Probability For Iit PDF

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STUDY PACKAGE
Subject : Mathematics
Topic : LIMITS
Available Online : www.MathsBySuhag.com
Index
1. Theory
2. Short Revision
3. Exercise (Ex. 1 + 5 = 6)
4. Assertion & Reason
5. Que. from Compt. Exams
6. 39 Yrs. Que. from IIT-JEE(Advanced)
7. 15 Yrs. Que. from AIEEE (JEE Main)
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Limit
1. Limit of a function f(x) is said to exist as,
x  a when,
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page 2 of 18
Limit f (a  h) = Limit f (a + h) = some finite value M.
h0 h0
(Left hand limit) (Right hand limit)
Note that we are not interested in knowing about what happens at x = a. Also note that if L.H.L. &
R.H.L. are both tending towards '  ' or ‘–’ then it is said to be infinite limit.
Remember, Limit  x  a
x a
Solved Example # 1
Teko Classes, Maths : Suhag R. Kariya (S. R. K. Sir), Bhopal Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 0 98930 58881.
Find xLimit
  / 2 f(x)
Solution.
Here Limit f(x) = 1
x  / 2
Solved Example # 2
Find Limit
x1 f(x)
Solution.
Left handed limit = 1 Right handed limit = 2
Limit
Hence x1 f(x) = does not exist.
Solved Example # 3
(i) Find limit f(x)x 0
(ii) Find limit f(x)x 1
(iii) Find lim it f(x)
x 3
Solution.
(i) limit f(x) = does not exists
x 0
because left handed limit  right handed limit
(ii) limit f(x) = 0 (iii) limit f(x) = 1
x 1 x 3
2. Indeterminant Forms:
0 
, , 0  ,  º, 0º, and 1 .
0 
Solved Example # 4
Which of the following limits are forming indeterminant from also indicate the form
(i) lim 1 (ii) lim 1  x

x 0 x x 0
1 x2
1 1 
(iii) lim x n x (iv) lim   
x 0 x 0  x x2 
Successful People Replace the words like; "wish", "try" & "should" with "I Will". Ineffective People don't.
(v) lim (sin x)x (vi) lim (n x)x
x 0 x 0
1
(vii) lim 1 sin x  x

(viii) lim (1)1/x
x 0 x 0
Solution
0
(i) No (ii) Yes from
page 3 of 18
0
(iii) Yes 0 ×  form (iv) Yes ( – ) form
(v) Yes, (0)º form (vi) Yes ()º form
(vii) Yes (1) form (viii)
NOTE :
(i) ' 0 ' doesn't means exact zero but represent a value approaching towards zero similary to ' 1 ' and
infinity.
(ii) +=
(iii)  x  = 
(iv) (a/  ) = 0 if a is finite
a
(v) is not defined for any a  R.
0
(vi) a b = 0, if & only if a = 0 or b = 0 and a & b are finite.
3. Method of Removing Indeterminancy

To evaluate a limit, we must always put the value where ' x ' is approaching to in the function. If we get
a determinate form, then that value becomes the limit otherwise if an indeterminant form comes. Then
apply one of the following methods:
(i) Factorisation (ii) Rationalisation or double rationalisation
(iii) Substitution (iv) Using standard limits
(v) Expansions of functions.
1. Factorization method :-
We can cancel out the factors which are leading to indeterminancy and find the limit of the remaing
expression.
Solved Example # 5
6
limit x  24 x  16
x 2
x 3  2x  12
Solution.
6 ( x  2)( x 5  2x 4  4x 3  8 x 2  16 x  8)
limit x  24 x  16 = limit
x 2
x 3  2x  12 x 2 ( x 2  2x  6)( x  2)
168
= = 12
14
2. Rationalization /Double Rationalization.
We can rationalize the irrational expression by multiplying with their conjugates to remove the
indeterminancy.
4  5x  1
Solved Example # 6 limit .
x 1 2  3x  1
4  5x  1
Solution. limit
x 1 2  3x  1
( 4  5 x  1)(2  3 x  1)( 4  5 x  1)
= lim it
x 1 (2  3 x  1)(4  5 x  1)(2  3 x  1)
(15  5x ) 2  3x  1 5
= lim it × =
(3  3 x )
x 1 4  5x  1 6
Solved Example # 7
 1 2 ( 2x  3)  1 x  1 x
Evaluate : (i) lim  3 (ii) lim
x 2  
 x  2 x  3 x 2  2x  x 0
x
(iii)

lim (2x  3) x  1 
x 1
2x 2  x  3
Solution (i) We have
1 2 ( 2x  3)   1 2 ( 2x  3) 
lim   3 = xlim 
x 2 
 x  2 
x  3 x 2  2x  2  x  2 x (

x  1)( x  2) 

 x( x  1)  2(2x  3) 
= xlim
2  
 x( x  1)( x  2) 
 x 2  5x  6 
lim
= x 2  x( x  1)( x  2) 
 
 ( x  2)( x  3)   x3  1
= xlim   = lim   =–
2
 x( x  1)( x  2)  x 2
 x( x  1)  2
0
(ii) The given limit taken the form when x  0. Rationalising the numerator, we get
0
page 4 of 18
 1 x  1 x 1 x  1 x 
lim 1  x  1  x = lim   
x 0
x x 0 
 x 1  x  1  x 
 (1  x)  (1  x ) 
= xlim  
0  x
 
1  x  1  x  
 2x   2 
2
= xlim   = xlim
0  x
  1  x  1  x   0
  =
 1 x  1 x  2
=1
(iii) We have
lim 

 ( 2x  3) x  1  
 = lim 
 ( 2x  3) x  1   

2 x 1  ( 2x  3 )( x  1) 
 2x  x  3 
x 1 
 
 ( 2x  3) x  1 
 
= xlim  
1  (2 x  3)
 
x  1 x  1   
 2x  3  1 1
= xlim  
1  ( 2x  3)
 
x  1   =
(5)(2)
=
10
4. Fundamental Theorems on Limits:

Let Limit Limit
x a f (x) =  & x a g (x) = m. If  & m exists then:
Limit { f (x) ± g (x) } = ± m Limit { f(x). g(x) } = . m
(i) x a  (ii) x a 
(iii) Limit f ( x) =  , provided m  0

x a
g ( x) m
(iv) Limit k f(x) = k Limit f(x) ; where k is a constant.
x a x a
 
(v) Limit f [g(x)] = f  Limit g ( x )  = f (m); provided f is continuous at g (x) = m.
x a  x a 
 
Solved Example # 8 Evaluate
2
(i) lim (x + 2) (ii) lim x(x – 1) (iii) lim x  4 (iv) lim cos (sin x)
x 2 x 2 x 2 x 0
x2
2 2
(v) lim x  3 x  2 (vi) lim x  3 x  2
x 1 2 x 1
x 1 x2  1
Solution (i) x + 2 being a polynomial in x, its limit as x  2 is given by xlim
2
(x + 2) = 2 + 2 = 4
(ii) Again x(x – 1) being a polynomial in x, its limit as x  2 is given by
lim x(x – 1) = 2 (2 – 1) = 2
x 2
2 2
(iii) By (II) above, we have lim x  4 = (2)  4 = 2
x 2
x2 22
 
lim cos (sin x) = cos  lim sin x  = cos 0 = 1
(iv) x 0  x 0 
(v) Note that for x = 1 both the numerator and the denominator of the given fraction vanish. Therefore
x 2  3x  2 ( x  1)( x  2) x2 1
by (III) above, we have xlim 1 2
= xlim
1 ( x  1)( x  1)
= xlim
1 x  1
=–
x 1 2
(vi) Note that for x = 1, the numerator of the given expression is a non-zero constant 6 and the
6
denominator is zero. Therefore, the given limit is of the form . Hence, by (IV) above, we
0
2
lim x  3 x  2 does not exist
conclude that
x 1
x2  1
1 1
5. Standard Limits: (a) Limit sin x = 1 = Limit tanx = Limit tan x = Limit sin x
x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0
x x x x
[ Where x is measured in radians ]
x
(b) Limit (1 + x)1/x = e ; Limit 1  1  = e

x 0 x  x

x x
(c) Limit e  1 = 1; Limit a  1 = log a, a > 0
x 0 x 0 e
x x
n n
Limit  n (1  x ) Limit x  a = nan – 1.
(d) x 0 =1 (e) x a
x x a
sin 2x
Solved Example # 9: Find Limit
x 0
x
page 5 of 18
Limit sin 2x Limit sin 2x
Solution. x 0  x 0 .2 =2
x 2x
e3x  1
Solved Example # 10: Limit x 0
x/2
3x 3x
Solution. Limit e  1 Limit 2 × 3 e  1 = – 6.
x 0 x 0
x/2 3x
tan x  sin x
Solved Example # 11 Limit x 0
x3
Solution. Limit tan x  sin x
x 0
x3
tan x(1  cos x )
= Limit
x 0
x3
2
 x
2 x  sin 
tan x . 2 sin tan x  2
= Limit
x 0
2 = Limit
x 0 .  x  = 1.
x3 x  
 2 
sin 2x
Solved Example # 12 Compute xlim 0 sin 3 x
 sin 2x 2x 3x 
Solution We have lim sin 2x = xlim  2x . 3 x . sin 3 x 
x 0 sin 3 x 0  
 sin 2x  2  3x 
= 2lim  . . 3lim ,x0
 x  0 2 x  3  x  0 sin 2x 
2  sin 3 x  2 2
=1. + 3lim  = ×1=
3  x  0 3x  3 3
x
 2
Solved Example # 13 Evaluate xlim

1  
 x
x 2
Solution lim 1  2  = e xlim
 x
.x
= e2.
x 
 x
x 3 x
Solved Example # 14 Compute (i) lim e  e (ii) lim x(e  1)
x 3 x 3 x 0 1  cos x
Solution (i) Put y = x – 3. So, as x  3, y  0. Thus
3y
x 3
lim e  e3
lim e  e =
x 3 y 0 y
x 3
e3 . e y  e3
= ylim
0 y
ey  1
= e3 ylim
0 = e3 . 1 = e3
y
(ii) We have
x
lim x(e  1) x(e x  1)
(ii) x 0 1  cos x
= xlim
0
x
2 sin2
2
 
 ex  1 x2 
1 lim  . 
= . x 0  x x = 2.
2 sin 2 
 2 
3
x 8
Solved Example # 15 Evaluate xlim2
x2  4
Solution (First Method)
The given expression is of the form
x 3  ( 2 )3 x 3  ( 2 )3 x 2  ( 2) 2
2 2 = 
x  ( 2) x2 x2
3
lim x  8 x 3  ( 2 )3 2
lim x  (2)
2
 x 2
= xlim
2
 x 2
x2  4 x2 x2
x n  an
= 3(22)  2(21) (using xlim
a
= nan–1 )
x a
= 12  4 = 3
(Second Method)
The numerator and denominator have a common factor (x – 2). Cancelling this factor, we obtain
page 6 of 18
x3  8 x 2  2x  4 3
lim x  8
2
lim x  2 x  4
=  x 2
= x 2
x2  4 x2 x2  4 x2
2
(2)  2(2)  4 12
= = =3
22 4
Note : Since x  2, x – 2 is not zero, so the cancellation of the factor x – 2 in the above example is
carried out.
6. Use of Subsitution in Solving Limit Problems
Sometimes in solving limit problem we convert xlim
a
f(x) by subtituting x = a + h or x = a – h as
lim f(a + h) or lim f(a – h) according as need of the problem.
h 0 h 0
1  tan x
Solved Example # 16 lim it
x / 4 1  2 sin x
 
Solution. Put x= +h  x  h0
4 4
 
1  tan   h 
4 
limit 
h0 1  2 sin 
  h
4 
1  tan h
1
lim it 1  tan h
= h0 =
1  sin h  cos h
2 tan h
1  tan h
= lim
h0
it
h h h
2 sin2  2 sin cos
2 2 2
2 tan h 1
= lim it
h0 h h h  (1  tanh)
2 sin 2 2 sin  cos 
2 2 2
tanh
2
h 1 2
= lim it
h = = 2.
h0
sin (1  tanh) 1
2 sin h  cos h 
h  2 2 
2
7. Limit When x  
1
Since x     0 hence in this type of problem we express most of the part of expression
x
1 1
in terms of and apply  0. We can see this approch in the given solve examples.
x x
Solved Example # 17 lim it x sin 1

x 
x
lim it 1
Solution. x   x sin
x
sin 1 / x
= lim
x 
it =1
1/ x
Solved Example # 18 lim it x  2
x   2x  3
Solution. lim it x  2
x   2x  3
lim it 1  2 / x = 1 .
x  2  3 / x
2
2
Solved Example # 19 lim it x  4 x  5
x 
3x 2  x 3  2
lim it x 2  4x  5
Solution. x 
3x 2  x 3  2
1 4 5
 
x x 2 x3
= lim
x 
it 3 2 =0
 1 3
x x
page 7 of 18
lim 3x 2  2
Solved Example # 20 x  
x2
lim 3x 2  2
Solution. x  
x2
1
Put x = x  – t  0+
t
1
3  2t 2 .
t2
= xlim
 0 1  2t
t
3  2t 2 t 3
= xlim
 0 = =– 3.
 (1  2t ) | t | 1
8. Limits Using Expansion
x ln a x 2 ln2 a x 3 ln3 a x x2 x3
(i) a x 1    .........a  0 (ii) e x 1     ......
1! 2! 3! 1! 2! 3!
x2 x3 x4 x3 x5 x7
(iii) ln (1+x) = x     .........for  1  x  1 (iv) sin x x     .....
2 3 4 3! 5! 7!
x2 x4 x6 x 3 2x 5
(v) cosx 1     ..... (vi) tan x = x    ......
2! 4! 6! 3 15
x 3 x5 x7 12 3 12.3 2 5 12.3 2.5 2 7
(vii) tan-1x = x     .... (viii) sin-1x = x  x  x  x  .....
3 5 7 3! 5! 7!
x 2 5 x 4 61x 6
(ix) sec-1x = 1     ......
2! 4! 6!
n(n  1) n(n  1)(n  2)
(x) for |x| < 1, n  R (1 + x)n = 1 + nx + 1. 2
x 2
+ 1. 2 . 3
x 3 + ............
lim ex  1 x
Solved Example # 21 x 0
x2
x
lim e  1 x
Solution. x 0
x2
 2 
1  x  x .......  1  x
 2!  1
= xlim   =
0
x 2 2
lim tan x  sin x
Solved Example # 22 x 0
x3
lim tan x  sin x
Solution. x 0
x3
 3   3 
 x  x ........   x  x .......
lim  3   3 !  1 1 1
= x 0     = + = .
3 3 6 2
x
7  x )1/ 3  2
Solved Example # 23 xlim 0
x 1
(8  h)1/ 3  2
Solution. Put x  1 + h hlim 0
h
1/ 3
 h
2 . 1   2
lim  8
h0
h
 2 
1 1  h 
   1  
 1 h 33  8 
2 1  .   .......  1
 3 8 1. 2 
 
= hlim
0
 
h
1 1
= hlim
0 2 × =
24 12
x2
n(1  x )  sin x 
Solved Example # 24 lim 2
x 0
x tan x sin x
2
x
n(1  x )  sin x 
lim 2
page 8 of 18
x 0
x tan x sin x
 2 3   3 5  2
 x  x  x .....   x  x  x  .....  x
 2 3   3! 5! 
    2 1 1 1
= xlim
0 tan x sin x = + =
x3 . . 3 6 2
x x
9. Limits of form        
0
All these forms can be convered into form in the following ways
0
( i ) I f x  1, y  , then z = (x) y
nx
 n z = y n x  n z =
(1/ y )
1
Since y   hence y  0 and x  1 hence nx  0
(ii) If x  0, y  0, then z = x y  n z = y n x
y 0
 n z = = form
1/ ny 0
(iii) If x   , y  0, then z = x y  n z = y n x
y 0
 n z = = form
1/ nx 0

also for (1) type of problems we can use following rules.
(i) lim (1 + x)1/x = e (ii) lim [f(x)] g(x)
x 0 x a
where f(x)  1 ; g(x) as x  a
1
{ f ( x ) 1} . g( x )
= xlim
f ( x ) 1
a 1  f ( x )  1
= e xlim
a
[ f ( x )1] g( x )
4 x 2
 2 
Solved Example # 25 lim  2 x  1 
x   2x 2  3 
 
Solution. Since it is in the form of 1
4 x 2
 2   2x 2  1  2x 2  3 
lim  2 x  1  = e xlim

 
 (4x 2 + 2)
= e–8
x   2x 2  3  2x 2  3 
   
lim
Solved Example # 26: x   (tan x)tan 2x
4
lim (tan x 1) tan 2x

x
Solution = e 4
2 tan x
lim (tan x 1)
x
 1 tan 2 x
= e 4
tan  / 4
2
1(1 tan  / 4 ) 1
= e = e–1 =
e
x
tan
 a 2a
Solved Example # 27 Evaluate xlim
a
2   .
 x
x
tan
lim  2  a 
2a
Solution. x a
 x
  h 
tan   
put x=a+h  lim 1  h   2 2a 
h 0  
 (a  h) 
 h 
 cot   h  h 
lim 1  h   2a  lim  cot . 1  1
  h0 2a  a  h 
h 0 e
 ah
 h  2a
 
lim   2a . 
h0  h  a h
 tan 
  2a  = e–2/
e
Solved Example # 28: lim x x
x 0 
Solution. y = xlim
0
xx
n y = xlim
0
x n x
1
n 1
x = 0
page 9 of 18
= xlim
0
–  y=1
1 x
x
1 0 . Sandwich Theorem or Squeeze Play Theorem:
If f(x)  g(x)  h(x)  x & Limit Limit Limit
x a f(x) =  = x a h(x) then x  a g(x) =  .
[ x]  [2x]  [3 x]  ....  [nx ]
Solved Example # 29: Evaluate nlim

n2
Where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function.
Solution.
We know that, x – 1 < |x|  x
 2x – 1 < [2x]  2x
 3x – 1 < [3x]  3x
....................
....................
 nx – 1 < [nx]  nx
 (x + 2x + 3x + .... + nx) – n < [x] + [2x] + ..... +[nx]  (x + 2x + .... + nx)
n
xn(n  1) x.n(n  1)

2
–n<  [r x] 
r 1
2
[ x]  [ 2x]  ....  [nx ]
Thus, nlim

n2
1 1
 lim x 1   – 1 < lim [ x]  [ 2x]  ....  [nx ]  lim x 1  
n 2  n n 2 n 2  n
n n 
x [ x]  [ 2x]  ....  [nx ] x lim [ x]  [ 2x]  ....  [nx ] = x
 < nlim 2  
2  
n 2 n 
n2 2
Aliter We know that [x] = x – {x}
n
r x
r 1
= [x] + [2x] + .... + nx – [nx]
= (x + 2x + 3x + ... + nx) – ({x} + {2x} + .... + {nx})
xn(n  1)
= – ({x} + {2x} + .. + {nx})
2
n
1 x 1  1  {x }  {2 x}  ....  {nx}

n 2  [r x ] =
r 1

2  n
 –
 n2
n
Since, 0  {rx} < 1,  0  [r x ] < n

r 1
n n n
lim
 [rx] lim
 [rx] x 1  1   {rx}
 r 1 =0  r 1 = nlim   – lim r 1
n
2
n  2  n n
n n2 n2
n
lim
 [rx] x
n
r 1 =
2
n2
Solved Example # 30 limit x sin 1
x 0 x
limit x sin 1
Solution. x 0 x
= 0 × (some value in [– 1, 1]) = 0
1 1 . Some Important Notes :
lim nx = 0
x
(i) (ii) lim =0
x x x   ex
As x  , n x increnes much slower than any (+ve) power of x where ex increases much faster than
(+ve) power of x
(iii) Limit (1  h)n = 0 & Limit (1 + h)n  where h > 0.
n n
page 10 of 18
(iv) If Limit Limit

x  a f(x) = A > 0 & x  a (x) = B (a finite quantity) then;
Limit [f(x)]  (x) = ez where z = Limit (x). ln[f(x)] = eBlnA = AB
x a x a
x 1000
Solved Example # 31 xlim

ex
1000
lim x
Solution. =0
x 
ex
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Short Revesion (LIMIT)
THINGS TO REMEMBER :
1. Limit of a function f(x) is said to exist as, xa when
Limit Limit
x  a  f(x) = x  a  f(x) = finite quantity..
2. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS ON LIMITS :
Let Limit Limit
x  a f (x) = l & x a g (x) = m. If l & m exists then :
(i) Limit f (x) ± g (x) = l ± m
x a (ii) Limit .
x a f(x) g(x) = l. m
(iii) Limit f (x)   , provided m  0

x a g (g) m
(iv) Limit k f(x) = k Limit f(x) ; where k is a constant.
x a x a
Limit  
(v) x a f [g(x)] = f  Limit
xa
g (x) = f (m) ; provided f is continuous at g (x) = m.

 
For example Limit Limit f (x) l n l (l > 0).
x a l n (f(x) = l n  x  a REMEMBER
 
Limit  x  a
x a
3. STANDARD LIMITS :
Limit sinx tan x tan 1 x Limit sin 1 x
(a) x 0 = 1 = Limit
x0 = Limit
x 0 = x0
x x x x
[ Where x is measured in radians ]
x
Limit  1 Limit
(b) x 0 (1 + x)1/x = e = Limit
x 
1   note however there h0 (1 - h )n = 0
x n
Limit
and h0
n
(1 + h )n 
(c) If Limit f(x) = 1 and Limit (x) = , then ;
x a x a
Limit f ( x ) ( x ) e Limit

x  a ( x )[ f ( x ) 1]
x a
Limit f(x) = A > 0 & Limit
(d) If x a x  a (x) = B (a finite quantity) then ;
Limit [f(x)](x) = ez where z = Limit BlnA = AB
x a x  a (x). ln[f(x)] = e
x x
(e) Limit a  1 = 1n a (a > 0). In particular Limit e  1 = 1
x 0 x x 0 x
n n
(f) Limit x  a  n a n 1
x a xa
4. SQUEEZE PLAY THEOREM :If f(x)  g(x)  h(x)  x & Limit Limit Limit
x a f(x) = l = x a h(x) then x a g(x) = l.
0 
5. INDETERMINANT FORMS : , , 0 x  , 0 ,  ,    and 1
0 
Note : (i) We cannot plot  on the paper. Infinity () is a symbol & not a number. It does not
obey the laws of elementry algebra. (ii) += (iii)  ×  = 
a
(iv) (a/) = 0 if a is finite (v) is not defined , if a  0.
0
(vi) a b = 0 , if & only if a = 0 or b = 0 and a & b are finite.
6. The following strategies should be born in mind for evaluating the limits:
(a) Factorisation (b) Rationalisation or double rationalisation
(c) Successful
Use of trigonometric transformation ;
People Replace the words like; "wish", "try" & "should" with "I Will". Ineffective People don't.
appropriate substitution and using standard limits
(d) Expansion of function like Binomial expansion, exponential & logarithmic expansion, expansion of sinx ,
cosx , tanx should be remembered by heart & are given below :
x 1n a x 2 1n 2 a x 3 1n 3a x x2 x3
(i) a x  1    ......... a  0 (ii) e x  1    ............
1! 2! 3! 1! 2! 3!
2 3 4 3 5
x x x x x x7
(iii) ln (1+x) = x    ......... for  1  x  1 (iv) sin x  x    .......
2 3 4 3! 5! 7!
page 11 of 18
x2 x 4 x6
x 3 2x 5
(v) cos x  1    ...... (vi) tan x = x   ........
2! 4 ! 6 ! 3 15
x 3 x5 x7
(vii) tan-1x = x    .......
3 5 7
-1 12 3 12 .32 5 12 .32 .5 2 7 x 2 5x 4 61x 6
(viii) sin x = x  x  x  x ....... (ix) sec-1x = 1    ......
3! 5! 7! 2! 4! 6!
EXERCISE–1
13
x2  x x 7 x 2
Lim x  x.1nx  1nx  1
Q 1. Lim
x 1
Q 2. Lim Q3. x 1
x 1 x 1 5 x  3 x x 1
1/ 3 1/ 5
 p q  Lim 2 x  3x  5x 1  3 tan x
Q 4. Lim    p, q N Q 5. Q 6. Lim
x 1  1  x p 1  x q  x  3x  2  (2x  3)1/ 3  1  2 cos 2 x
x
4
1 a
Q 7. (a) Lim tan where a R
x 0 x2
 2x x
(b) Plot the graph of the function f(x) = Lim  tan 1 2 
t 0   t 
 100 k 
  x   100
Q 8. Lim  K 1 
x 1 x 1
Q 9. Find the sum of an infinite geometric series whose first term is the limit of the function
tan x  sin x
f(x) = as x  0 and whose common ratio is the limit of the function
sin 3 x
1 x
g(x) = as x  1. (Use of series expansion or L’ Hospital’s rule is not allowed.)
(cos 1 x) 2
et  e t
Q 10. Lim
x  (x  l n cosh x) where cosh t = .
2
Lim Lim 1  tan x
Q 11. x  2 cos1 [cot x] where [ ] denotes greatest integer function Q 12. x  4
1  2 sin x
sec 4x  sec 2 x
Q 13. Lim [ln (1 + sin²x). cot(ln2 (1 + x))] Q 14. Lim
x 0
x 0 sec 3x  sec x
 cos x
Lim 2  cos   sin  Lim 2 1
Q 15.  4 Q 16. x  2 x ( x   )
(4  ) 2 2
Q 17. If Lim a sin x 3 sin 2x is finite then find the value of 'a' & the limit.
x 0 tan x
2 2 2 2 x 1
Lim 8 1  cos x  cos x  cos x cos x  Lim (1n (1  x)  1n2)(3.4  3x)
Q 18. x 0 8
x  2 4 2 4  Q 19. x 1 1 1
[(7  x ) 3  (1  3x) 2 ].sin(x  1)
 1 1 1 1 
Q 20. Using Sandwich theorem to evaluate nLim     ...........  
  n 2 2
n 1 2
n 2 2 
n  2n 
1
Q21. Given f (x)= Lim
n
tan–1 (nx); g (x) = Lim
n
sin2n x and sin(h(x) ) = [cos (g(x)) +cos(2 f (x))]
2
Find the domain and range of h (x).
1  sin 2x (x 3  27 ) 1n (x  2)
Q 22. Lim
x Q 23. Lim
x 3 2
4   4x x 9
x x
(cos  )  (sin  )  1 27  9x  3x  1
x
Q 24. Lim
x 2
Lim
Q 25. x 0
x2 2  1  cos x
x
Q 26. Let f ( x )  , x 0 and g( x )  x  3, x 1
sin x
 2  x, x  0  x 2  2x  2, 1  x  2
 x  5, x2
find LHL and RHL of g f (x )  at x = 0 and hence find Lim g f ( x )  .
x0
Pn 1 Pn
Q 27. Let Pn  a  1 ,  n = 2, 3,.......and Let P1 = ax – 1 where a  R+ then evaluate Lim .
page 12 of 18
x0 x
(3x 4  2 x 2 ) sin 1x  | x |3 5
Q 28. xLim

| x |3  | x |2  | x | 1
2f ( x )  1
Q.29 If f ( x )  ln cosec ( x) 0  x  1 and g (x) = f ( x ) then
 ln sin (2 x) 1 x  3/ 2 3 1
find tan–1 (g (1 )) and sec–1 (g (1 )) .
Q.30 At the end-points and the midpoint of a circular arc AB tangent lines are drawn, and the points A and B
are joined with a chord. Prove that the ratio of the areas of the two triangles thus formed tends to 4 as the
arc AB decreases indefinitely.
EXERCISE–2
2 1/ x
2
8x  3 x  1  x 1/ x 
Q 1. Lim  2x  3  Q 2. Lim  xc
4 then find c Lim
Q 3. x 0  e 
x  2
 2x  5  x   x  c 
   
  
sec 2   F I
Q 4. Lim
 2  
x 0 sin 


 2  ax  
 2  bx 
Q.5 Lim
x
GH
x 2 sin n cos

x JK
x2
  a  tan 2x
Lim  x    x 
Q 6. x  cos 

2     aR Q 7. Lim  tan 
   1  x    x 1
 4 
 
1 nx
 x  1  cos x  x  x1 1 1 1
x 
Lim  a 1  a 2  a 3 ..... a n 
x x
Q 8. Lim
x 0   Q 9. x   n  where a1,a2,a3,......an > 0
 x   
sin 1 (1 {x}).cos 1 (1 {x})
Q 10. Let f(x) = then find xLim
0 
f(x) and xLim
0 
f(x), where {x} denotes the fractional
2{x} . (1  {x})
part function.
ae x  b cos x  ce  x
Q 11. Find the values of a, b & c so that Lim
x 0 2
x. sin x
1  a2  x2  a   x  
Lim
Q 12. x a 2   2 sin   sin    where a is an odd integer
2 2 
(a  x )  ax  2   2 
2 2
Lim tan x  x x n f (x)  g(x)
Q 13. x 0 Q 14. Lim xR
x 2 tan 2 x x 1 n  n
Q 15. Lim [1 .x ] [ 2.x ][ 3.x ].....[ n.x ] , Where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.
n 
n2
1  x  ln x
Q 16. Without using series expansion or L'Hospital's rule evaluate, Lim
x 1 1  cos x
  ay   by  
 exp x ln(1  )  exp x1n(1  ) 
 x   x 
Q 17. Lim  Limit
x y 
y0
 
 
Q 18. If sn be the sum of n terms of the series, sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x +..... + sin nx then show that
Limit s1  s 2  ......  s n = 1 cot x (x  2 k , k  I)
n
n 2 2
 n (1  x)1 x 1 
Q 19. Lim
x 0  2
 
 x x
23  1 33  1 4 3  1 n3  1
Q 20. Let Pn  . . ....... . Evaluate Lim Pn
23  1 33  1 4 3  1 n3  1 n 

Q 21. A circular arc of radius 1 subtends an angle of x radians, 0 < x < as shown in
2
the figure. The point C is the intersection of the two tangent lines at A & B. Let
T(x) be the area of triangle ABC & let S(x) be the area of the shaded region.
Compute :
(a) T(x) (b) S(x) & (c) the limit of T(x) as x  0.

S(x )
page 13 of 18
x  
Q 22. (a) Lim
x  (b) Lim
x   x  x  x  x
x x x  
n
 2  
Q 23. If f (n,)=  1  tan r  , then compute Lim f (n , )
r 1  2  n 
x x x a
x  a a  x
Q 24. Let l = Lim
x a & m = Lim
x a
where a > 0. If l = m then find the value of ' a '.
x a xa
2
x
 
 cosh  t t
2 (tan x  sin x)  x 3
Q 25. Lim  x  where cosh t = e  e Q 26. Lim
x 0 x5
x     2
 cos 
 x 
Q 27. Through a point A on a circle, a chord AP is drawn & on the tangent at A a point T is taken such that
AT = AP. If TP produced meet the diameter through A at Q, prove that the limiting value of AQ when P
moves upto A is double the diameter of the circle.
Q 28. Using Sandwich theorem, evaluate
1
1 2 n
Lim
(a) n + + ......... + Lim n n n
(b) n (a  b ) , 0 < a < b
1 n2 2  n2 n  n2
 x2  1   x 2  x  1  ax  b = 0
Lim
Q 29. Find a & b if : (i) x  x  1  ax  b  = 0 (ii) xLim
 
 
 
xh
sin (x  h)   (sin x )x
Q 30. Show that Lim
h 0 = (sin x)x [ x cot x + l n sin x ]
h
EXERCISE–3
1
2 2
Q.1 Lim 1  5x  x = ______. [ IIT’96, 1 ]
x0  2
 1  3x 
Lim 1  cos 2 (x  1)
Q.2 x1
[ IIT ’98, 2 ]
x 1
(A) exits and it equals 2 (B) exits and it equals - 2
(C) does not exist because x - 1 
(D) does not exist because left hand limit is not equal to right hand limit.
Q.3 Lim x tan 2x  2x tan x is : [ JEE '99, 2 (out of 200) ]

x 0 2
(1  cos 2x)
1 1
(A) 2 (B)  2 (C) (D) 
x
2 2
 x  3
Q.4 For x  R , Lim
x    = [ JEE 2000, Screening]
 x  2
(A) e (B) e 1 (C) e 5 (D) e5
2
sin( cos x )
Q.5 Lim equals [ JEE 2001, Screening]
x 0 x2

(A) – (B)  (C) (D) 1
2
a tan x  a sin x
Q.6 Evaluate Lim , a > 0. [REE 2001, 3 out of 100]
x 0 tan x  sin x
(cos x  1)(cos x  e x )
Q.7 The integer n for which Lim is a finite non-zero number is
x 0 xn
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
[JEE 2002 (screening), 3]
sin( n x )[(a  n )n x  tan x ]
Q.8 If Lim  0 (n > 0) then the value of 'a' is equal to
x 0 x2
1 n2 1
(A) (B) n2 + 1 (C) (D) None
n n
[JEE 2003 (screening)]
2 1 
Q.9 Find the value of Lim  (n  1) cos 1   n  . [ JEE ' 2004, 2 out of 60]
n   n 
EXERCISE–4
page 14 of 18
n 1 n 2n
Limit 5 3 2
1. n = (A) 5 (B) 3 (C) 1 (D) zero
5  2 n  32 n  3
n
cos2  cos2x
2. Limit =
x  1 x2  | x |
(A) 2 cos 2 (B)  2 cos 2 (C) 2 sin 2 (D)  2 sin 2
1 1 cos2x
3. The value of Limit
x 0 is:
x 2
(A) 1 (B)  1 (C) 0 (D) none
4. Limit sin1 (sec x).
x 0
(A) is equal to  /2 (B) is equal to 1 (C) is equal to zero (D) none of these
2
5. Limit x  9 x  20 where [x] is the greatest integer not greater than x:
x 5 x  [x ]
(A) is equal to 1 (B) 0 (C) 4 (D) none
|x|
6. Limit :
x   sinx
(A) is equal to  1 (B) is equal to 1 (C) is equal to  (D) does not exist
3
7. Limit ( x  27 ) ln ( x  2) =
x3 2 ( x 9 )
(A)  8 (B) 8 (C) 9 (D)  9
100
k
x 100
8. Limit k 1
=
x 1
x 1
(A) 0 (B) 5050 (C) 4550 (D)  5050
9. Limit
x   ( x  a)(x  b)  x =
ab
(A) ab (B) (C) ab (D) none
2
x 3 . sin 1x  x  1
10. Limit =
x 
x2  x  1
(A) 0 (B) 1/2 (C) 1 (D) none
11. Limit ( n  2) !  ( n  1) ! , n N=

n
(n  3) !
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D)  1
12. Limit | x |sinx =
x 0
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C)  1 (D) none of these
x
 2 
13. Limit  x  2 x  1  =
x   2 
 x  4x  2 
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) e2 (D) e
x (1 a cos x )  b sin x
14. The values of a and b such that xLim = 1 are
0
x3
5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3
(A) , (B) , – (C) – , – (D) – ,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
    
2  3 sin  x   cos  x  
Limit   6   6 
15. =
x 0

x 3 3 cos x  sin x 
(A)  1/3 (B) 2/3 (C) 4/3 (D)  4/3
 x 1 , x 1  x 1 , x0
16. If f(x) =  2 , g(x) =  2 and h(x) = |x|
2x  2 , x  1  x  1 , x  0
then find Lim f(g(h(x)))
x 0
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) –1 (D) does not exists
17. Limit (1  x + [x  1] + [1  x]) = where [x] denotes greatest integer function.
x 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C)  1 (D) does not exist
 sin  x  3
18. Lt   , where [ . ] denotes greatest integer function is :
x0
 [ x  3] 
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) does not exist (D) sin 1
  1  1 
page 15 of 18
x sin   sin  2  x 0
19. Let f (x) =  x x  , then xlim

 f(x) equals
 0 x0
(A) 0 (B)  1/2 (C) 1 (D) none of these.
 3 3
| x| x
20. lim      (a > 0), where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x is
  a  
 a
xa
(A) a2 1 (B) a2  1 (C) a2 (D) – a2
Lim ax 2  bx  c
21. Let ,  be the roots of ax2
+ bx + c = 0, where 1 <  < . Then x x = 1 then which of the
0
ax 2  bx  c
following statements is incorrect
(A) a > 0 and x0 < 1 (B) a > 0 and x0 > 
(C) a < 0 and  < x0 <  (D) a < 0 and x0 < 1
22. Limit 1.n 2(n1)3(n2)...... n.1 has the value :

n 
12  2 2 3 2 ...... n 2
1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
2 3 4
 sin x 
23. x0 

Lim  1  e x  
x  is (where [] represents greatest integral part function)
(A) – 1 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) does not exist
24. lim lim
If  = x   (sin x  1 – sin x ) and m = x    [sin x  1 – sin x ] where [.] denotes the greatest integer
function then :
(A)  = m = 0 (B) = 0 ; m is undefined
(C) , m both do not exist (D)  = 0, m  0 (although m exist)
n
 1 1 
25. If f(x) =  x    x   then lim f(0) is.
     1  n 
 1
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 2 (D) None
  n sin    n tan   
26. The limit lim 
0      , where [x] is the greatest integer function and n , is
       
(A) 2n (B) 2n + 1 (C) 2n – 1 (D) does not exist
 1
27. The limit Limit x  x 2
 n  1   is equal to :
x   x
(A) 1/2 (B) 3/2 (C) 1/3 (D) 1
 
x  2 
28. lim   is : (where [.] represents greatest integer function.
x  / 2  cos x 
 
(A) – 1 (B) 0 (C) – 2 (D) does not exist
29. If f(x) = sin x , x  n, n = 0 , ± 1 , ± 2 , ± 3, ,....
= 2 , otherwise and
g(x) = x² + 1 , x  0 , 2
= 4 , x=0
= 5 , x=2
Limit
then x  0 g [f(x)] is :
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 4 (D) does not exists
 2x x
30. The graph of the function f(x) = tLim  cot 1 2  , is
0   t 
(A) (B) (C) (D)
cos (sin x )  cosx

31. The value of Limit
x0 is equal to:
x4
(A) 1/5 (B) 1/6 (C) 1/4 (D) 1/2
 1 1 
x  xn  e x   3 x n  e x 
e 2
    
32. Limit   , n  N is equal to :
x  n
x
(A) 0 (B) ln(2/3) (C) ln(3/2) (D) none
 ay   by   
 exp x ln 1  x    exp x ln 1  x   
page 16 of 18
        
33. Limit  Limit y 
=
x 
y 0 
 
 
(A) a + b (B) a  b (C) b  a (D)  (a + b)
EXERCISE–5
1. Evaluate the following limits, where [ . ] represents greatest integer function and { . } represents
fractional part function
x
(i) lim [sin x] (ii) lim   (iii) lim sgn [tan x]
 x 2  2  x
x
2
x 2  2 , x  2  2x , x  1
2. If f(x) =  and g(x) =  , evaluate xlim f (g(x)).
 1  x , x  2 3  x , x  1 1
3. Evaluate each of the following limits, if exists

x2  4 a  2x  3 x
(i) lim (ii) lim ,a0
x 2 x  2  3x  2 x  a 3a  x  2 x
4. Evaluate the following limits, if exists
5 5
(i) lim
tan 3 x  2x
(ii) xlim ( x  2) 2  (a  2) 2 (iii) lim x e 
2 x
 e2 
x 0 3 x  sin 2 x a x 0 1  cos x
x a
5. Evaluate the following limits, if exist :
1 2 x 
(i) lim x2  x  1 – x (ii) lim   2  ....  2 
x  x  2
 x x x 
(iii) Limit
x  cos  
x1  cos x  (iv) lim
x 
2
x  8x + x
tan 2 x
e x  1  sin x 
6. Evaluate the following limits using expansions :(i) lim 2
x 0
x3
x
a  b sin x  cos x  ce
(ii) If xlim
0
exists, then find values of a, b, c. Also find the limit
x3
[1 . 2x ]  [ 2 . 3x]  .....  [n . (n  1) x]
7. Evaluate xlim 
where [ . ] denotes greatest integer function
n3
x 2n  1
8. If f(x) = nLim
  2n , find range of f(x).
x 1
9. Evaluate the following limits
(ln (1  x )  ln 2)(3.4 x 1  3x ) x x
(i) Limit (ii) Limit (cos ) (sin ) cos2 ,   0 ,  
x 1
1 1
x4 x4  
[(7  x ) 3  (1  3 x ) 2 ]. sin( x  1)  2
 
x 5 tan  1   3 | x |2  7
  2
(i) Limit x 3 2
 x  1 x  x 2 
4
(ii) Limit  x 
x  x  
  | x |3 7 | x |  8
 
sec2   
 2  bx
11. Evaluate the following limits (i) Limit  sin2    
x 0   
  2  a x 
nx
 1/ x  a 1/ x  a 1/ x  .......  a 1/ x 
(ii) Limit  a 1 2 3 n 
x   n  , where a1, a2, a3,......., an > 0.
 
12. Find the values of a & b so that: (i) Limit

(1  a x sin x)  (b cos x) may find to a definite limit.
x 0
x4
(ii) lim  x 4  ax 3  3 x 2  bx  2  x 4  2x 3  cx 2  3 x  d  = 4
x  
 n 1  x (1 x ) 1 
13. Find the limits using expansion : Limit   
x 0
 x2 x 
sin 1(1  { x }) . cos 1(1 { x})
14. Let f(x) = then find Limit Limit
x0  f(x) and x0  f(x), where {.} denotes the fractional
2{ x} . (1  { x})
part function.
15. Let f (x) = Limit



2m 

Limit cos (n!x )  where x  R. Prove that
m   n  
 1 if x is rational
page 17 of 18
f (x) = 0 if x is irrational .


  [12 (sinx) x ] [ 22 (sinx ) x ] .......[n2 (sinx )x ] 
Limit Limit  
16. 
Evaluate x 0  n  3  ,
  n 
where [. ] denotes the greatest integer function.
(i) Limit cos x cos x cos x ........ cos x
n n
2 4 8 2
Limit 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x
(ii) n tan + 2 tan 2 + 3 tan 3 +...... + n tan n .
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(iii) Limit logx 1( x ). logx ( x  1). logx 1( x  2). logx  2 ( x  3 ).....logk ( x 5 ) ; where k = x 5  1.
x 
3
Limit P = 2 .
3
23  1 3  1 4  1 n3  1
(iv) Let Pn = . 3
. 3
.......... . Prove that n n
23  1 3  1 4  1 n3  1 3
ANSWER
EXERCISE–1
45 pq 2 1
Q 1. 3 Q 2. Q 3. 2 Q 4. Q 5. Q.6 –
91 2 3 3
Q 7. (a) /2 if a > 0 ; 0 if a = 0 and –/2 if a < 0(b) f(x) = | x |
1 1 2
Q 8. 5050 Q 9. a =
;r= ;S= Q 10. l n 2 Q 11. does not exist Q 12. 2
2 4 3
3 1 21n 2
Q 13. 1 Q 14. Q 15. Q 16.
2 16 2 
1 9 4
Q 17. a = 2 ; limit = 1 Q 18. Q 19.  1n Q 20. 2
32 4 e
n
Q 21. Domain, x  R, Range, x = ,nI Q 22. does not exist Q 23. 9
2
Q 24. cos² lnCos + Sin²lnSin Q 25. 8 2 (1n 3) 2 Q 26. – 3, –3, – 3
Q 27. (ln a)n Q 28. 2 Q 29. 0, 0 Q. 30 4
EXERCISE–2
 12  a 2 / b2 2 2 2 a2
Q 1. e -8
Q 2. c = ln2 Q 3. e Q 4. e Q.5  Q 6. e Q 7. e-1
4
  2a 2  4
Q 8. e-1/2 Q 9. (a1.a 2.a 3....an ) Q 10. , Q 11. a = c = 1, b = 2 Q 12.
2 2 2 16a 4
2 g(x )  f (x)
Q 13. Q 14. f(x) when x> 1 ; g(x) when x < 1 ; when x = 1 & not defined when x = -1
3 2
x 1 2
Q 15. Q 16. – 2 Q 17. a - b Q 19. 1/2 Q 20.
2  3
1 x x sinx 1 1 3
Q 21. T(x) = tan2 . sin x or tan  , S(x) = x  sin x , limit =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2
Q 22. (a) 1 (b) Q 23.
 Q 24. a = e2 Q 25. e

2 tan 
1 1
Q 26. Q 28. (a) 1/2, (b) b Q 29. (i) a =1, b = 1 (ii) a = 1 , b =
4 2
EXERCISE–3
Q 1. e² Q 2. D Q 3. C Q 4. C Q5. B
2
Q6. lna Q7. C Q8. C Q.9 1

EXERCISE–4
1. D 2. C 3. D 4. D 5. D 6. D 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. C
11. A 12. B 13. C 14. C 15. C 16. B 17. C 18. C 19. C 20. C
page 18 of 18
21. D 22. A 23. A 24. B 25. A 26. C 27. A 28. C 29. A 30. C
31. B 32. B 33. B

EXERCISE–5
1. (i) 0 (ii) Limit does not exists (iii) Limit does not exists
2 5
2. 6 3. (i) (– 8) (ii) 4. (i) 1/3 (ii) (a + 2)3/2 (iii) 2e 2
3 3 2
1 1
5. (i) 1/2 (ii) 1/2 (iii) zero (iv)  6. (i) (ii)a = 2, b = 1, c = –1 and value = –
3 3
x 9 4
7. 8. {–1, 0, 1} 9. (i)  ln (ii) cos4 a ln (cos a) - sin4 a ln (sin a)
3 4 e 2
a

1 1 b2
10. (i) (ii)  11. (i) e (ii) (a 1 a 2 a 3 ....... a n)
4 2 
1 1
12. (i) a = 
,b = 1 (ii) a = 2, b  R, c = 5, d  R 13.
2 2
  1 sin x 1
14. , 16. 17. (i) (ii)  cot x (iii) 5
2 2 2 3 x x
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Student’s Name :______________________

(i) lim 1 (ii) lim 1  x

(vii) lim 1 sin x  x

3. Method of Removing Indeterminancy

4. Fundamental Theorems on Limits:

(iii) Limit f ( x) =  , provided m  0

(b) Limit (1 + x)1/x = e ; Limit 1  1  = e

Solved Example # 17 lim it x sin 1

Since, 0  {rx} < 1,  0  [r x ] < n

(iv) If Limit Limit

(iii) Limit f (x)   , provided m  0

Limit f ( x ) ( x ) e Limit

(a) T(x) (b) S(x) & (c) the limit of T(x) as x  0.

Q.3 Lim x tan 2x  2x tan x is : [ JEE '99, 2 (out of 200) ]

11. Limit ( n  2) !  ( n  1) ! , n N=

19. Let f (x) =  x x  , then xlim

(A) a2 1 (B) a2  1 (C) a2 (D) – a2

22. Limit 1.n 2(n1)3(n2)...... n.1 has the value :

(A) (B) (C) (D)

cos (sin x )  cosx

3. Evaluate each of the following limits, if exists

12. Find the values of a & b so that: (i) Limit

15. Let f (x) = Limit

(i) Limit cos x cos x cos x ........ cos x

31. B 32. B 33. B

For 39 Years Que. from IIT-JEE(Advanced) &

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