str
uct
ureofi
nter
rogat
ivesent
encei
nact
ivev
oicest
art
ingwi
thdi
dis
Di
d+subj
ect+v
erb+obj
ect?(
Act
iveVoi
ce)
Ex:Didshecookthefood?(Act
iveVoi
ce)
(Here‘she’
issubj
ect
,‘cook’
isv
erband‘t
hef
ood’
isobj
ect
.)
Whi
l
echangi
ngt
hesent
encei
ntopassi
ve,
thi
sst
ruct
urebecomes
Was/
wer
e+subj
ect+V-
3+by+agent?(
Passi
veVoi
ce)
Ex:Wasthefoodcookedbyher?(Passi
veVoi
ce)
(Her
e‘Thefood’becomessubj
ectinpassi
vev
oice,
‘cooked’
isV-
3(pastpar
ti
cipl
e)ofcook,
and
‘
her’i
sagent(doer)
)
Seesomemor
eexampl
est
ocl
ari
fyt
his
 Di
dSi
mranl
ear
nEngl
i
sh?(
Act
iveVoi
ce)
WasEngli
shlearntbySi
mran?(PassiveVoi
ce)
 Di
dSachinplaycri
cket
?(Act
iveVoice)
Wascri
cketplay
edbySachin?(Passiv
eVoice)
 

Quest
ionsbegi
nni
ngwi
thwas/
wer
e
Nor
mal
str
uct
ureofi
nter
rogat
ivesent
encei
nact
ivev
oicest
art
ingwi
thwas/
wer
eis
Was/
wer
e+subj
ect+v
erb+i
ng+obj
ect?(
Act
iveVoi
ce)
Ex:Wasshecooki
ngthefood?(Acti
veVoice)
(Her
e‘she’
issubj
ect
,‘
cooking’
isverband‘thef
ood’
isobj
ect
.)
Whi
l
echangi
ngt
hesent
encei
ntopassi
ve,
thi
sst
ruct
urebecomes
Was/
wer
e+subj
ect+bei
ng+V-
3+by+agent?(
Passi
veVoi
ce)
Ex:Wasthefoodbeingcookedbyher?(Passi
veVoice)
(Her
e‘Thefood’becomessubjecti
npassiv
evoice,
‘cooked’
isV-
3(pastpar
ti
cipl
e)ofcook,
and
‘
her’i
sagent(doer)
)
Seesomemor
eexampl
est
ocl
ari
fyt
his
 WasShubham wr
it
inghomewor
k?(
Act
iveVoi
ce)
Washomeworkbeingwri
ttenbyShubham?( PassiveVoi
ce)
 WasSi
mranlear
ningEngl
ish?(Act
iveVoice)
WasEngl
i
shbeinglear
ntbySimran?(Passiv
eVoi ce)

Quest
ionsbegi
nni
ngwi
thhav
e/has/
had
St
ruct
ureofi
nter
rogat
ivesent
encei
nact
ivev
oicest
art
ingwi
thhav
e/has/
had:
Hav
e/has/
had+subj
ect+V-
3+obj
ect?(
Act
iveVoi
ce)
Ex:Hasshecookedt
hefood?(Act
iveVoice)
(Here‘
she’
issubj
ect
,‘
cooked’
isV-3(pastpart
ici
ple)ofcookand‘
thef
ood’
isobj
ect
.)
Whi
l
echangi
ngt
hesent
encei
ntopassi
ve,
thi
sst
ruct
urebecomes
Hav
e/has/
had+subj
ect+been+V-
3+by+agent?(
Passi
veVoi
ce)
Ex:Hast hefoodbeencookedbyher
?(Passi
veVoi
ce)
(Here‘Thefood’becomessubj
ecti
npassi
vevoi
ce,‘
cooked’
isV-
3(pastpar
ti
cipl
e)ofcook,
and
‘
her’isagent(doer)
)
Seesomemor
eexampl
est
ocl
ari
fyt
his
 HasShubham wr
it
tenhomewor
k?(
Act
iveVoi
ce)
Hashomeworkbeenwrit
tenbyShubham?(PassiveVoi
ce)
 HasSi
mranlear
ntEngl
ish?(Act
iveVoi
ce)
HasEngl
i
shbeenlear
ntbySi mr
an?(Passi
veVoice)
 

Quest
ionsbegi
nni
ngwi
thmodal
s
St
ruct
ureofi
nter
rogat
ivesent
encei
nact
ivev
oicest
art
ingwi
thmodal
s:
Modal
+subj
ect+v
erb+obj
ect?(
Act
iveVoi
ce)
Ex:Canshecookthefood?(Act
iveVoice)
(Here‘
she’
issubj
ect,
‘cook’
isV-3verband‘t
hef
ood’
isobj
ect
.)
Whi
l
echangi
ngt
hesent
encei
ntopassi
ve,
thi
sst
ruct
urebecomes
Modal
+subj
ect+be+V-
3+by+agent?(
Passi
veVoi
ce)
Ex:Cant hefoodbecookedbyher?(Passi
veVoi
ce)
(Here‘Thefood’becomessubj
ectinpassi
vevoi
ce,
‘cooked’
isV-
3(pastpar
ti
cipl
e)ofcook,
and
‘
her’isagent(doer)
)
Seesomemor
eexampl
est
ocl
ari
fyt
his
 Shoul
dShubham wr
it
ehomewor
k?(
Act
iveVoi
ce)
Shoul
dhomeworkbewri
ttenbyShubham?( Passi
veVoi
ce)
 WouldSi
mranl
earnEngl
ish?(
Activ
eVoi ce)
WouldEngl
i
shbelear
ntbySimran?(Passiv
eVoice)
 
‘
Wh’
quest
ions
Quest
ionsst
art
ingwi
thwhat
,why
,wher
e,when,
who,
whom et
car
eknownas‘
wh’
quest
ions.
St
ruct
ureof‘
wh’
quest
ionsi
nact
ivev
oice:
‘
Wh’
wor
d+auxi
l
iar
y+subj
ect+v
erb+obj
ect?(
Act
iveVoi
ce)
Ex:Whydidshepuni
shy ou?(Act
iveVoi
ce)
(Her
e‘she’i
ssubj
ect
,‘punish’
isver
band‘y
ou’
isobj
ect
.)
Whi
l
echangi
ngt
hesent
encei
ntopassi
ve,
thi
sst
ruct
urebecomes
‘
Wh’
wor
d+auxi
l
iar
y+subj
ect+V-
3+by+agent?(
Passi
veVoi
ce)
Whywer eyoupuni
shedbyher?(
Passi
veVoice)
(
Here‘you’
becomessubjecti
npassi
vevoi
ce,‘puni
shed’
isV-
3(pastpar
ti
cipl
e)ofpuni
sh,
and
‘
her
’isagent(doer
))
Seesomemor
eexampl
est
ocl
ari
fyt
his
 Whyhavey
ouboughtt
hist
icket
?(Act
iveVoi
ce)
Whyhasthist
icketbeenboughtbyyou?(Passi
veVoice)
 Whenwil
lyoureturnthebook?(Act
iveVoi
ce)
Whenwil
lthebookber et
urnedbyyou?(Passiv
eVoice)

Quest
ionsbegi
nni
ngwi
th‘
who’
I
nsuchki
ndofsent
enceswhoact
sassubj
ect
.
Seesomeexampl
est
ocl
eart
his
 Whowr
otet
hisl
ett
er?(
Act
iveVoi
ce)
Bywhom wast hislett
erwr itten?(PassiveVoice)
 Whowi l
lcal
lhim?( Acti
veVoi ce)
Bywhom wi l
lhebecal l
ed?( Passi veVoice)
 Whopa i
ntedthisbeautifulpai nti
ng?(Acti
veVoi ce)
Bywhom wast hisbeaut i
fulpai nti
ngpainted?(Passiv
eVoice)
 Whoi nvit
edy ou?(Activ
eVoi ce)
Bywhom ar ey ouinvi
ted?( Passi veVoice)
 Whoc anbreakSachin’sr ecor d?(Act
iveVoice)
Bywhom canSachi n’srecordbebr oken?(PassiveVoice)
 
Quest
ionsbeginningwi t
h‘whom’
 Whom hast
hepr
inci
pal
honour
ed?(
Act
iveVoi
ce)
Whohasbeenhonour
edbyt
hepr
inci
pal
?(Passi
veVoi
ce)
 Whom hast
hepol
i
cear
rest
ed?(
Act
iveVoi
ce)
Whohasbeenarr
estedbypoli
ce?(Passi
veVoi ce)
 Whom havet
heselect
orssel
ected?(
Activ
eVoi ce)
Whohasbeensel
ectedbytheselect
ors?(PassiveVoi
ce)

I
MPERATI
VE

I
mper at
ivesent
encesar
esent
enceswhi
chexpr
essadv
ice,
requestorcommand.
Forexample
 Cl
osethedoor
.
 Pl
easegiv
emet hebot
tl
e.
 Pi
ckupthephone.
Thesesent
encesexpr
essadv
ice,
requestorcommand.

I
mper
ati
vesent
encescont
aini
ngr
equest
Passi
vevoiceofsentencescontaini
ngrequeststar
twit
h‘Youarer
equest
edt
o’.
Gener
all
y,sentencescontaini
ngrequesthavetheword‘
please’
ini
t.
Normalstr
uctureofsentenceinpassivevoi
ceisasunder
Youarerequestedto+v erb+...
Exampl
es:
 Pl
easecl
oset
hedoor
.(Act
iveVoi
ce)
Youarer
equest
edt
ocl
osethedoor
.(Passi
veVoice)
 Pl
easebri
ngmesomeappl
es.(
Acti
veVoice)
Youarer
equest
edt
obr
ingmesomewat er.(
PassiveVoi
ce)

I
mperati
vesent
encescont
aini
ngadv i
ce
Passi
vevoi
ceofsent
encescontai
ningadv
icest
artwi
th‘
Youar
eadv
isedt
o’
Nor
mal
str
uct
ureofsent
encei
npassi
vev
oicei
sasunder
Youar
eadv
isedt
o+v
erb+…
Exampl
es:
 Doy
ogadai
l
y.(
Act
iveVoi
ce)
Youar
eadv i
sedtodoy ogadail
y.(
Passi
veVoice)
 Donotdr
ink.(Act
iveVoice)
Youar
eadv i
sednottodr i
nk.(
Passi
veVoice)

I
mper
ati
vesent
encescont
aini
ngcommandoror
der
Passi
vevoiceofsent
encescontai
ningcommandoror
dergener
all
yst
artwi
th‘
Let
’
Normalst
ructur
eofsentencei
npassivevoi
cei
sasunder
Let+subj
ect+be+V- 3
Exampl
es:
 Swi
tchof
fthef
an.(
Act
iveVoi
ce)
Lett
hef anbeswi t
chedoff.(
Passi v
eVoi ce)
 Cookt hef ood.(
Activ
eVoice)
Lett
hef oodbecooked.(PassiveVoi ce)
Youcanchanget hesentencescontaini
ngcommandoror
deri
ntopassi
veusi
ng‘
Youar
e
order
edto’also.
Normalstr
uct ur
eofsentenceforthatis
Youareorder
edto+v erb+…
Examples:
 Ca l
l t
heatt
endant.(
Acti
veVoi ce)
Youareorder
edtocallt
heat tendant
.(Passi
veVoice)
 Cookt hefood.(
Activ
eVoi ce)
Youareorder
edtocookt hefood.(Passi
veVoice)
 

Imperat
ivesent
encescontai
ningsuggesti
on
Therearesomesentenceswhichcontainsuggest
ion.
Let’
sseehowt oconver
tthesesentencesint
opassivebysomeexampl
es.
Examples:
 Respectpar
ent
s.(
Act
iveVoi
ce)
Parent
sshouldberespected.(Passi
veVoice)
 Fol
lowy ourdr
eams.(Acti
veVoi ce)
Yourdreamsshoul
dbef ollowed.(Passi
veVoice)