Adamson University Senior High School

EARTH science
COSMIC CALENDAR
THE UNIVERSE IS EVERYTHING
• The current accepted model.
• The universe originated from an infinitely tiny, infinitely
dense point of singularity around 13 to 14 billion years
ago. It is associated to the discovery of the cosmic
microwave background radiation by Arno Penzias
and Robert Wilson.

• It is attributed to Georges Henri Joseph Edouard

Lemaitre in 1927.
• Estimated time will be
around 10-43 s.
• All things are
compressed in the
singularity.
• Temperature is very hot
(1032 K).

TIMELINE OF THE BIG BANG

1.Gravity
2.Electromagnetic
3.Strong Nuclear force
4.Weak Nuclear Force
• Estimated time will be
around 10-36 s.
• Gravity was separated
from the unification
• Elementary particles
were formed like quarks
and electrons.

TIMELINE OF THE BIG BANG

• Estimated time will be
around 10-32 s to 10-6 s.
• Strong Nuclear force was
separated causing the
expansion of the singularity.
It is followed by EM and
Weak force.
• Temperature started to
decrease.
TIMELINE OF THE BIG BANG
• Estimated time will be
around 10-6 s.
• Quark and antiquark will
annihilate each other
returning energy back to
space.
• Subatomic particles
have not yet formed.
TIMELINE OF THE BIG BANG
• Estimated time will be
around 1 s to 3 mins.
• Quarks combined to
form protons and
neutrons.
• Electrons dominated
around this time.

TIMELINE OF THE BIG BANG

• Estimated time will be
around 20 minutes.
• Protons and neutrons
fused to form the nucleus
of atoms like Helium.

TIMELINE OF THE BIG BANG

• Estimated time will be
around 300, 000 years.
• Nucleus of the formed
elements attracted
electrons to be stable and
become atoms.
• H=75% He=22% other
elements=3%

TIMELINE OF THE BIG BANG

• Estimated time will be around 150 Million
years.
• Time between atoms and star formation.
• Although there were photons, the universe
is literally dark.

TIMELINE OF THE BIG BANG

• Happened at around 300
– 500 Million years.
• First stars were formed.
They were massive and
short lived.

TIMELINE OF THE BIG BANG

TIMELINE OF THE BIG BANG
• Happened at around
8.5 – 9 Billion years.

• Some million years

later, earth was
formed.

TIMELINE OF THE BIG BANG

• 13.8 Billion years from
the Big Bang.
• Galaxies are still
moving away from
each other.
• Lowest temperature
recorded is around 3 K.

TIMELINE OF THE BIG BANG

QUICK CHECK:
Arrange the ff. events of the Big Bang theory by writing A-E on the space
provided.
_____ Stars were formed.
_____ Atoms were formed.
_____ Planets were formed.
_____ One unified force was separated into four.
_____ Quarks combined to form the nuclei.
EVIDENCES OF THE BIG
BANG
Back in 1929, Edwin Hubble discovered that the galaxies
were moving away from each other as he observed group of
galaxies.

EVIDENCES OF THE BIG BANG

Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson had seen a constant signal that
washed out their of the galaxy. This signal or radiation is believed
to be the afterglow or remnants of the big bang theory 400,000
years after the said event.

EVIDENCES OF THE BIG BANG

Astronomers measured the composition of
elements in particular stars and galaxies and found
out that it is closed to what the big bang theory
predicted.

EVIDENCES OF THE BIG BANG

THE SOLAR SYSTEM
The solar system is located in the
Milky way’s Orion’s spur/ Orion’s star cluster
8 planets
The age of the Solar
System and that of
the planet Earth is
approximately 4.54
billions years old.
This is based on the
meteorites which
are believed to have
been formed the
same time as the
rest of the Solar
System.
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 LATE HEAVY BOMBARDMENT

About 4 to 3.8 billion years ago a period of intense comet and

asteroid bombardment is thought to have peppered all the planets
including the Earth. Many of the numerous craters found on the
Moon and other bodies in the Solar System record this event.
 EARTH
LIFE ON EARTH
If all the planets in the Solar System share the same origin
with Earth- as dust-sized particles that combined through
accretion, how come Earth is the only planet that can
sustain life?
FACTORS TO MAKE A PLANET HABITABLE:
1 TEMPERATURE

VENUS EARTH MARS

Average temperature: Average temperature: Average temperature:

Approximately 471°C Approximately 14°C Approximately −63 °C
FACTORS TO MAKE A PLANET HABITABLE:
Adding energy (heating) atoms and molecules increases
1 TEMPERATURE
their motion, resulting in an increase in temperature.

TOO HOT JUST RIGHT TOO COLD

VENUS EARTH MARS

Average temperature: Average temperature: Average temperature:

Approximately 471°C Approximately 14°C Approximately −63 °C
FACTORS TO MAKE A PLANET HABITABLE:
The presence of water allowed the first photosynthetic organisms to
2 WATER thrive.

VENUS EARTH MARS

No water on the surface About 71 percent of the
Water still exists in form of
Earth's surface is water-
polar ice caps.
Has 0.002% water vapor covered
Scientists believe that water on Earth came from two possible sources:
water released through volcanism and water that came from the
icy meteors of the outer regions of the Solar System that bombarded
Earth.
FACTORS TO MAKE A PLANET HABITABLE:
It is a thin layer of gases that hover above our planet's
3 ATMOSPHERE
surface, that is held in place by the gravity of that body.

EARTH
VENUS

Atmosphere of venus
 Any planet devoid of an
atmosphere would have an
average surface temperature
below freezing and would
experience unpredictable and
extreme weather and climates. It
would also have an extreme
amount of UV radiation because
there is no atmosphere that
absorbs radiation.
FACTORS TO MAKE A PLANET HABITABLE:
4 ENERGY Heat energy
 Heat coming from
Earth is caused by
radiogenic heat from
radioactive decay of
materials in the core
and mantle, and
extruded via active
tectonic activities,
such as volcanism
and plate movement.
Heat radiated by the sun is mostly trapped by the atmosphere.
This creates the heat needed by organisms on Earth.
Having an atmosphere capable of providing heat like in a
greenhouse, the atmosphere is therefor a vital part of
photosynthesis.
Earth’s Subsystems

A system is a set of connected things

that comprises a whole.

For Earth, these four parts are

connected to each other.
Earth’s subsystems

BIOSPHERE HYDROSPHERE

GEOSPHERE ATMOSPHERE
Earth as a CLOSED System
Earth’s subsytems
1 GEOSPHERE

Solid Earth

It is composed of rocks
and regolith.

It includes all landforms.

Earth’s subsytems
2 HYDROSPHERE

It is the totality of Earth’s

water

Cryosphere- permanently
frozen parts.
Earth’s subsytems
3 ATMOSPHERE

It is the mixture of gases

that surrounds a planet
It is composed of 78% Nitrogen,
21% Oxygen, 0.9% Argon, and
0.10% other gases.
Earth’s subsytems
4 BIOSPHERE

It includes all life forms and

even organic matter that has
not yet decomposed.

It is the zone where interactions

between subsystem is most dynamic.
The Interaction of Each Subsystem
As a Closed System, Earth do not ADD or CREATE
matter by itself.
That is why matter is recycled on the four
subsystems. But how?

Through the BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES