12.

DIFFERENTIATION
& L' HOSPITAL RULE
1. DEFINITION : 7. LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION : To find the derivative of :
If x and x + h belong to the domain of a function f defined by y = f(x), then (i) a function which is the product or quotient of a number of functions OR
Limit f (x + h) − f (x) if it exists , is called the DERIVATIVE of f at x & is denoted by f ′(x) or dy . We (ii) a function of the form [f(x)]g(x) where f & g are both derivable, it will be found convinient to take
h→ 0 h dx the logarithm of the function first & then differentiate. This is called L OGARITHMIC
f (x + h) − f (x) DIFFERENTIATION.
have therefore , f ′(x) = Limit
h→ 0 8. IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION : φ (x , y) = 0
h
2. The derivative of a given function f at a point x = a of its domain is defined as : (i) In order to find dy/dx, in the case of implicit functions, we differentiate each term w.r.t. x
regarding y as a functions of x & then collect terms in dy/dx together on one side to finally find
Limit f (a + h) − f (a ) , provided the limit exists & is denoted by f ′(a) .
h→ 0 h
. dy/dx.www.MathsBySuhag.com , www.TekoClasses.com
(ii) In answers of dy/dx in the case of implicit functions, both x & y are present .
f (x) − f (a )
Note that alternatively, we can define f ′(a) = Limit
x→ a
, provided the limit exists. 9. PARAMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION :
x−a
dy d y / d θ
3. DERIVATIVE OF f(x) FROM THE FIRST PRINCIPLE /ab INITIO METHOD: If y = f(θ) & x = g(θ) where θ is a parameter , then = .
dx d x / d θ
Limit δ y f (x + δ x) − f (x) dy 10. DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION W.R.T. ANOTHER FUNCTION :
If f(x) is a derivable function then, δ x→ 0 δ x = Limit
δ x→ 0 δx
= f ′(x) =
dx dy dy / dx f '(x)
Let y = f(x) ; z = g(x) then d z = d z / d x = g' (x) .
4. THEOREMS ON DERIVATIVES : 11. DERIVATIVES OF ORDER TWO & THREE :
If u and v are derivable function of x, then, Let a function y = f(x) be defined on an open interval (a, b). It’s derivative, if it exists on
d
(u ± v) =
du dv
±
d
(K u ) = K
du (a, b) is a certain function f ′ (x) [or (dy/dx) or y ] & is called the first derivative
(i) (ii) , where K is any constant
dx dx dx dx dx of y w.r.t. x.If it happens that the first derivative has a derivative on (a , b) then this derivative is called the
second derivative of y w. r. t. x & is denoted by f ′′(x) or (d2y/dx2) or y ′′.Similarly, the 3rd order
( u . v) = u dx ± v dx
d dv du
(iii) known as “ PRODUCT RULE ”
dx

d  u v ( dudx ) − u ( dvdx )
(iv)   = where v ≠ 0 known as “ QUOTIENT RULE ” d 3y d  d2y 
dx  v v2 derivative of y w. r. t. x , if it exists, is defined by d x 3 = dx  d x 2  It is also denoted by f ′′′(x) or y ′′′.
 
dy dy du
(v) If y = f(u) & u = g(x) then = . “ CHAIN RULE ” f (x) g(x) h (x )
dx du dx
5. DERIVATIVE OF STANDARDS FUNCTIONS : 12. If F(x)= l(x) m(x) n(x) ,where f ,g,h,l,m,n,u,v,w are differentiable functions of x then
(i) D (xn) = n.xn−1 ; x ∈ R, n ∈ R, x > 0 (ii) D (e ) = e x x u (x ) v(x) w(x)

1 1 f '(x) g'(x) h' (x) f (x) g(x) h(x) f (x) g(x) h(x)
(iii) D (ax) = ax. ln a a > 0 (iv) D (ln x) = (v) D (logax) = logae
x x F ′(x) = l(x) m(x) n(x) + l' (x) m'(x) n'(x) + l(x) m(x) n(x)
(vi) D (sinx) = cosx (vii) D (cosx) = − sinx (viii) D = tanx = sec²x u(x) v(x) w(x) u(x) v(x) w(x) u'(x) v'(x) w' (x)
(ix) D (secx) = secx . tanx (x) D (cosecx) = − cosecx . cotx 13. L’ HOSPITAL’S RULE :www.MathsBySuhag.com , www.TekoClasses.com
d If f(x) & g(x) are functions of x such that :
(xi) D (cotx) = − cosec²x (xii) D (constant) = 0 where D =
dx Limit f(x) = 0 = Limit g(x) OR Limit f(x) = ∞ = Limit g(x) and
6. INVERSE FUNCTIONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES : (i) x→ a x→ a x→ a x→ a
(a) Theorem : If the inverse functions f & g are defined by y = f(x) & x = g(y) & if f ′(x) exists & (ii) Both f(x) & g(x) are continuous at x = a &
1 dy dy
f ′(x) ≠ 0 then g ′(y) = . This result can also be written as, if exists & ≠ 0 , then
f ′ (x) dx dx (iii) Both f(x) & g(x) are differentiable at x = a &
(iv) Both f ′(x) & g ′(x) are continuous at x = a , Then
dx  dy  dy dx dy  dx  dx
= 1 /   or . = 1 or =1 /   [ ≠ 0] Limit f (x) = Limit f '(x) = Limit f "(x) & soon till indeterminant form vanishes.
dy  dx  dx dy dx  dy  dy
x→ a x→ a
g(x) x→ a
g'(x) g"(x)
(b) Results :
1 −1 14. ANALYSIS AND GRAPHS OF SOME USEFUL FUNCTIONS :
(i) D (sin −1 x) = , − 1< x < 1 (ii) D (cos −1 x) = , − 1< x < 1
1 − x2 1 − x2  2 tan −1 x x ≤1
 2x   −1
1 1 (i) y = f(x) = sin−1   =  π − 2 tan x x >1
D (tan −1 x) = , x ∈R D (sec −1 x) = , x >1  1 + x2 
( )
(iii) (iv)  −1
1 + x2 x x2 − 1 − π + 2 tan x x < −1

−1 −1
(v) D (cos ec −1x) = , x >1 (vi) D (cot −1 x ) = , x∈R
x x2 − 1 1 + x2

dy du
Note : In general if y = f(u) then = f ′(u) . .
dx dx
  3
if x ∈ ( − 12 , 1
2 )
= 
dy 1 − x2
(c)
HIGHLIGHTS : dx − 3 if x ∈ ( − 1 , − 12 ) ∪ ( 12 , 1)
 1 − x2
(a) Domain is x ∈ R &
  π π (d) Continuous everywhere in its domain
range is − 2 , 2 ⇒
   3 cos −1 x − 2 π if − 1 ≤ x ≤ − 12
(b) f is continuous for 
(v) y = f (x) = cos-1 (4 x3 - 3 x) = 2 π − 3 cos −1 x if − 12 ≤ x ≤ 1
2
all x but not diff.  3 cos −1 x
 if 1
2
≤x≤1
at x = 1 , - 1
 2
for x <1
1 + x2
dy  HIGHLIGHTS :
(c) =  non existent for x =1 (a) Domain is x ∈ [- 1 , 1] &
dx − 2
 for x >1 range is [0 , π]
 2
1+ x

(d) I in (- 1 , 1) & D in (- ∞ , - 1) ∪ (1 , ∞)
(b) Continuous everywhere in its domain
 1 − x2   2 tan −1 x if x ≥ 0
ii) Consider y = f (x) = cos-1   =  1
,−
1
 1 + x2   − 2 tan x
−1
if x < 0 but not derivable at x =
2 2
HIGHLIGHTS :
(a) Domain is x ∈ R &
 1 1 1   1
range is [0, π) (c) I in  − ,  & D in  2 , 1⇒∪ − 1 , − 2 
 2 2  
(b) Continuous for all x
but not diff. at x = 0
dy
 3
(
if x ∈ − 12 , 1
2 )
=  1 − x3
2
(d)
dy
 22
 1+ x
for x > 0 dx −
 1 − x2
(
if x ∈ − 1 , − 12 ∪ ) ( 1
2
,1 )
(c) = non existent for x = 0
dx − 2
 1 + x 2 for x < 0
GENERAL NOTE :
(d) I in (0 , ∞) & D in (- ∞ , 0) Concavity in each case is decided by the sign of 2nd derivative as :

 2 tan −1 x x <1 d 2y d 2y
2x  d x2
> 0 ⇒ Concave upwards ; d x2
<0 ⇒ Concave downwards
(iii) y = f (x) = tan-1 =  π + 2 tan −1 x x < −1
1 − x2
 (
 − π − 2 tan x
−1
) x >1 D = DECREASING ; I = INCREASING

HIGHLIGHTS :
(a) Domain is R - {1 , -1} &
range is  − π , π 
  2 2
(b) f is neither continuous
nor diff. at x = 1 , - 1
dy  2 2
x ≠1
(c) =  1+ x
dx
non existent x =1
(d) I ∀ x in its domain (e) It is bound for all x
 − π + 3 sin −1 x

( ) if − 1 ≤ x ≤ − 12
(IV) y = f (x) = sin−1 (3 x − 4 x3) =  3 sin −1 x if − 12 ≤ x ≤ 1
2
 π − 3 sin −1 x if 1
≤x≤1
 2

HIGHLIGHTS :www.MathsBySuhag.com , www.TekoClasses.com

(a) Domain is x ∈ [− 1 , 1] &
 π π
range is − 2 , 2 ⇒
 
1
(b) Not derivable at x =
2