Unsymmetrical Faults

Dr. Muhammad Quamruzzaman

Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
CUET
 Unsymmetrical Faults

Most of the faults are unsymmetrical faults

 Unsymmetrical short circuits

 Unsymmetrical faults through impedances
 Open conductors
Can occur when
- one conductor open conductors break or when
- two conductors open one or two phases of a
circuit breaker
inadvertently open

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzman

 Unsymmetrical Faults

The path of the fault current may have either zero

impedance, which is called a bolted short circuit or
nonzero impedance

In order of frequency of occurrence:

 Single line-to-ground faults Unsymmetrical

 Line-to-line faults faults

 Double line-to-ground faults

 Symmetrical three-phase faults

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzman

 Unsymmetrical Faults

We shall discuss:

Faults at the terminals of an unloaded generator

Faults on a power system by applying Thevenin’s theorem

Analysis of unsymmetrical faults using bus impedance matrix

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzman

Unsymmetrical Faults: Unloaded Generator

Va1  Ea  I a1Z1
Va 2   I a 2 Z 2
Va 0   I a 0 Z 0

In matrix form,

Va 0  0   Z 0 0 0  I a0 
V    E   0 Z1 0   I a1 ................(4.1)
 a1   a  
Va 2  0  0 0 Z 2   I a 2 

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzman

 Unloaded Generator:
Single line-to-ground fault
Ia
a
Conditions at the fault:
Ia=In Ea +
- Ib = 0 Ic = 0 Va = 0
Zn - Eb
- +
E Ib
+ c b
c
Symmetrical components of current
Ic

I a0  1 1 1   I a 
Fig. 4.1 Circuit diagram for a single line-to-ground  I   1 1 a a 2  0 
fault on phase a at the terminals of an unloaded  a1  3   
generator whose neutral is grounded through a 1 a 2 a  0 
reactance
 I a 2   

Ia
I a 0  I a1  I a 2  ........................(4.2)
3

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzman

 Unloaded Generator:
Single line-to-ground fault
Ia
a
From (4.1) and (4.2)
Ia=In Ea +
-
- Eb
Zn - + Va 0  0   Z 0 0 0   I a1 
c
E
+ c b
Ib
V    E   0 Z1 0   I a1 ............(4.3)
 a1   a  
Ic Va 2  0  0 0 Z 2   I a1 

Fig. 4.1 Circuit diagram for a single line-to-ground

fault on phase a at the terminals of an unloaded After matrix manipulation and
generator whose neutral is grounded through a premultiplying both sides by [1 1 1]
reactance

Va 0  Va1  Va 2   I a1Z 0  Ea  I a1Z1  I a1Z 2 .........(4.4)

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzman

 Unloaded Generator:
Single line-to-ground fault
-
Ea
- Since Va  Va 0  Va1  Va 2  0
+ Va1
Z1 Ia1
+ We solve eq. (4.4) for Ia1 ,

Ea
- I a1  ................(4.5)
Z1  Z 2  Z 0
Z2 Va2
Ia2 = Ia1 Ia1
+ Eqs. (4.2) and (4.5) are the special eqs for a
single line-to-ground fault. They are used
- with eq (4.1) and symmetrical component
3Zn relations to determine all the voltages and
Va0
Z0
Zg0 Ia0 = Ia1
currents at the fault.
+
If the three sequence networks of the
generator are connected in series, the
currents and voltages resulting
Fig. 4.2 Connection of the sequence networks of an therefrom satisfy the equations above.
unloaded generator for a single line-to-ground fault
on phase a at the terminals of the generator whose
neutral is grounded through a reactance.Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzman
 Unloaded Generator:
Single line-to-ground fault
Ia
a
If the neutral of the generator is not
grounded……..
Ia=In Ea +
- zero-sequence network is open-
Zn - Eb
- + Ib circuited and Z0 is infinite.
E
+ c
c b
Ic

Fig. 4.3 Circuit diagram for a single line-to-ground

fault on phase a at the terminals of an unloaded
generator whose neutral is not grounded.
grounded.

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzman

 Unloaded Generator:
Single line-to-ground fault
-
-
Ea If the neutral of the generator is not
+ Va1
grounded, zero-sequence network is
Z1 Ia1=0
+ open-circuited and Z0 is infinite.

- Eq. (4.5)
Ea
Z2 Va2 I a1 
Ia2 = Ia1=0 Ia1=0 Z1  Z 2  Z 0
+
Since Z0 = 
- .
Z0 = 
3Zn
Va0 I a1  0
. Zg0 Ia0 = Ia1=0
+
 I a2  I a0  0
I a  I a1  I a 2  I a 0  0
Fig. 4.4 Connection of the sequence networks of an
unloaded generator for a single line-to-ground fault
on phase a at the terminals of the generator whose
neutral is not grounded. Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzman
 Unloaded Generator:
Single line-to-ground fault
Ia = 0
a Ia  0

Ea + No current flows in line a.

-
- Eb
- + Physically it can be understood that no
E Ib
+ c
c b path exists for the flow of current in the
Ic fault unless there is a ground at the
generator neutral.

Example 12.1 Stevenson 4th ed.

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzman

 Unloaded Generator:
Line-to-line fault
Ia Conditions at the fault:
a
Vb = Vc Ia = 0 Ib = - Ic
In= 0 Ea +
-
Zn - Eb
- + Ib Va 0  1 1 1  Va 
c
+ cE
b V   1 1 a a 2  V 
 a1  3   b 
Ic
Va 2  1 a 2 a  Vb 
 
Fig. 4.5 Circuit diagram for a line-to-line fault
between phases b and c at the terminals of an  Va1  Va 2 ....................(4.6)
unloaded generator whose neutral is grounded
through a reactance.

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzman

 Unloaded Generator:
Line-to-line fault
Ia Since Ib = - Ic and Ia = 0
a

In= 0 Ea +
- I a0  1 1 1   0 
Zn - Eb  I   1 1 a a 2   I 
- + Ib  a1  3   c 
+ cE
b  I a 2  1 a 2 a   I c 
c  
Ic

and therefore
Fig. 4.5 Circuit diagram for a line-to-line fault
between phases b and c at the terminals of an I a 0  0.....................(4.7)
unloaded generator whose neutral is grounded
through a reactance. I a 2   I a1................(4.8)
With a connection from neutral to ground,
Z0 is finite and so
Va 0  0.....................(4.9)

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzman

 Unloaded Generator:
Line-to-line fault
Ia
a
Eqs. (4.1) and (4.6) to (4.9)
In= 0 Ea +
- 0  0   Z 0 0 0  0 
- Eb V    E   0 0   I a1 ..........(4.10)
Zn -
E + Ib  a1   a   Z1 
+ c b
c Va1  0  0 0 Z 2   I a1 
Ic

After matrix manipulation and

Fig. 4.5 Circuit diagram for a line-to-line fault premultiplying both sides by [1 1 -1]
between phases b and c at the terminals of an
unloaded generator whose neutral is grounded
through a reactance. 0  Ea  I a1Z1  I a1Z 2 .........(4.11)

Solving for Ia1 yields

Ea
I a1  ...............(4.12)
Z1  Z 2
Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzman
 Unloaded Generator:
Line-to-line fault

- -
- Eqs. (4.6) to (4.8) and (4.12) are
Ea
+ Va1 Z2 Va2 the special equations for line-to-
Z1 Ia1 Ia2 line fault. They are used with eq.
+ + (4.1) and symmetrical-component
Ia1 = -Ia2
relations to determine all the
voltages and currents at the fault.
Fig. 4.6 Connection of the sequence networks of an unloaded
generator for a line-to-line fault between phases b and c at the
terminals of the generator.

 Since Z0 is absent in the equations, zero-sequence network is not used.

 Positive- and negative-sequence networks must be in parallel since Va1 = Va2.

 Parallel connection of the positive- and negative-sequence networks without

the zero-sequence network makes Ia1 = -Ia2.

Example 12.2 Stevenson 4th ed.

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzman
 Unloaded Generator:
Double line-to-ground fault
Ia Conditions at the fault:
a
Vb = 0 Vc = 0 Ia = 0
In Ea +
-
Zn - Eb
- + Ib Va 0  1 1 1  Va 
V   1 1 a a 2  0 
E
+ c
c b Ib+Ic=In
 a1  3   
Ic
Va 2  1 a 2 a  0 
 

 Va1  Va 2  Va 0 ...................( 4.13)

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzman

 Unloaded Generator:
Double line-to-ground fault
1 
Ia  0 0 
a Z 0 0 0 
1
 Z0 
 
Z 1  0 0   0
1
Z1 0 
In Ea + 0 0 Z 2   Z1 
-  1
Zn - Eb 0 0 
- + Ib  Z2 
E
+ c
c b Ib+Ic=In
Substituting Ea – Ia1Z1 for Va1, Va2 and
Ic Va0 in (4.1) and premultiplying both
sides by Z-1,

1  1 
 0 0   Ea  I a1Z1   0 0  0   I a 0 
 Z0    Z0    
 1    1    
0 0   Ea  I a1Z1   0 0   Ea    I a1 ...................(4.14)
 Z1    Z1    
 1    1    
0 0   Ea  I a1Z1  0 0  0   I a 2 
 Z2   Z2 

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzman

 Unloaded Generator:
Double line-to-ground fault
Ia
a

In Ea +
-
Zn - Eb Premultiplying both sides of eq. (4.14)
-
E
+ c
+ Ib by [1 1 1] and recognizing that
c b Ib+Ic=In Ia1+Ia2+Ia0 = 0,
Ic

Ea Z1 E a Ea Z1 E a
 I a1   I a1   I a1  ......................(4.15)
Z0 Z 0 Z1 Z2 Z 2 Z1
Ea Z 2  Z 0  Ea
I a1   ............(4.16)
Z1Z 2  Z1Z 0  Z 2 Z 0 Z1  Z 2 Z 0 / Z 2  Z 0 

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzman

 Unloaded Generator:
Double line-to-ground fault

- - -
-
Ea 3Zn
+ Va1 Z2 Va2 Z0 Va0
Z1 Ia1 Ia2 Zg0 Ia0
+ + +

Eqs. (4.13) and (4.16) are the special eqs for a double line-to-ground fault.
They are used with eq. (4.1) and symmetrical-component relations to
determine all the voltages and currents at the fault.

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzman

Unsymmetrical Faults on Power Systems

a
Ia

b
Ib

c
Ic

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzman

Unsymmetrical Faults on Power Systems

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzman

 1 T1 T2 3

2 Load B

Load A

- - -
-
Ea 3Zn
+ Va1 Z2 Va2 Z0 Va0
Z1 Ia1 Ia2 Zg0 Ia0
+ + +

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzman