2 MAIN THOUGHTS HOW S.SYSTEM AND UNI ARE SET U.

 GEOCENTRIC- SHPHERE SHAPE & STATIONARY CENTER OF UNI (4TH CENTURY PLATO AND
ARISTOTLE) PLATO: STARS &PLANETS WERE CARRIED ARROUND THE EARTH ON SPHERES OR
CIRCLES; MOON, SUN, VENUS, MERCU, MARS, JUP, SAT, &FIXED STARS.PTOLEMY IMPROVED THE
MODEL: ZIGZAG OF OBJECTS IN THE NIGHT SKY.
 HELIOCENTRIC /COPERNICAN HELIOCENTRIC- SUN IS THE CENTER (NICHOLAS COPERNICUS SAID
IT POSITIONED THE SUN NEAR THE CENTER OF THE UNI,MOTIONLESS WITH EARTH,PLANETS
ORBITING AROUND IT IN CIRCULAR PATHS MODIFIED BY EPICYCLES AND AT UNIFORM OF SPEEDS.
GALILEO GALILIE HELPED COPERNICUS USING HIS TELESCOPE, HE DISCOVERED SUNSOTS,
LARGEST MOON OF JUPITER, SURVEYED THE MOON AND DEMONSTRATED THE VALIDITY OF
CHELIOCENTRIC MODEL OF THE UNI.
SCALE OF THE UNI.
 MOON IS 1.2 LIGHT YEAR SECONDS AWAY FROM EARTH.
 UNIV. AGE IS 14,000 MILLION YEARS
 EARTH ORBITAL VELOCITY IS 100,000KM/HOUR, LIGHT YEAR IS 10 MILLOPN KM
 SOLAR MASS IS 2 MILLION MILLION MILLION KGS.
 HOW HOT SUN? 6,000 DEGREES (SURFACE)
 CENTER OF THE SUN IS 15 MILLION DEGREES. (THAT’S HOTTER THAN WE EXPERIENCCED)
ANGELS IN THE SKY
 FORMATION OF THE STARS SAYS IT IS OUR ANGELS IN THE SKY

EARTHS MOON
 ARISTOTLE (EARTH WAS ROUND IN 2 WAYS: THE ECLIPSE AND THE EARLY SAILORS THE TOPS OF
SHIPS FIRST AS THEY CAME OVER THE HORIZON.
 MOON: IT HAS NO ATMOSPHERE AND THE SURFACE IS BILLIONS OF YEARS OLD.
 THEY ARE REGIONS THAT WERE STRUCK BY LARGE ASTEROIDS IN THE PAST, WHICH CAUSED
MOLTEN ROCK FROM BENEATH THE CRUST OF THE MOON TO SEEP OUT.
 EARTH ROTATES 1 REVOLUTION.
 WINTER SOLSTICE TILTED AWAY FROM THE SUN WHERE IT IS THE SHORTEST DAY LENGTH OF A
YEAR. SUMMER SOLSTICE TILTED TOWARD THE SUN WHERE IT IS THE LONGEST DAY LENGTH OF
THE YEAR.
 FALL EQUINOX FROM SEPT 21-22 AND SPRING FROM MARCH 21-22. WHEN IT IS SOUTHERN
HEMISPHERE, THE DATES ARE REVERSED.
 THE SURFACE OF THE MOON IS COVERED WITH CRATERS BECAUSE THE MOON DOESN'T HAVE AN
ATMOSPHERE TO PROTECT IT FROM INCOMING ASTEROIDS AND DEBRIS, AND IT HAS NO PLATE
TECTONICS THAT WOULD SHIFT THE SURFACE AND CAUSE CRATERS TO DISAPPEAR OVER TIME.
 THEY ARE ALL IGNEOUS ROCK, AND MOST LIKELY FORMED WHEN THE MOON WAS MOLTEN, AND
UNLIKE ROCKS ON EARTH, CONTAIN ABSOLUTELY NO WATER.
 SOLAR ECLIPSE CAN OCCUR ONLY DURING THE NEW MOON PHASE WHILE THE
 LUNAR ECLIPSE CAN OCCUR DURING THE FULL MOON PHASE.
 THE MOON ORBITS THE EARTH EVERY 271/3 DAY.
 THE MOON GOES THROUGH PHASES EVERY MONTH, WHERE DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF THE
MOON'S SURFACE APPEAR BRIGHT. THIS IS BECAUSE AS THE MOON ORBITS THE EARTH, ONE SIDE
OF THE MOON IS ALWAYS FACING THE SUN.
  NIEL ARMSTRONG WAS THE FIRST MAN ON THE MOON AND THERE ARE 12 AMERICANS WHO
HAVE WALKED ON THE MOON.

TOURING IN OUR SYSTEM

 THE SUN AND PLANETS FORMED AT THE SAME TIME FROM A LARGE ROTATING CLOUD OF
INTERSTELLAR DUST AND GAS CALLED THE SOLAR NEBULA.
 THERE ARE 3 COMPOSITIONAL GROUPS THAT MAKE UP THE PLANETS, ROCKS, AND ICES, BASED
ON THEIR MELTING POINT. GASES, HYDROGEN, AND HELIUM NEAR ABSOLUTE ZERO.
 THE TERRESTRIAL PLANETS OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM; MERCURY, VENUS, MARCH, APRIL.
 THE JOVIAN (JUPITER-LIKE) PLANETS PLUTO WAS RECENTLY DEMOTED TO A DWARF PLANET - A
NEW CLASS OF SOLAR SYSTEM OBJECTS THAT HAVE AN ORBIT AROUND THE SUN BUT SHARE
THEIR SPACE WITH OTHER CELESTIAL BODIES.
 THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TERRESTRIAL AND THE JOVIAN PLANETS IS THEIR SIZE.
 THE LARGEST TERRESTRIAL PLANETS (EARTH AND VENUS) HAVE A DIAMETER ONLY ONE-
QUARTER AS GREAT AS THE DIAMETER OF THE SMALLEST JOVIAN PLANET (NEPTUNE) THE
MASSES OF EARTH AND VENUS ARE ONLY 1/17 AS GREAT AS NEPTUNE. HENCE, THE JOVIAN
PLANETS ARE ALSO CALLED GIANTS.
 REPORTER SAID ALSO THAT THE FOUR JOVIAN PLANETS ARE ALSO REFERRED TO AS THE OUTER
PLANETS, BECAUSE OF THEIR RELATIVE LOCATIONS. THE TERRESTRIAL PLANET ARE ALSO CALLED
INNER PLANETS.
 THE COMPOSITION OF THE PLANETS. THE SUBSTANCES THAT MAKE UP THE PLANETS ARE DIVIDED
INTO THREE COMPOSITIONAL GROUPS: GASES, ROCKS, AND ICE ARE BASED ON THEIR MELTING
POINT.1. GASES HYDROGEN AND HELIUM, ARE THOSE WITH MELTING POINTS NEAR ABSOLUTE
ZERO. THE HYDROGEN AND HELIUM, ARE THE MOST ABUNDANT CONSTITUENTS OF THE SOLAR
NEBULA. JOVIAN PLANETS ALSO CONTAIN SUBSTANTIAL AMOUNTS OF ROCKY AND METALLIC
MATERIALS, WHICH ARE CONCENTRATED IN THEIR CENTRAL CORES.
 THERE ARE SOME REASONS FOR THE DIFFERENCES IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF THE PLANETS. FIRST,
THE LOCATION OF EACH PLANET WITHIN THE SOLAR NEBULA DURING ITS FORMATION. THE
OUTER PLANETS FORMED WHERE THE TEMPERATURE WAS LOW ENOUGH TO ALLOW WATER
VAPOR, AMMONIA, AND METHANE TO CONDENSE INTO ICES, THUS, THE JOVIAN PLANETS
CONTAIN LARGE AMOUNTS OF THESE VOLATILE GASES. WHILE THE INNER REGIONS OF THE
DEVELOPING SOLAR SYSTEM, THE ENVIRONMENT WAS TOO HOT FOR ICES TO SURVIVE.
 MERCURY: THE INNERMOST AND THE SMALLEST AND THE INNERMOST PLANET. THE PLANET IS
LARGER THAN EARTH’S MOON. MERCURY HAS THE GREATEST TEMPERATURE EXTREMES OF ANY
PLANETS. MERCURY REVOLVES QUICKLY BUT ROTATES SLOWLY. ONE FULL DAY-NIGHT CYCLE ON
EARTH TAKES 24 HOURS, BUT ON MERCURY IT REQUIRES 179 EARTH-DAYS. NIGHT IN MERCURY
LASTS FOR ABOUT THREE MONTHS AND IS FOLLOWED BY THREE MONTHS OF DAYLIGHT.
 VENUS: SECOND ONLY TO THE MOON IN BRILLIANCE IN THE NIGHT SKY. THE VEILED PLANET
NAMED FOR THE GODDESS OF LOVE AND BEAUTY. IT ORBITS THE SUN IN A NEARLY PERFECT
CIRCLE ONCE EVERY 225 EARTH-DAY VENUS IS SIMILAR TO EARTH IN SIZE, DENSITY, MASS, AND
LOCATION IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM, THUS, IT HAS REFERRED TO AS “EARTH’S TWIN “THE SURFACE
OF VENUS REACHES TEMPERATURES AS GREAT AS4800 C, AND ITS ATMOSPHERE IS 97% CARBON
DIOXIDE.
  MARS: MARS IS APPROXIMATELY HALF THE SIZE OF THE RED THE EARTH AND REVOLVES AROUND
THE SUN IN PLANET 687 EARTH-DAYS. MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE HAS ONLY 1% THE DENSITY OF
EARTH’S AND IT IS PRIMARILY CARBON DIOXIDE WITH TINY AMOUNTS OF WATER VAPOR. DATA
FROM MARS PROBES CONFIRM THAT THE POLAR CAPS OF MARS ARE MADE OF WATER ICE.,
COVERED BY A THIN LAYER OF FROZEN CARBON DIOXIDE. ALTHOUGH THE ATMOSPHERE OF
MARS IS VERY THIN, EXTENSIVEDUST STORMS OCCUR AND MAY CAUSE THE COLOR CHANGES
OBSERVED FROM EARTH-BASED TELESCOPE.
 JUPITER: LORD TRULY A GIANT AMONG PLANETS, HAS A MASS TWO AND HALF TIMES GREATER
THAN OF THE HEAVEN THE COMBINED MASS OF ALL THE REMAINING PLANETS, SATELLITES, AND
ASTEROIDS. JUPITER IS TEN TIMES LARGER THAN THE SUN, IT WOULD EVOLVED INTO A SMALL
STAR. DESPITE ITS GREAT SIZE, HOWEVER, IT IS ONLY 1/800 AS MASSIVE AS THE SUN. JUPITER
REVOLVES AROUND THE SUN ONCE EVERY 12 EARTH- YEARS, AND ROTATES MORE RAPIDLY THAN
ANY OTHER PLANET, COMPLETING ONE ROTATION IN SLIGHTLY LESS THAN 10 HOURS.

METEORITES ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THEIR COMPOSITION:

1. IRONS, MOSTLY IRON WITH 5-20 PERCENT NICKEL.

2. STONY-SILICATE MINERALS WITH INCLUSIONS OF OTHER
3. STONY-IRON MIXTURE MINERALS.

“LIGHT, SUN AND ASTRONOMICAL TOOLS”

 HAVE YOU EVER WONDERED IF THERE IS NO LIGHT WHAT WILL BE OUR SITUATION TODAY? LIGHT
IS LIKE WAVES BECAUSE THE LIGHT CAN BE THOUGHT OF AS SWELLS IN THE OCEAN.
 THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM INCLUDES GAMMA RAYS, X-RAYS, ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT,
VISIBLE LIGHTS, MICROWAVES, AND RADIO WAVES. HOW BRIGHT OR HOW LIGHT OUR WORLD IS
BECAUSE OF THE SUN.
 IT IS IMPORTANT TO KNOW WHAT THOSE PARTS OF THE SUN ARE.
 PHOTOSPHERE WHERE IT IS A VISIBLE SURFACE OF THE SUN AND THIS PART HAS A YELLOW
COLOR. SUNSPOT IS A DARK PATCH ON THE SUN’S SURFACE.
 PROMINENCE IS A CLOUDLIKE STRUCTURE AND IT HAS A LARGE NUMBER OF GASES. THE CORE IS
THE CENTER OF THE SUN AND EXTREMELY HOT AND THE TEMPERATURE OF THE SUN IS 10-20
MILLION DEGREES CELSIUS.
 THE CHROMOSPHERE IS ABOVE ON THE PHOTOSPHERE AND THE TEMPERATURE IS ABOUT 27,800
DEGREES CELSIUS. CORONA IS THE OUTER PART OF THE SUN.