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CHAPTER 9
One- and Two-Sample Estimation Problems
__
b) Error ≤ 2.33(6.9)/√50
≤ 2.27 cm
8/253) How large a sample is needed in Exercise 4 if we wish to be
96% confident that our sample mean will be within 10 hours of the
true mean?
Soln:
Given: zα/2 = 2.05, σ = 40 hours, e = 10 hours
n = (zα/2σ / e)2
n = (2.05(40) / 10)2
n ≅ 68 samples
Soln:
Given: zα/2 = z.025 = 1.96, σ = 40 seconds, e = 15 seconds
n = (zα/2σ / e)2
n = (1.96(40) / 15)2
n ≅ 28 samples
15
s = Σ (xi -x)2/(n-1) : Therefore, s = 0.971
2
i=1
2/263) Two kinds of thread are being compared for strength. Fifty pieces of
each type of thread are tested under similar conditions. Brand A has an
average tensile strength of 78.3 kilograms with a standard deviation of 5.6
kilograms, while brand B had an average tensile strength of 87.2 kilograms
with a standard deviation of 6.3 kilograms. Construct a 95% confidence
interval for the difference of the population means.
Soln:
Given: Brand A: nA = 50, σA = 5.6 kg,xA = 78.3 kg
Brand B: nB = 50, σB = 6.3 kg,xB = 87.2 kg
@ 95% confidence interval
From Table A.3, zα/2 = z.025 = 1.96
___________ ___________
(xB-xA) - zα/2√σ A/nA+σ B/nB <µB-µA< (xB-xA) + zα/2√σ2A/nA+σ2B/nB,
2 2
________________
(87.2–78.3)–1.96√(5.6)2/50 + (6.3)2/50 < µB-µA <
________________
(87.2–78.3)+1.96√(5.6)2/50 + (6.3)2/50,
Soln:
Sample1 Sample 2
n1 = 100 n2 = 200
x1 = 12.2 ml x2 = 9.1 ml
σ1 = 1.1 ml σ2 = 0.9 ml
Soln:
Volkswagen Toyota
n1 = 12 n2 = 10
x1 = 16 km/l x2 = 11 km/l
s1 = 1.0 km/l s2 = 0.8 km/l
sp = 0.915
________
(16 - 11) – 1.725(0.915)√1/12+1/10 < µ2 - µ1 <
________
(16 - 11) + 1.725(0.915)√1/12+1/10,
University
Variety 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 38 23 35 41 44 29 37 31 38
2 45 25 31 38 50 33 36 40 43
d 7 2 -4 -3 6 4 -1 9 5
Soln: __________________
n n
n Σ d i – ( Σ di )2
2
_______________
i=1 i=1
9(237)2 – (25)2
sd = ------------------------- = -------------------- = 4.5765
√ n(n-1) √ 9(9-1)
d = (7 + 2 – 4 – 3 + 6 + 4 –1 + 9 + 5)/9 = 2.78
n = z2α/2pq / e2
n = (1.96)2(.32)(.68)/(.02)2 ≅ 2,090
n = z2α/2 / 4e2
n = (1.96)2/4(.01)2 ≅ 9,604
n = z2α/2 / 4e2
n = (1.96)2/4(0.04)2 ≅ 601
16/271) A cigarette-manufacturing firm claims that its brand A line
of cigarettes outsells its brand B line by 8%. If it is found that 42 of
200 smokers prefer brand A and 18 of 150 smokers prefer brand B,
compute a 94% confidence interval for the difference between the
proportions of sales of the 2 brands and decide if the 8% difference
is a valid claim.
Soln:
Given: Brand A: pA = 42/200 = 0.21
qA = 158/200 = 0.79
Brand B: pB = 18/150 = 0.12
qB = 132/150 = 0.88
1/276) A manufacturer of car batteries claims that his batteries will last, on
average, 3 years with a variance of 1 year. If 5 of these batteries have
lifetimes of 1.9, 2.4, 3.0, 3.5, and 4.2 years, construct a 95% confidence
interval for σ2 and decide if the manufacturer’s claim that σ2 = 1 is valid.
Assume the population of battery lives to be approximately normally
distributed.
Soln:
(n –1)s2/ χ2α/2 < σ2 < (n - 1)s2/ χ21-α/2,
n n
n Σ x i – ( Σ xi ) 2
2
i=1 i=1
5(48.26) – (15)2
s2 = ------------------------------ = ------------------------ = 0.815
n (n-1) 5(5 –1)
For a 95% confidence interval, α = .05. From Table A.5 with v = 4 degrees
of freedom, we find χ20.025 = 11.143 and χ20.975 = 0.484.
Θ1
Θ3
Θ2
θ θ
1-α
α/2 α/2
-zα/2 0 zα/2 z
Seatwork
XMQUAME
Estimate (µ1 - µ2) with a 95% confidence interval. Which of the two disk drives
appear to give better performance?
3. One of American industry’s most fundamental problems – the stagnation in
productivity – has economic experts seeking methods of “reindustrializing” the
United States. One possible answer to the productivity stagnation may be industrial
robots. An industrial robot has a control and memory system, often in the form of
minicomputer, which enables it to be programmed to carry out a number of work
routines faster and more efficiently than a human. Since the Japanese now operate
most of the robots in the world, it is decided to estimate (p1 – p2), the difference
between the proportions of U.S. and Japanese firms that currently employ at one
industrial robot. Suppose random samples of U.S. and Japanese firms are selected,
and the number of firms employing at least one industrial robot are recorded, with the
sample sizes and results summarized in the accompanying table. Estimate the true
difference in proportions (p1 – p2), using a 95% confidence interval. Which country
has the higher proportion of firms that employ industrial robots?
U.S. JAPAN
Number of firms sampled N1 = 75 N2 = 50
Number of sampled firms that employ at least 16 22
one industrial robot
Examples:
*4/252) An electrical firm manufactures light bulbs that have a length of life that is
approximately normally distributed with a standard deviation of 40 hours. If a sample of
30 bulbs has an average life of 780 hours, find a 96% confidence interval for the
population mean of all bulbs produced by this firm.
Soln:
Given: n = 30, σ = 40 hours,x = 780 hours
96% confidence interval
Soln:
Given: n = 36, σ = 0.15 deciliter,x = 2.25 deciliters
95% confidence interval
*6/252) The heights of a random sample of 50 college students showed a mean of 174.5
centimeters and a standard deviation of 6.9 centimeters.
c) Construct a 98% confidence interval for the mean height of all college students.
d) What can we assert with 98% confidence about the possible size of our error if we
estimate the mean height of all college students to be 174.5 centimeters?
Soln:
7/253) A random sample of 100 automobile owners shows that, in the state of Virginia,
an automobile is driven on the average 23,500 kilometers per year with a standard
deviation of 3,900 kilometers.
a) Construct a 99% confidence interval for the average number of kilometers an
automobile is drive annually in Virginia.
b) What can se assert with 99% confidence about the possible size of our error if we
estimate the average number of kilometers driven by car owners in Virginia to be
23,500 kilometers per year?
Soln:
Given: n = 100, σ = 3,900 km,x = 23,500 km
*8/253) How large a sample is needed in Exercise 4 if we wish to be 96% confident that
our sample mean will be within 10 hours of the true mean?
Soln:
Given: zα/2 = 2.05, σ = 40 hours, e = 10 hours
n = (zα/2σ / e)2
n = (2.05(40) / 10)2
n ≅ 68 samples
9/253) How large a sample is needed in Exercise 5 if we wish to be 95% confident that
our sample mean will be within 0.09 deciliter of the true mean?
Soln:
Given: zα/2 = z.025 = 1.96, σ = 0.15 deciliter, e = 0.09 deciliter
n = (zα/2σ / e)2
n = (1.96(0.15) / 0.09)2
n ≅ 11 samples
*10/253) An efficiency expert wishes to determine the average time that it takes to drill
three holes in a certain metal clamp. How large a sample will he need to be 95%
confident that his sample mean will be within 15 seconds of the true mean? Assume that
it is known from previous studies that σ = 40 seconds.
Soln:
Given: zα/2 = z.025 = 1.96, σ = 40 seconds, e = 15 seconds
n = (zα/2σ / e)2
n = (1.96(40) / 15)2
n ≅ 28 samples
11/253) A UCLA researcher claims that the life span of mice can be extended by as much
as 25% when the calories in their food are reduced by approximately 40% from the time
they are weaned. The restricted diets are enriched to normal levels by vitamins and
protein. Assuming that it is known from previous studies that σ = 5.8 months, how many
mice should be included in our sample if we wish to be 99% confident that the mean life
span of the sample will be within 2 months of the population mean for all mice subjected
to this reduced diet?
Soln:
Given: zα/2 = z.005 = 2.575, σ = 5.8 months, e = 2 months
n = (zα/2σ / e)2
n = (2.575(5.8) / 2)2
n ≅ 56 samples
grams. Assuming that the sugar contents are normally distributed, construct a 95%
confidence interval for the mean sugar content for single servings of Alpha-Bits.
Soln:
Given: n = 20 servings, x = 11.3 grams, s = 2.45 grams
95% confidence interval
*13/253) A machine is producing metal pieces that are cylindrical in shape. A sample of
pieces is taken and the diameters are 1.01, 0.97, 1.03, 1.04, 0.99, 0.98, 0.99, 1.01, and
1.03 centimeters. Find a 99% confidence interval for the mean diameter of pieces from
this machine, assuming an approximate normal distribution.
Soln:
1.01 + 0.97 + 1.03 + 1.04 + 0.99 + 0.98 + 0.99 + 1.01 + 1.03
x = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
9
x = 1.006
9
s2 = Σ (xi -x)2/(n-1) = 0.0048 / 8
i=1
s = 0.024
Soln:
Given: n = 8, x = 2.6 milligrams, s = 0.90
__ __
x - tα/2 s/√n < µ < x + tα/2 s/√n,
__ __
1.006 – 3.355(.024)/√9 < µ < 1.006 + 3.355(.024)/√9
Soln:
Given: n = 12, x = 48.5 hardness, s = 1.5 hardness
Soln:
Given: n = 12, x = 79.3 words/minute, s = 7.8 words/minute
Soln:
x ± ks
1.3 ± 2.208(0.17)
1.3 ± (0.375)
*18/253) The following measurements were recorded for the drying time, in hours, of a
certain brand of latex paint:
Assuming that the measurements represent a random sample from a normal population,
find the 99% tolerance limits that will contain 95% of the drying times.
Soln:
15
x = Σ xi / n = 3.787
i=1
15
s2 = Σ (xi -x)2/(n-1)
i=1
s = 0.971
x ± ks
3.787 ± 3.507(0.971)
3.787 ± 3.405
Therefore, the tolerance limit is from 0.382 to 7.192 hours.
19/253) Referring to Exercise 7, construct a 99% tolerance interval containing 99% of the
miles traveled by automobiles annually in Virginia. Assume the distribution of
measurements to be approximately normal.
Soln:
Given: n = 100, x = 23,500 kilometers, s = 3,900 kilometers
x ± ks
23,500 ± 3.096(3,900)
20/253) Referring to Exercise 15, construct a 95% interval containing 905 of the
measurements.
Soln:
Given: n = 12, x = 48.5 hardness, s = 1.5 hardness
x ± ks
48.5 ± 2.655(1.5)
Examples:
1/263) A random sample of size n1 = 25 taken from a normal population with a standard
deviation σ1 = 5 has a meanx1 = 80. A second random sample size n2 = 36, taken from a
different normal population with a standard deviation σ2 = 3, has a meanx2 = 75. Find a
94% confidence interval µ1 - µ2.
Soln:
Given: n1 = 25, σ1 = 5,x1 = 80
n2 = 36, σ2 = 3,x2 = 75
___________ __________
(80 - 75) – 1.88√52/25 + 32/36 < µ1 - µ2 < (80 - 75) + 1.88√52/25 + 32/36,
*2/263) Two kinds of thread are being compared for strength. Fifty pieces of each type of
thread are tested under similar conditions. Brand A has an average tensile strength of 78.3
kilograms with a standard deviation of 5.6 kilograms, while brand B had an average
tensile strength of 87.2 kilograms with a standard deviation of 6.3 kilograms. Construct a
95% confidence interval for the difference of the population means.
Soln:
Given: Brand A: nA = 50, σA = 5.6 kg,xA = 78.3 kg
Brand B: nB = 50, σB = 6.3 kg,xB = 87.2 kg
________________ ________________
(87.2–78.3)–1.96√(5.6) /50 + (6.3) /50 < µB-µA <(87.2–78.3)+1.96√(5.6)2/50 + (6.3)2/50,
2 2
*3/263) A study was made to determine if a certain metal treatment has any effect on the
amount of metal removed in a pickling operation. A random sample of 100 pieces was
immersed in a bath of 24 hours without treatment, yielding an average of 12.2 millimeters
of metal removed and a sample standard deviation of 1.1 millimeters. A second sample of
200 pieces was exposed to the treatment followed by the 24-hour immersion in the bath,
resulting in an average removal of 9.1 milliliters of metal with a sample standard
deviation of 0.9 millimeter. Compute a 98% confidence interval estimate for the
difference between the population means. Does the treatment appear to reduce the mean
amount of metal removed?
Soln:
Sample1 Sample 2
n1 = 100 n2 = 200
x1 = 12.2 ml x2 = 9.1ml
σ1 = 1.1 ml σ2 = 0.9 ml
___________________
_________________
(12.2–9.1)–2.33 √(1.1)2/100 + (0.9)2/200 < µ1-µ2 < ( 12.2–
9.1)+2.33√(1.1)2/100+(0.9)2/200
5/263) Students may choose between a 3-semester-hour course in physics without labs
and a 4-semester-hour course with labs. The final written examination is the same for
each section. If 12 students in the section with labs made an average examination grade of
84 with a standard deviation of 4, and 18 students in the section without labs made an
average grade of 77 with a standard deviation of 6, find a 99% confidence interval for the
difference between the average grades for the two courses. Assume the populations to be
approximately normally distributed with equal variances.
Soln:
sp = 5.305
________ _________
(x4 -x3) - tα/2sp√1/n1 + 1/n2 < µ4 - µ3 < (x4 -x3) + tα/2 sp√1/n1 + 1/n2,
_________ _________
(84-77)-2.763(5.305)√1/18 + 1/12 < µ4 - µ3 < (84-77)+2.763(5.305)√1/18 + 1/12
7/264) The following data, recorded in days, represent the length of time to recovery for
patients randomly treated with one of two medications to clear up severe bladder
infections:
Medication 1 Medication 2
n1 = 14 n2 = 16
x1 = 17 x2 = 19
s21 = 1.5 s22 = 1.8
Find a 99% confidence interval for the difference µ2 - µ1 in the mean recovery time for
the two medications, assuming normal populations with equal variances.
Soln:
________ ________
(19 - 17) – 2.763(1.289)√1/14+1/16 < µ2 - µ1 < (19 - 17) + 2.763(1.289)√1/14+1/16,
Soln:
Volkswagen Toyota
n1 = 12 n2 = 10
x1 = 16 km/l x2 = 11 km/l
s1 = 1.0 km/l s2 = 0.8 km/l
sp = 0.915
________ ________
(16 - 11) – 1.725(0.915)√1/12+1/10 < µ2 - µ1 < (16 - 11) + 1.725(0.915)√1/12+1/10,
University
Variety 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 38 23 35 41 44 29 37 31 38
2 45 25 31 38 50 33 36 40 43
d 7 2 -4 -3 6 4 -1 9 5
__________________
n n
n Σ d2i – ( Σ di )2 _______________
i=1 i=1 9(237)2 – (25)2
sd = ------------------------- = -------------------- = 4.5765
√ n(n-1) √ 9(9-1)
d = (7 + 2 – 4 – 3 + 6 + 4 –1 + 9 + 5)/9 = 2.78
_ _
d - tα/2 (sd / √n ) < µD < d + tα/2 (sd / √n ),
__ __
2.78 – 2.306 (4.5765/√9 ) < µD < 2.78 + 2.306 (4.5765/√9 )
-0.738 < µD < 6.298
Example:
1/270)
(a) A random sample of 200 voters is selected and 114 are found to support an
annexation suit. Find the 96% confidence interval for the fraction of the voting
population favoring the suit.
(b) What can we assert with 96% confidence about the possible size of our error if we
estimate the fraction of voters favoring the annexation suit to be 0.57?
Soln:
Given: p = 114/200 = 0.57, q = 86/200 = 0.43
a) ______ ______
p - zα/2√pq / n < p <p + zα/2√pq /n
____________ ____________
0.57 – 2.05 √0.57(0.43)/200 < p < 0.57 + 2.05 √0.57(0.43)/200
2/270) a) A random sample of 500 cigarette smokers is selected and 86 are found to have
a preference for brand X. Find the 90% confidence interval for the fraction of the
population of cigarette smokers who prefer brand X.
b) What can we assert with 90% confidence about the possible size of our error if we
estimate the fraction of cigarette smokers who prefer brand X to be 0.172?
Soln:
Given: p = 86/500 = 0.172, q = 414/500 = 0.828
a) ______ ______
p - zα/2√pq / n < p <p + zα/2√pq /n
____________ ____________
0.172 – 1.645 √0.172(0.828)/500 < p < 0.172 + 1.645 √0.172(0.828)/500
*3/270) In a random sample of 1000 homes in a certain city, it is found that 228 are
heated by oil. Find the 99% confidence interval for the proportion of homes in this city
that are heated by oil.
Soln:
Given: p = 228/1000 = 0.228, q = 772/1000 = 0.772
4/270) Compute a 98% confidence interval for the proportion of defective items in a
process when it is found that a sample of size 100 yields 8 defectives.
Soln:
Given: p = 8/100 = 0.08, q = 92/100 = 0.92
a) ______ ______
6/271) A geneticist is interested in the proportion of African males that have a certain
minor blood disorder. In a random sample of 100 African males, 24 are found to be
afflicted.
a) Compute a 99% confidence interval for the proportion of African males that havet his
blood disorder.
b) What can we assert with 99% confidence about the possible size of our error if we
estimate the proportion of African males with this blood disorder to be 0.24?
Soln:
Given: p = 24/100 = 0.24, q = 76/100 = 0.76
a) ______ ______
p - zα/2√pq / n < p <p + zα/2√pq /n
____________ ____________
0.24 – 2.575 √0.24(0.76)/100 < p < 0.24 + 2.575 √0.24(0.76)/100
7/271)
a) According to a report in the Roanoke Times & World-News, August 20, 1981,
approximately 2/3 of the 1600 adults polled by telephone said they think the space
shuttle program is a good investment for the country. Find a 95% confidence interval
for the proportion of American adults who think the space shuttle program is a good
investment for the country.
b) What can we assert with 95% confidence about the possible size of our error if we
estimate the proportion of American adults who think the space shuttle program is a
good investment to be 2/3?
Soln:
Given: p = 0.667, q = 0.333
a) ______ ______
p - zα/2√pq / n < p <p + zα/2√pq /n
_______________ _______________
0.667 – 1.96 √0.667(0.333)/1600 < p < 0.667 + 1.96 √0.667(0.333)/1600
*8/271) In the newspaper article referred to in Exercise 7, 32% of the 1600 adults polled
said the U.S. space program should emphasize scientific exploration. How large a sample
of adults is needed in the poll if one wishes to be 95% confident that the estimated
percentage will be within 2% of the true percentage?
Soln:
Given : p = 0.32, q = 0.68
n = z2α/2pq / e2.
@ 95% Confidence interval
From Table A.3, zα/2 = z.025 = 1.96
n = (1.96)2(.32)(.68)/(.02)2 ≅ 2,090
9/271) How large a sample is needed in Exercise 1 if we wish to be 96% confident that
our sample proportion will be within 0.02 of the true fraction of the voting population?
Soln:
Given : p = 0.57, q = 0.43
n = z2α/2pq / e2.
@ 96% Confidence interval
From Table A.3, zα/2 = z.02 = 2.05
n = (2.05)2(.57)(.43)/(.02)2 ≅ 2,576
10/271) How large a sample is needed in Exercise 3 if we wish to be 99% confident that
our sample proportion will be within 0.05 of the true proportion of homes in this city that
are heated by oil?
Soln:
Given : p = 0.228, q = 0.772
n = z2α/2pq / e2.
@ 99% Confidence interval
From Table A.3, zα/2 = z.005 = 2.575
n = (2.575)2(.228)(.772)/(.05)2 ≅ 467
11/271) How large a sample is needed in Exercise 4 if we wish to be 98% confident that
our sample proportion will be within 0.05 of the true proportion defective?
Soln:
Given : p = 0.08, q = 0.92
n = z2α/2pq / e2.
n = (2.33)2(.08)(.92)/(.05)2 ≅ 160
*12/271) A study is to be made to estimate the percentage of citizens in a town who favor
having their water fluoridated. How large a sample is needed if one wishes to be at least
95% confident that our estimate is within 1% of the true percentage?
Soln;
Given: e = .01
n = z2α/2 / 4e2
n = (1.96)2/4(.01)2 ≅ 9,604
Soln:
Given: e = .01
n = z2α/2 / 4e2
n = (2.575)2/4(.01)2 ≅ 16,577
n = z2α/2 / 4e2
n = (1.96)2/4(0.04)2 ≅ 601
15/271) A certain geneticist is interested in the proportion of males and females in the
population that have a certain minor blood disorder. In a random sample of 1000 males,
250 are found to be afflicted, whereas 275 of 1000 females tested appear to have the
disorder. Compute a 95% confidence interval for the difference between the proportion of
males and females that have the blood disorder.
Soln:
Given: Males: pm = 250/1000 = 0.25
qm = 750/1000 = 0.75
Females:pf = 275/1000 = 0.275
qf = 725/1000 = 0.725
a) ________________ __________________
(p1 -p2) - zα/2√p1q1/n1 +p2q2/n2 < pf–pm < (p1 -p2) + zα/2√p1q1/n1 +p2q2 / n2,
________________________________
(0.275 – 0.25) – 1.96√(0.25)(0.75)/1000 + (0.275)(0.725)/1000 < pf – pm < (0.275-0.25) +
_________________________________
1.96 √ (0.25)(0.75)/1000 + (0.275)(0.725)/1000
b) Yes
*16/271) A cigarette-manufacturing firm claims that its brand A line of cigarettes outsells
its brand B line by 8%. If it is found that 42 of 200 smokers prefer brand A and 18 of 150
smokers prefer brand B, compute a 94% confidence interval for the difference between
the proportions of sales of the 2 brands and decide if the 8% difference is a valid claim.
Soln:
Given: Brand A: pA = 42/200 = 0.21
qA = 158/200 = 0.79
Brand B: pB = 18/150 = 0.12
qB = 132/150 = 0.88
a) _________________ __________________
(pA-pB)- zα/2√pAqA/nA +pBqB/nB <pA–pB< (pA-pB) + zα/2√pAqA/nA +pBqB/nB,
____________________________
(0.21 – 0.12) – 1.88√(0.21)(0.79)/200 + (0.12)(0.88)/150 < pA – pB < (0.21-0.12) +
_____________________________
1.88 √ (0.21)(0.79)/200 + (0.12)(0.88)/150
Soln:
Given: Uninoculated: p1 = 120/500 = 0.24
q1 = 380/500 = 0.76
Inoculated: p2 = 98/500 = 0.196
q2 = 402/500 = 0.804
______________________________
(0.24 – 0.196) – 1.645√(0.24)(0.76)/500 + (0.196)(0.804)/500 < p1 – p2 < (0.24-0.196) +
_______________________________
1.645 √ (0.24)(0.76)/500 + (0.196)(0.804)/500
Soln:
Given: Boys: pB = 267/282 = 0.9468
qB = 15/282 = 0.0532
Girls: pG = 290/313 = 0.9265
qG = 23/313 = 0.0735
_____________________________________
(0.9468–0.9265) –1.96√(0.9468)(0.0532)/282 + (0.9265)(0.0735)/313 < pB – pG <
______________________________________
(0.9468-0.9265) + 1.645 √ (0.9468)(0.0532)/282 + (0.9265)(0.0735)/313
Example:
*1/276) A manufacturer of car batteries claims that his batteries will last, on average, 3
years with a variance of 1 year. If 5 of these batteries have lifetimes of 1.9, 2.4, 3.0, 3.5,
and 4.2 years, construct a 95% confidence interval for σ2 and decide if the manufacturer’s
claim that σ2 = 1 is valid. Assume the population of battery lives to be approximately
normally distributed.
Soln:
(n –1)s2/ χ2α/2 < σ2 < (n - 1)s2/ χ21-α/2,
n n
n Σ x2i – ( Σ xi )2
i=1 i=1 5(48.26) – (15)2
2
s = ------------------------------ = ------------------------ = 0.815
n (n-1) 5(5 –1)
For a 95% confidence interval, α = .05. From Table A.5 with v = 4 degrees of freedom,
we find χ20.025 = 11.143 and χ20.975 = 0.484.
Soln:
(n –1)s2/ χ2α/2 < σ2 < (n - 1)s2/ χ21-α/2,
For a 98% confidence interval, α = .02. From Table A.5 with v = 19 degrees of freedom,
we find χ20.01 = 36.191 and χ20.99 = 7.633.
*7/276) Construct a 98% confidence interval for σ1/σ2 in Exercise 8 on page 264, where
σ1 and σ2 are, respectively, the standard deviations for the distances obtained per liter of
fuel by the Volkswagen and Toyota minitrucks.
Soln:
Given: Volkswagen, s1 = 1
n1 = 12
Toyota, s2 = 0.8
n2 = 10
For a 98% confidence interval, α = 0.02. Interpolating in Table A.6, we find f0.01(11,9) =
5.185 and f0.01(9,11) = 4.63.