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RETAINING WALL ANALYSIS

In accordance with AS4678-2002 incorporating Amendment No.2 dated August 2008
Tedds calculation version 2.6.04

Retaining wall details

Stem type; Cantilever
Stem height; hstem = 2600 mm
Stem thickness; tstem = 450 mm
Angle to rear face of stem;  = 90 deg
Stem density; stem = 23.6 kN/m3
Toe length; ltoe = 950 mm
Heel length; lheel = 1250 mm
Base thickness; tbase = 350 mm
Base density; base = 23.6 kN/m3
Height of retained soil; hret = 1800 mm
Angle of soil surface;  = 0 deg
Depth of cover; dcover = 500 mm
Depth of excavation; dexc = 200 mm
Retained soil properties
Soil type; Medium dense well graded sand
Soil conditions; In situ
Moist density; mr = 21 kN/m3
Saturated density; sr = 23 kN/m3
Effective internal friction angle; 'r = 30 deg
External wall friction angle; r = 0 deg

Base soil properties

Soil type; Medium dense well graded sand
Soil conditions; In situ
Moist density; mb = 18 kN/m3
Effective cohesion; c'b = 0 kN/m2
Effective internal friction angle; 'b = 30 deg
External wall friction angle; b = 15 deg
External base friction angle; bb = 30 deg
Ultimate design bearing capacity; Pbearing = 200 kN/m2
Loading details
Live surcharge load; SurchargeQ = 10 kN/m2
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950 450 1250

15 kN/m2
300

5.8 kN/m2
1800
2600

2650
200
500
350

32.8 kN/m2

58.8 kN/m2 67.1 kN/m2

2650

Calculate retaining wall geometry

Base length;
Moist soil height;
Length of surcharge load;
- Distance to vertical component;
Effective height of wall;
- Distance to horizontal component;
Area of wall stem;
- Distance to vertical component;
Area of wall base;
- Distance to vertical component;
Area of moist soil;
- Distance to vertical component;
- Distance to horizontal component;
Area of base soil;
- Distance to vertical component;
- Distance to horizontal component;
Area of excavated base soil;
- Distance to vertical component;
- Distance to horizontal component;
Material strength uncertainty factors for Soil - Table 5.1(A)
Uncertainty factor for friction of the retained soil;
lbase = ltoe + tstem + lheel = 2650 mm
hmoist = hsoil = 2300 mm
lsur = lheel = 1250 mm
xsur_v = lbase - lheel / 2 = 2025 mm
heff = hbase + dcover + hret = 2650 mm
xsur_h = heff / 2 = 1325 mm
Astem = hstem  tstem = 1.17 m2
xstem = ltoe + tstem / 2 = 1175 mm
Abase = lbase  tbase = 0.927 m2
xbase = lbase / 2 = 1325 mm
Amoist = hmoist  lheel = 2.875 m2
xmoist_v = lbase - (hmoist  lheel2 / 2) / Amoist = 2025 mm
xmoist_h = heff / 3 = 883 mm
Apass = dcover  ltoe = 0.475 m2
xpass_v = lbase - (dcover  ltoe (lbase - ltoe / 2)) / Apass = 475 mm
xpass_h = (dcover + hbase) / 3 = 283 mm
Aexc = hpass  ltoe = 0.285 m2
xexc_v = lbase - (hpass  ltoe (lbase - ltoe / 2)) / Aexc = 475 mm
xexc_h = (hpass + hbase) / 3 = 217 mm
ur = 0.85
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Uncertainty factor for friction of the base soil; ub = 0.85

Uncertainty factor for cohesion of the base soil; uc = 0.7

Retained soil properties

Design effective internal friction angle; r = atan(ur  tan('r)) = 26.1 deg
Design external wall friction angle; r = atan(ur  tan(r)) = 0 deg

Base soil properties

Design effective internal friction angle; b = atan(ub  tan('b)) = 26.1 deg
Design cohesion; cb = uc  c'b = 0 kN/m2
Design external wall friction angle; b = atan(ub  tan(b)) = 12.8 deg
Design external base friction angle; bb = atan(ub  tan(bb)) = 26.1 deg

Using Coulomb theory

Active pressure coefficient; KA = sin( + r)2 / (sin()2  sin( - r)  [1 + [sin(r + r)  sin(r -
) / (sin( - r)  sin( + ))]]2) = 0.388
Passive pressure coefficient; KP = sin(90 - b)2  cos(b) / (sin(90 + b)  [1 - [sin(b + b) 
sin(b) / (sin(90 + b))]]2) = 3.696

Load combinations for stability limit states - Appendix J3

Load combination 1; 1.25  DeadC + 1.5  LiveC < 0.8  DeadR

Sliding check
Vertical forces on wall
Wall stem; Fstem = 0.8  Astem  stem = 22.1 kN/m
Wall base; Fbase = 0.8  Abase  base = 17.5 kN/m
Moist retained soil; Fmoist_v = 0.8  Amoist  mr = 48.3 kN/m
Base soil; Fexc_v = 0.8  Aexc  mb = 4.1 kN/m
Total; Ftotal_v = Fstem + Fbase + Fmoist_v + Fexc_v = 92 kN/m
Horizontal forces on wall
Surcharge load; Fsur_h = KA  1.5  SurchargeQ  heff = 15.4 kN/m
Moist retained soil; Fmoist_h = 1.25  KA  mr  heff2 / 2 = 35.8 kN/m
Total; Ftotal_h = Fmoist_h + Fsur_h = 51.2 kN/m
Check stability against sliding
Base soil resistance; Fexc_h = 0.8  KP  cos(b)  mb  (hpass + hbase)2 / 2 = 10.9 kN/m
Base friction; Ffriction = Ftotal_v  tan(bb) = 45.2 kN/m
Resistance to sliding; Frest = Fexc_h + Ffriction = 56 kN/m
Factor of safety; FoSsl = Frest / Ftotal_h = 1.093
PASS - Resistance to sliding is greater than sliding force
Overturning check
Vertical forces on wall
Wall stem; Fstem = 0.8  Astem  stem = 22.1 kN/m
Wall base; Fbase = 0.8  Abase  base = 17.5 kN/m
Moist retained soil; Fmoist_v = 0.8  Amoist  mr = 48.3 kN/m
Base soil; Fexc_v = 0.8  Aexc  mb = 4.1 kN/m
Total; Ftotal_v = Fstem + Fbase + Fmoist_v + Fexc_v = 92 kN/m
Horizontal forces on wall
Surcharge load; Fsur_h = KA  1.5  SurchargeQ  heff = 15.4 kN/m
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Moist retained soil; Fmoist_h = 1.25  KA  mr  heff2 / 2 = 35.8 kN/m

Base soil; Fexc_h = -0.8  KP  cos(b)  mb  (hpass + hbase)2 / 2 = -10.9 kN/m
Total; Ftotal_h = Fmoist_h + Fexc_h + Fsur_h = 40.4 kN/m
Overturning moments on wall
Surcharge load; Msur_OT = Fsur_h  xsur_h = 20.5 kNm/m
Moist retained soil; Mmoist_OT = Fmoist_h  xmoist_h = 31.6 kNm/m
Base soil; Mexc_OT = -Fexc_h  xexc_h = 2.4 kNm/m
Total; Mtotal_OT = Mmoist_OT + Mexc_OT + Msur_OT = 54.4 kNm/m
Restoring moments on wall
Wall stem; Mstem_R = Fstem  xstem = 26 kNm/m
Wall base; Mbase_R = Fbase  xbase = 23.2 kNm/m
Moist retained soil; Mmoist_R = Fmoist_v  xmoist_v = 97.8 kNm/m
Base soil; Mexc_R = Fexc_v  xexc_v = 1.9 kNm/m
Total; Mtotal_R = Mstem_R + Mbase_R + Mmoist_R + Mexc_R = 148.9 kNm/m
Check stability against overturning
Factor of safety; FoSot = Mtotal_R / Mtotal_OT = 2.736
PASS - Maximum restoring moment is greater than overturning moment
Bearing pressure check
Vertical forces on wall
Wall stem; Fstem = 1.25  Astem  stem = 34.5 kN/m
Wall base; Fbase = 1.25  Abase  base = 27.4 kN/m
Surcharge load; Fsur_v = 1.5  SurchargeQ  lheel = 18.8 kN/m
Moist retained soil; Fmoist_v = 1.25  Amoist  mr = 75.5 kN/m
Base soil; Fpass_v = 1.25  Apass  mb = 10.7 kN/m
Total; Ftotal_v = Fstem + Fbase + Fmoist_v + Fpass_v + Fsur_v = 166.8 kN/m
Horizontal forces on wall
Surcharge load; Fsur_h = KA  1.5  SurchargeQ  heff = 15.4 kN/m
Moist retained soil; Fmoist_h = 1.25  KA  mr  heff2 / 2 = 35.8 kN/m
Base soil; Fpass_h = -0.8  KP  cos(b)  mb  (dcover + hbase)2 / 2 = -18.6 kN/m
Total; Ftotal_h = max(Fmoist_h + Fpass_h + Fsur_h - Ftotal_v  tan(bb), 0 kN/m) = 0
kN/m
Moments on wall
Wall stem; Mstem = Fstem  xstem = 40.6 kNm/m
Wall base; Mbase = Fbase  xbase = 36.3 kNm/m
Surcharge load; Msur = Fsur_v  xsur_v - Fsur_h  xsur_h = 17.5 kNm/m
Moist retained soil; Mmoist = Fmoist_v  xmoist_v - Fmoist_h  xmoist_h = 121.2 kNm/m
Base soil; Mpass = Fpass_v  xpass_v - Fpass_h  xpass_h = 10.3 kNm/m
Total; Mtotal = Mstem + Mbase + Mmoist + Mpass + Msur = 225.9 kNm/m
Check bearing pressure
Distance to reaction; x = Mtotal / Ftotal_v = 1354 mm
Eccentricity of reaction; e = x - lbase / 2 = 29 mm
Loaded length of base; lload = lbase = 2650 mm
Bearing pressure at toe; qtoe = Ftotal_v / lbase  (1 - 6  e / lbase) = 58.8 kN/m2
Bearing pressure at heel; qheel = Ftotal_v / lbase  (1 + 6  e / lbase) = 67.1 kN/m2
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PASS - Allowable bearing pressure exceeds maximum applied bearing pressure

RETAINING WALL DESIGN

In accordance with AS3600-2009 incorporating Amendment No.1 dated November 2010 and AS3700-2011
incorporating Amendment No.1 dated September 2012
Tedds calculation version 2.6.04

Properties of concrete - Section 3.1

Characteristic compressive strength of concrete; f'c = 32 MPa
Characteristic flexural tensile strength of concrete - cl.3.1.1.3
f'ct.f = 0.6 MPa  [f'c / 1 MPa] = 3.394 MPa
Concrete shear strength - cl.8.2.7.1; fcv = min(f'c1/3  (1 MPa)2/3, 4 MPa) = 3.175 MPa
Calculate compressive stress factor - exp.8.1.3(1); 2 = max(0.67, min(1.0 - 0.003  f'c / 1 MPa, 0.85)) = 0.85
Calculate stress block factor - exp.8.1.3(2);  = max(0.67, min(1.05 - 0.007  f'c / 1 MPa, 0.85)) = 0.826

Reinforcement details
Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement; fsy = 500 MPa
Class of reinforcement; N
Exposure classification; A2
Shear strength of reinforcement - cl.8.8; fvs = 17.5 MPa
Cover to reinforcement
Top face of base; cbt = 50 mm
Bottom face of base; cbb = 75 mm
Masonry details
Hollow concrete units fully bedded with M3 class mortar, grouted at 400 mm centers
Characteristic unconfined compressive strength; f'uc = 5 MPa
Characteristic lateral modulus of rupture; f'ut = 0.8 MPa
Thickness of unit; tb = 450 mm
Length of unit; lb = 400 mm
Height of unit; hb = 190 mm
Joint thickness; tj = 10 mm
Face shell thickness; twf = 32 mm
End shell thickness; twe = 32 mm
Internal web thickness; twi = 32 mm
Depth of cavity; tc = tb - 2  twf = 386 mm
Length of cavity; lc = (lb - twi - 2  twe) / 2 = 152 mm
Characteristic compressive strength of grout; f'c,grout = 20 MPa
400 10

32
3 50
45 0

38 6

32

1 52 1 52
32

32

32
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Masonry design properties

Compressive strength - cl.3.3.2; f'm = 1.3  1.4  (f'uc  1 MPa) = 4.07 MPa
Tensile strength - cl.3.3.3; f'mt = 0 MPa
Shear strength - cl.8.8; f'vm = 0.35 MPa
Elastic moduli for short term loading - Table 3.4; Em = 1000  f'c = 32000 MPa
Elastic moduli for long term loading - Table 3.4; EL = 350  f'c = 11200 MPa

Load combinations for strength limit states - Appendix J2

Load combination no.1; 1.25  Dead + 1.5  Live
Load combination no.2; 0.8  Dead + 1.5  Live

Check stem design at base of stem

Depth of section; t = 450 mm
Masonry section properties
Total area; A = t - lc  tc / (lb + tj) = 306898 mm2/m
Bedded area - cl.4.5.4; Ab = 2  twf = 64000 mm2/m
Combined cross-sectional area - cl.4.5.5; Ac = Ab + tc  lc / (lb + tj) = 207102 mm2/m
Design cross-sectional area - cl.4.5.6; Ad = Ac = 207102 mm2/m
Grout area - cl.4.5.7; Ag = Ad - Ab = 143102 mm2/m
Design section modulus - cl.4.5.8; Zd = t2 / 6 + tc2  (lc / (lb + tj) - 1) / 6 = 18123590 mm3/m
Compressive strength of grout - cl.3.5; f'cg = min(f'c,grout, 1.3  f'uc) = 6.5 MPa

Structural design of reinforced masonry - Section 8

Factored bending moment combination 1; Md = 36.1 kNm/m
Design compressive force; Fd = 1.25  stem  hstem  A = 23.5 kN/m
Compressive stress on bed joints - cl.7.4.3.3; fd = min(Fd / Ad, 0.36 MPa) = 0.114 MPa
Reinforcement provided; 16 dia.bars @ 400 c/c
Area of reinforcement provided; Asr.prov =   sr2 / (4  ssr) = 503 mm2/m
Depth of reinforcement; d = 350 mm
Design area of reinforcement; Asd = min(0.29  1.3  f'm  d / fsy, Asr.prov) = 503 mm2/m
Design area of tension reinforcement; Ast = min(Asr.prov, 0.02  (lb + tj - lc) / (lb + tj)  d) = 503 mm2/m
Capacity reduction factor - Table 4.1;  = 0.75
Basic compresive capacity - exp.8.5; Fo =   [f'm  Ab + 1.2  (f'cg / 1.3 mm2/N)  Ag + fsy  Asr.prov] = 671.8
kN/m
Vertical slenderness coefficient; av = 2.5
Clear height of wall; H = hstem = 2600 mm
Thickness coefficient; kt = 1
Slenderness ratio - cl.7.3.4.3(4); Sr = av  H / (kt  t) = 14.444
Slenderness reduction factor; ks = min(1.18 - 0.03  Sr, 1.0) = 0.747
Compressive strength capacity - cl.8.5; ks  Fo = 501.6 kN/m
Fd / (ks  Fo) = 0.047
PASS - Compressive strength capacity exceeds design compressive force
Bending moment capacity - exp.8.6; Mc =   fsy  Asd  d  [1 - 0.6  fsy  Asd  (lb + tj) / (1.3  f'm  (lb + tj -
lc)  d)] = 57.4 kNm/m
Md / Mc = 0.628
PASS - Bending moment capacity exceeds design bending moment
Design shear force; Vd = 40.4 kN/m
Capacity reduction factor - Table 4.1;  = 0.75
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Shear capacity - exp.8.8;
Check base design at toe
Depth of section;
Strength of section in bending - Section 8.1
Factored bending moment combination 1;
Depth to tension reinforcement;
Tension reinforcement provided;
Area of tension reinforcement provided;
Maximum reinforcement spacing - cl.9.1.1(b);
Neutral axis parameter;
Ultimate strength in bending;
Uncracked section modulus;
Minimum strength in bending - exp.8.1.6.1(1);
PASS - Ultimate strength in bending exceeds the minimum strength requirements
Capacity reduction factor - Table 2.2.2;
Design strength in bending - cl.8.1.5;
Strength of section in shear - Section 8.2
Design shear force;
Beta factors - cl.8.2.7.1;
Ultimate shear strength - exp.8.2.7.1;
Capacity reduction factor - Table 2.2.2;
Design strength in shear;
Strength of section in bending - Section 8.1
Factored bending moment combination 1;
Depth to tension reinforcement;
Tension reinforcement provided;
Area of tension reinforcement provided;
Maximum reinforcement spacing - cl.9.1.1(b);
Neutral axis parameter;
Ultimate strength in bending;
Uncracked section modulus;
Minimum strength in bending - exp.8.1.6.1(1);
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Vc =   min(f'vm  (lb + tj - lc) / (lb + tj)  d + fvs  Ast, 4  f'vm  (lb + tj - lc)
/ (lb + tj)  d) = 64.4 kN/m
Vd / Vc = 0.627
PASS - Shear strength capacity exceeds design shear force
h = 350 mm
M = 17.2 kNm/m
d = h - cbb - bb / 2 = 267 mm
16 dia.bars @ 200 c/c
Abb.prov =   bb2 / (4  sbb) = 1005 mm2/m
smax = min(2  h, 300 mm) = 300 mm
PASS - Spacing of reinforcement is less than maximum
ku0 = Abb.prov  fsy / (2  f'c  d  ) = 0.084
ku0 < 0.36 - No compression reinforcement is required
Mu0 = Abb.prov  fsy  d  (1 -   ku0 / 2) = 129.6 kNm/m
Z = h2 / 6 = 20416667 mm3/m
Mu0_min = 1.2  Z  f'ct.f = 83.2 kNm/m
 = max(0.6, min(1.19 - 13  ku0 / 12, 0.8)) = 0.8
Mu0 =   Mu0 = 103.7 kNm/m
M / Mu0 = 0.166
PASS - Design strength in bending exceeds design bending moment
V = 36.8 kN/m
1 = max(1.1  (1.6 - d / 1000 mm), 0.8) = 1.466
2 = 1
3 = 1
Vuc = 1  2  3  d  fcv  (Abb.prov / d)1/3 = 193.4 kN/m
 = 0.7
Vuc =   Vuc = 135.4 kN/m
V / Vuc = 0.272
PASS - Design shear strength exceeds design shear force
M = 15.5 kNm/m
d = h - cbt - bt / 2 = 292 mm
16 dia.bars @ 200 c/c
Abt.prov =   bt2 / (4  sbt) = 1005 mm2/m
smax = min(2  h, 300 mm) = 300 mm
PASS - Spacing of reinforcement is less than maximum
ku0 = Abt.prov  fsy / (2  f'c  d  ) = 0.077
ku0 < 0.36 - No compression reinforcement is required
Mu0 = Abt.prov  fsy  d  (1 -   ku0 / 2) = 142.1 kNm/m
Z = h2 / 6 = 20416667 mm3/m
Mu0_min = 1.2  Z  f'ct.f = 83.2 kNm/m
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PASS - Ultimate strength in bending exceeds the minimum strength requirements

Capacity reduction factor - Table 2.2.2;  = max(0.6, min(1.19 - 13  ku0 / 12, 0.8)) = 0.8
Design strength in bending - cl.8.1.5; Mu0 =   Mu0 = 113.7 kNm/m
M / Mu0 = 0.137
PASS - Design strength in bending exceeds design bending moment
Strength of section in shear - Section 8.2
Design shear force; V = 25.7 kN/m
Beta factors - cl.8.2.7.1; 1 = max(1.1  (1.6 - d / 1000 mm), 0.8) = 1.439
2 = 1
3 = 1
Ultimate shear strength - exp.8.2.7.1; Vuc = 1  2  3  d  fcv  (Abt.prov / d)1/3 = 201.4 kN/m
Capacity reduction factor - Table 2.2.2;  = 0.7
Design strength in shear; Vuc =   Vuc = 141 kN/m
V / Vuc = 0.182
PASS - Design shear strength exceeds design shear force
Transverse reinforcement parallel to base
Slab restrained in the secondary direction with moderate degree of control over cracking
Minimum area of reinforcement - cl.9.4.3.4; Abx.req = 0.0035  min(tbase / 2, 250 mm) = 613 mm2/m
Transverse reinforcement provided; 16 dia.bars @ 300 c/c
Area of transverse reinforcement provided; Abx.prov =   bx2 / (4  sbx) = 670 mm2/m
PASS - Area of reinforcement provided is greater than area of reinforcement required
350

16 dia.bars @ 250 c/c

horizontal reinforcement
parallel to face of stem

16 dia.bars @ 400 c/c

16 dia.bars @ 200 c/c

50

75
16 dia.bars @ 200 c/c

16 dia.bars @ 300 c/c

transverse reinforcement
in base
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